10/14/10

Wood Products Council

WoodWorks
A RESOURCE FOR DESIGN PROFESSIONALS

Incorporated as the WPC in December 2006

WoodWorks WoodWorks

• Engineers • Seismic Issues

• Architects • Fire Protection
• Developers • Code Issue Resolution
• General Contractors • Energy Efficiency
• Building owners • Sustainable Construction
• Cost Effective Designs
• Builders

WoodWorks Introduction

Technical Director
WoodWorks
Southeast Technical
Manager – iLevel
Staff Engineer –
American Wood
Council
scott@woodworks.org
Phone: 615 439 0624

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Overview

Wind
Calculating Windspeeds
Uplift
Wall Design
Designing Wood Frame
Diaphragms
Structures For High Winds
Presenter: Scott Lockyear, PE
Shearwalls

scott@woodworks.org
Phone: 615 439 0624

MAKING OUR BUILDINGS SAFE

Preventing Failure
UPLIFT LOADS

GARAGE DOORS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO TORNADO FORCES

MURFREESBORO, TN TORNADO DAMAGE
Reference: APA Report – Midwest Tornados 2003

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F-2 Tornadoes of SW Missouri 2003

Calculating Windspeeds Determine the Windspeed

ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-05

6: Contained All Provisions 90 mph per fig. 6-1

ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-10 (figures

replace importance factor)
26: General Requirements 115 mph
115 mph per figure
27: MWFRS – Directional
26.5-1A for RK II
28: MWFRS – Enveloped
120 mph per figure
29: Other Structures 26.5-1B for RK III & IV
30: Components & Cladding 105 mph per figure
Appendices 26.5-1C for RK I

Running the numbers Actual Wind Loads

qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2
Kz – Table 30.3-1 (7-05 Table 6-3) 7. 0.6D + W (ASCE 7-05)
Kzt – Figure 26.8-1 (7-05 Figure 6-4) 7. 0.6D + 0.6W (ASCE 7-10)
Kd – Table 26.6-1 (7-05 Table 6-4)
90*90 = 8,100
p = qh[(GCp) – (GCpi)] = p (psf) 115*115*0.6 = 7,935

GCp: Figure 30.4-1 (7-05 Figure 6-11A) Final load on building is similar
GCpi: Table 26.11-1 (7-05 Figure 6-5)

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Lets Talk About Wood Example Calculation

20’ SPAN
1. Uplift – Roof to Wall Connection
2’ OVERHANG
2. Wall – Stud Design
115mph Exposure B
3. Diaphragms
4. Shearwalls

Beam

Source of Wind Load for Design Loads External Pressure Coefficient

MWFRS
•700ft2 per ASCE 7-10 30.2.3
•Load coming from more than one surface.

MWFRS

COMPONENT & CLADDING

External Pressure Coefficient – Fig. 30.4-2A Internal Pressure

H2/3 = 222/3 = 161ft2

+/- 0.18 - Enclosed

-1.4 FOR OVERHANG
+/- 0.55 – Partially Enclosed
-1.1 FOR INTERIOR

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Running the numbers – Zone 2 Roof Overhang per section 30.10

GCp: -1.1 (Figure 30.4-2A) For Overhangs Figure 30.10-1 is utilized

GCpi: -0.18 (Table 26.11-1) poh = 20.1psf(1.4) = 31.8 psf
qh = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 ps = pw = 20.1(1.1) = 22.1psf
Kh : 0.70 - Table 30.3-1
Kzt : 1.00 - Figure 26.8-1
Kd : 0.85 - Table 26.6-1
V: 115 mph
qh = 20.1 psf ps

p = 20.1psf(1.1+0.18) = 25.8 psf pW

Determining the Uplift Load

p = (25.8psf)(2ft) = 51.6plf 309 309 309 309

poh = (53.9psf)(2ft) = 107.8 plf
107.8plf
51.6plf

Beam

Uplift = 0.6(107.8plf(2ft.) + 51.6plf*20ft/2) = 453lbs

Dead Load = 0.6(12ft*10psf*2ft) = 144 lbs
Net Uplift = 453lbs -144lbs = 309lbs

Wall Design Considerations

Panels
Hinges
L/d Ratio
Unbraced Length
Wall Veneer
Wind only loading C&C
Design Properties

DESIGNING WOOD WALLS

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LOADS INTO WSP

STUDS 16” O.C.

3 second gust 90
150
windspeed (115)
Req’d Panel Thickness
(in.) 3/8 15/32
Max. Fastener Spacing
(in.) 12 12
For panels parallel or perp. to framing, interior wind zone
based on 2001 WFCM.

INTERMEDIATE
FASTENER
SPACING

Hurricane Katrina

Which wall is going to withstand high winds?

TOP
PLATE

L/D < 50
2x6: 22’-11”
2x4: 14’-7”

Hinges

Gable End Wall Hinge Diaphragm to SW Connection

• Wood Frame Construction Manual pdf’s available for free
download at www.awc.org!

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Full Height Studs at Gable End Wall Determining Unbraced Length

What is the unbraced

length, lu ?
Strong & weak axis

Does Gypsum Provide Weak Axis Buckling Weak AxisMid

Buckling
Height Blocking Can
Be Utilized During Construction

Solid Sawn – End Jointed Calculating Deflection

 For D of brittle finishes use l/240

2303.1.1 Sawn lumber - Approved end-jointed
lumber is permitted to be used interchangeably  For C&C pressures a 30% load reduction is
with solid-sawn members of the same species allowed for D only. TABLE 1604.3
and grade. DEFLECTION LIMITSa, b, c, h, i
CONSTRUCTION L S or W f D + Ld,g
Note HRA for Roof members:e
Supporting plaster ceiling l /360 l /360 l /240
1 hr walls Supporting nonplaster ceiling l /240 l /240 l /180
Not supporting ceiling l /180 l /180 l /120
Floor members l /360 — l /240
Exterior walls and interior partitions:
With brittle finishes — l /240 —
With flexible finishes — l /120 —
Farm buildings — — l /180
Greenhouses — — l /120
f. The wind load is permitted to be taken as 0.7 times the “component and
cladding” loads for the purpose of determining deflection limits herein.

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Large Diamond Retailer External Pressure Coefficients - Wall Zones 4 & 5

22’ tall wood framed

walls.  Lesser of:
Assume studs 16” o.c.  10% least horizontal dimension 64’*0.1 = 6.4’
130mph Exposure B  0.4h = 0.4*22 = 8.8’.
 But not less than: Figure 30.4-1

 0.04h=0.64’ or 3’
 Use 6.4’ for zone 5.

External Pressure Coefficients - Walls Running the numbers – Zone 4

GCpf: 0.89 (Figure 30.4-1)
 Assume wall studs are GCpi: 0.18 (Table 26.11-1)
are 22’ long.
qh = 0.00256KzKztKdV2
 EWA = h^2/3 = 161
Kh : 0.70 - Table 30.3-1
 GCpf = -0.89
Kzt : 1.00 - Figure 26.8-1
 GCpi = -0.18
Kd : 0.85 - Table 26.6-1
V: 130 mph
qh = 25.74psf
p = 25.74psf(0.89+0.18) = 27.54psf
0.6W = 0.6(27.54) = 16.52psf

Lumber Design Properties Lumber Design Properties

DESIGN PROPERTIES

 Design Properties from  Assume Douglas Fir- Fb (psi) 900 From NDS
CD 1.6 From NDS
NDS Supplement. Larch #2 CR 1.25 From 2006 IBC
 Repetitive Member CF 1.2 From NDS
E (psi) 1600000 From NDS
adjustment = 1.25 Sx (in3) 13.1 Calculated
 Size Factor = 1.2 I (in4) 47.6 Calculated

 Duration of Load = 1.6 TABLE 2306.2.1

WALL STUD BENDING STRESS INCREASE FACTORS
STUD SIZE SYSTEM FACTOR
2x4 1.5
2 x6 1.35
2x8 1.25
2 x 10 1.2
2 x 12 1.15

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So is our stud going to work? Zone 5 pressures

GCp: 1.00 (Figure 30.4-1)
 Two of the most critical design parameters GCpi: 0.18 (Table 26.11-1)
are bending and deflection.
qh = 0.00256KzKztKdV2
Kh : 0.70 - Table 30.3-1
LOAD VS. RESISTANCE
2
Kzt : 1.00 - Figure 26.8-1
Mapplied=wL /8 (ft-lbs.) 1308
1333
1252
Kd : 0.85 - Table 26.6-1
Mresistance=Fb'*Sx (ft-lbs.) 2365 1308
1333<<2365
2365
V: 130 mph
Dact=5(0.7w)L /384EI (in.)
4
1.04
1.00
1.07
qh = 25.74psf
Dallowed (in.) 1.10 1.04
1.07<<1.1
1.10
p = 25.74psf(1.0+0.18) = 30.37psf
0.6W = 0.6(30.37) = 18.22psf

What about corner zones 12” Stud Spacing

 Since stud depth cannot be increased

LOAD VS. RESISTANCE consider reducing stud spacing
2
Mapplied=wL /8 (ft-lbs.) 1308
1470
LOAD VS. RESISTANCE
Mresistance=Fb'*Sx (ft-lbs.) 2365 1308 2365
1470 < 2365 2
Mapplied=wL /8 (ft-lbs.) 1308
1226
1102
Dact=5(0.7w)L /384EI (in.)
4
1.04
1.17 Mresistance=Fb'*Sx (ft-lbs.) 2365 1308
1102 << 2365
2365
Dallowed (in.) 1.10 1.04
1.17 <
> 1.1
1.10 Dact=5(0.7w)L /384EI (in.)
4
1.04
0.88
0.98
Dallowed (in.) 1.10 1.04
0.88<<1.1
1.10

Wall Design Considerations Wall Design Considerations

 For tall walls while it is
less likely for combined
bending and axial to
control.
 Main Wind Force Loads
may be utilized.
 Load combinations for;
 wind + dead
 or dead + live + roof live
D, L
 For other design issues see the article:
 Considerations in Wind Design of Wood
Structures
 Free download available at www.awc.org
W

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www.wwpa.org

 For other design issues see the article:

 Considerations in Wind Design of Wood
Structures
 Free download available at www.awc.org

Diaphragm Design

WIND LOAD PATH - LATERAL CHORD FORCES

• Diaphragm acts like a deep beam. SPLICE IN

• Sheathing carries RIM BOARD
shear forces.
• Chords have
TENSILE FORCE
T & C forces
• Rim board
transfers DIAPHRAGM

shear LAP IN TOP PLATE

PROVIDES CONT.
TENSILE RESISTANCE

Unblocked Diaphragm Blocked Diaphragm

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STUD TO DIAPHRAGM Comparison of methods to calculate MWFRS (GC pf)

 Ch. 27 Directional
DIAPHRAGM  Windward Wall (0.8)
SHEATHING  Leeward Walls (-0.3)
 Determine Gust Effect (G) = 0.85
 For MWFRS GCpf = (1.1)(0.85) = 0.935
 Ch. 28 Enveloped
 Windward Wall (0.4)
 Leeward Wall (-0.29)
 For MWFRS GCpf = 0.69
WIND  35% difference in loading not accounting
LOAD for end zones.

Retail Restaurant Retail Restaurant – Diaphragm Design

 Assume 115mph Exposure B.  Critical Shearwall at front of building

 Diaphragm Design  Check Diaphragm for wind loads on 78’ wall.
 Capacity 24’ 5’
78’
23’ 6’ 8’ 10’
 Shearwall Design
6’
 Conventional 4’
6’
 Force Transfer Around Opening 6’ 34’
6’
 Perforated Shearwall 6’

3’ 3’

Retail Restaurant – Diaphragm Design Retail Restaurant – Diaphragm Design

 Critical Shearwall at front of building  Critical Shearwall at front of building

 Check Diaphragm for wind loads on 78’ wall.  Check Diaphragm for wind loads on 78’ wall.
78’ 78’
24’ 5’ 23’ 6’ 8’ 10’ 24’ 5’ 23’ 6’ 8’ 10’

6’ 6’
4’ 6’ 4’ 6’
6’ 34’ 6’ 34’
6’ 6’
6’ 6’

3’ 3’ 3’ 3’

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Diaphragm Aspect Ratios Calculating Wind Loads

Wind pressure will be calculated using

TABLE 2305.2.3
TYPE - MAXIMUM LENGTH - WIDTH RATIO
 p = qh[(GCpf)-(GCpi)]
Wood structural panel, nailed all edges 4:1
 qh = 0.00256*0.70*1.0*0.85*1152*1 = 20.14psf
Wood structural panel, blocking omitted at 3:1  GCpf = 0.85*[0.8 – (-0.3)] = 0.935
intermediate joints
Diagonal Sheathing, Single 3:1
 GCpi = 0.18-0.18 = 0
Diagonal Sheathing, Double 4:1  p = 20.14psf(0.935) = 18.83psf
For a 78 x 34 diaphragm the aspect ratio is 2.3 < 3.
 0.6*W = 0.6*18.83 = 11.3psf
Diaphragm aspect ratio is OK.

Parapet Design - Figure 27.6-2 Retail Restaurant – Diaphragm Design

 At parapets ndiaphragm = 7,059#/34’

ndiaphragm = 208plf
windward and
leeward 24’ 5’
78’
23’ 6’ 8’ 10’
pressures
6’
4’
occur on each 4’
6’ 3’
parapet. 6’ 34’ 3’
6’
Based on Section 27.4.5 6’
10’
Windward Parapet GCpf is 1.5: 20.14*1.5*0.6=18.12psf
Leeward Parapet GCpf is1.0: 20.14*1.0*0.6=12.08psf
(11.3psf*(5’+3’)+(18.12+12.08)*3’)*(78’/2) = 7,059#

Diaphragm Types Diaphragms - Capacity

PANEL COMMON NAIL MINIMUM MINIMUM NOMINAL Case 1 All other

GRADE SIZE OR STAPLEf FASTENER WIDTH OF FRAMING (No unblocked configurations
LENGTH AND PENETRATION IN MEMBERS AT ADJOINING edges or (Cases 2, 3, 4,
GAGE FRAMING PANEL continuous joints 5 and 6)
(inches)/ EDGES AND parallel to load)
CASE 1 DIAPHRAGM MINIMUM PANEL BOUNDARIESg (inches)
•Higher Shear Values THIICKNESS
•Panels perpendicular Sheathing, 8d (2½ “ x 0.131”) 1 3/8” 2 240 180
single floor
to floor framing for and other 7/16”
3 265 200
improved performance grades
covered in
DOC PS 1
CASES 2-6 May be preferred and PS 2
for low shear demand where
changing framing direction helps
•HVAC runs Values may be increased 40% for wind and they may be reduced for species
•Fire Blocking/Draft Stopping with Specific Gravity < 0.5, see NDS. For Spruce Pine Fir multiply by 0.92.

N-S 4x8 sheathing Roof Trusses

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Diaphragms - Capacity
TRANSFERRING DIAPHRAGM SHEAR
FORCES
PANEL COMMON NAIL MINIMUM MINIMUM NOMINAL Case 1 All other
GRADE SIZE OR STAPLEf FASTENER WIDTH OF FRAMING (No unblocked configurations
LENGTH AND PENETRATION IN MEMBERS AT ADJOINING edges or (Cases 2, 3, 4, PARAPET
GAGE FRAMING
(inches)/
PANEL
EDGES AND
continuous joints
parallel to load)
5 and 6) BLOCK TO
MINIMUM PANEL
THIICKNESS
BOUNDARIESg (inches)
TRANSFER
Sheathing,
single floor
8d (2½ “ x 0.131”) 1 3/8” 2 240 180 FORCES
and other 7/16”
3 265 200
grades
covered in
DOC PS 1
and PS 2

Values may be increased 40% for wind and they may be reduced for species
with Specific Gravity < 0.5, see NDS. For Spruce Pine Fir multiply by 0.92

Capacity is: 240plf*1.4*0.92 = 309plf

309plf > 208plf diaphragm load

TRANSFERRING DIAPHRAGM SHEAR TRANSFERRING DIAPHRAGM SHEAR

FORCES FORCES

PARAPET
BLOCK TO SHEAR FORCE
TRANSFER FROM DIAPHRAGM
FORCES

SHEAR WALL
BELOW

DIAPHRAGM TO SHEARWALL FASTENER SHEARWALLS

RIM RIM WOOD

BOARD BOARD STUDS
WSP
SHEATHING
METAL CLIPS
TOENAIL FOR ADD’L HOLD-DOWN
150plf LIMIT STRENGTH
ANCHOR
IN SDC D, E, F BOLTS
TOP PLATE

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SHEARWALLS RACKED SHEARWALL

WSP
SHEATHING

EDGE NAILING
PROVIDES RACKING
RESISTANCE

SHEARWALLS

Hold-Down Anchor

PREVENT ANCHOR BOLTS

SLIDING! • MAX SPACING 72”
• WITHIN 12” SW END

HOLD-DOWNS RESIST END UPLIFT Shearwall Aspect Ratio

TABLE 2305.3.4
MAXIMUM SHEAR WALL DIMENSION RATIOS
Wood structural panel or particleboard, nailed For other than
all edges seismic: 3½:1
For seismic: 2:1a
Diagonal sheathing, single 2:1 H

Fiberboard 1-1/2:1
HOLD-DOWNS L
Gypsum board, gypsum lath, cement plaster 1-1/2:1b
AR = H/L
a. For design to resist seismic forces, shear wall height-width ratios greater than 2:1, but not
exceeding 3½:1, are permitted provided the allowable shear values in Table 2306.4.1 are
multiplied by 2w/h.
b. Ratio shown is for unblocked construction. Height-to-width ratio is permitted to be 2:1 where the
wall is installed as blocked construction in accordance with Section 2306.4.5.1.2.

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Shearwall Aspect Ratios Shearwall Aspect Ratios

•Check Aspect Ratios •Check Aspect Ratios

•10’/2’ = 5 •10’/2’ = 5
•10’/6’ = 1.67 •10’/6’ = 1.67
nshearwall = 7,059# / 12’ = 588plf

34’ 34’
3’ 3’
3’ 3’

10’ 10’
10’ 10’

2’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 2’ 2’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 2’

Conventional Shearwall Capacities Design Table Details – 16” o.c. Studs

nshearwall = 588plf
Space fasteners 12 inches on center on
Tabulated Capacity = 490plf intermediate supports.
Wind Capacity = 490*1.4*0.92
= 631plf
8d nails at 3” o.c. acceptable
Shear values for 7/16” may be increased
to values shown for 15/32-inch sheathing.
34’
3’ If nail spacing is 2” o.c. use 3 inch
3’ nominal framing.

10’ If 10d nails are utilized along with 3 inch

10’
o.c. edge nailing use nominal 3x framing.

2’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 2’

Conventional Shearwall Overturning

nshearwall = 588plf Hold-Down

Hold downs required at shearwalls
T = nh
T = 588plf*10’ = 5,880#
Anchor
Hold down capacity = 7,045#
Hold down deflection = 0.269 in.
34’

10’

2’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 2’

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Force Transfer Around Opening Force Transfer Around Opening

Drag Strut, Cantilevered Beam,
•Check Aspect Ratios
and Coupled Beam Analogies.
•10’/2’ = 5 Not Adequate
•Using the pier height 6’/2’ = 3 which is < 3-1/2:1
WSP •10’/6’ = 1.67
SHEATHING

34’
 Openings accounted 3’
for by strapping or 3’
HOLD
framing DOWNS AT
END OF
 “based on a WALL
6’ 10’
rational analysis” 10’
 H/w ratio defined by
wall pier 2’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 2’
 Reduced number of
hold downs.

Force Transfer Around Opening Force Transfer Around Opening

•Check Aspect Ratios •See Breyer text
•10’/2’ = 5 Not Adequate •Volume II Structural/Seismic Design Manual at www.iccsafe.org
•Using the pier height 6’/2’ = 3 which is < 3-1/2:1 •Articles by Zeno Martin at APA – contact APA or myself
•10’/6’ = 1.67
ntop = 207plf
nshearwall = 7,059#/16’ = 441plf
34’ nsw = 584plf
3’ Fu = [ntop(L1+W) - nsw (L1) ]
3’ L1 L2
Fu = (207plf(2+6) – 584plf*(2) = 930#

6’ 10’
10’

2’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 2’ 2’ 6’ 6’
14’

Hold-Down Placement Traditional Hold-Down Placement Perforated

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Perforated Shear Wall Method Perforated Shear Wall

Fewer hold downs required, shear capacity is reduced
For a wall with 40% sheathing multiply capacity by
0.53 for opening 5H/6.
WSP Reduced capacity is 631plf*0.53 = 334plf < 588plf
SHEATHING
Excerpt from IBC Table 2305.3.8.2
TABLE 2305.3.8.2
SHEAR RESISTANCE ADJUSTMENT FACTOR, Co

WALL HEIGHT, H H/3 H/2 2H/3 5H/6 H

HOLD
8' 2'-8" 4'-0" 5'-4" 6'-8" 8'-0"
DOWNS AT
END OF Percentage of full-
height sheathingb Shear resistance adjustment factor
WALL
10 1.00 0.69 0.53 0.43 0.36
20 1.00 0.71 0.56 0.45 0.38
30 1.00 0.74 0.59 0.49 0.42
40 1.00 0.77 0.63 0.53 0.45
50 1.00 0.80 0.67 0.57 0.50

Rigid Diaphragms (IBC 2305.2.5)

 Open front
 Cantilevered diaphragms
 These must conform to
 ASCE 7-05 Sec. 12.3.2 – Irregular and
regular classifications
 ASCE 7-05 Sec. 12.8.4 – Torsional force
distribution

OPEN FRONT & PRE FAB WALLS

Open Front Bldg (2305.2.5) CUREE: UC Berkeley Shake Table Testing

F2 F1

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Open Front Bldg (2305.2.5) Open Front Bldg (2305.2.5)

 L ≤ 25-ft
 Most likely will be classified as irregular
 Wood Structural Panel diaphragm
per ASCE 7-05 Sec. 12.3.2
 L/W ratio < 1 for one-story
 Possible consequences
 L/W ratio < 0.67 for structures over one story
 Prohibited depending on extreme
(12.3.3.1)
 Increased forces (12.3.3.4)
 Amplified torsional moment (12.8.4.3)
 3-d modeling (12.7.3)

Open Front Bldg (2305.2.5) Using Pre-fab panels

 Exception
 Engineered Narrow
 When calculations show that diaphragm Wall Section
deflections can be tolerated, L can be
increased to a L/W ratio ≤ 1.5  Proprietary
 IBC has provisions for deflection  Large Hold-down
forces
 Deflections

Shearwall Aspect Ratios Using Pre-fab panels

•Aspect Ratio Violated  Engineered Narrow

LOAD IS = 7,059#
•10’/2’ = 5 Wall Section
3,660# * 2panels = 7,320#
•V = 7059#
 Proprietary
34’
 Large Hold-down
3’ forces
3’
 Deflections
10’
10’

2’ 30’ 2’

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Using Pre-fab panels 12th & Paris Nashville, TN

Narrow Wall Sections Desired Holes and Notches

 Narrow wall sections desired

Multiple Bump Outs

 Multiple Bump Outs

Example Applications Pre-fabricated Panels

 Use and Occupancy

 12th & Paris
 Jared’s Galleria
Add image of wall Add image of wall

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Pre-fabricated Panels Recap

Wind
Determining Windspeeds
Uplift
Add image of wall
Wall Stud Design
Diaphragms
Shearwalls
Open-Ness

Special Design Provisions for Wind & Seismic

IBC trend is for

wood design
provisions to be in
Questions separate standard.
Shearwalls
Scott Lockyear
WoodWorks

scott@woodworks.org
Phone: 615 439 0624

Nominal vs. Allowable Tables

2009 IBC table

Shearwalls

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