Basic Formulas (a.c.) Ohm's Law for a.c. circuits (voltage, current, impedance, power, power factor)
Basic Series Circuits Calculation of resistance, voltage, current and power for series circuits
Basic Parallel Circuits Calculation of resistance, voltage, current and power for parallel circuits
Networks Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current Laws, Superposition, Thevenin, Norton and Millman Theorems
Alternating Current/Voltage Calculation of rms, peak, peak-to peak, average voltage/current, frequency, period, wavelength
Inductance Inductance, energy stored in an inductor, inductive reactance, phase shift, inductive coupling
Capacitance Capacitance, charge (Coulomb's Law), energy stored in a capacitor, capacitive reactance, phase shift
Coil Winding (air core) Calculation of inductance, capacitance, resonant frequency, no. of turns for air core single/multi-layer coils
Coil Winding (toroids) Calculation of inductance, capacitance, resonant frequency, no. of turns for toroid core single layer coils
Filters Low pass, high pass, band pass (constant-k, m-derived), resonant filter
Complex Math for A.C. Rectangular coordinates, polar coordinates, rectangular-to-polar conversion, polar-to-rectangular conversion
Basic Antennas Half-wave dipole, quarter-wave vertical, folded dipole, 3-element yagi, range calculations
Component Data Resistor/capacitor color codes, wire chart, toroid data, resistance of cylindrical conductors, T.C. of resistance
Magnetic Circuits Magnetic flux, magnetic field intensity, permeability, series magnetic circuit, hysteresis
Transmission Lines Impedance, inductance, capacitance, attenuation for coax and ladder transmission lines
Basic Units & Conversions Units, symbols, and definitions for electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic variables
Legal Notice Please do not make illegal copies - Each CD contains a unique, hidden serial number.
General Notes:
1. The Toolkit worksheets are set to a default screen resolution of 800x600 pixels. For other screen resolutions, click on 'View'
and set 'Zoom' at the desired percentage for best viewing.
2. For best results when printing worksheets, set printer resolution at 600dpi if available on your printer. For draft quality, set printer
resolution to 300dpi.
3. Version 1.0.3 01-01-2008
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
Current, I 1.00 A P
Power, P 1.00 W E =
Voltage, E 1.00 V I
Ohm's Law - Calculate Current
Voltage, E 1.00 V E Space For User Notes:
Resistance, R 1.00 ohms I =
Current, I 1.00 A R
Power, P 1.00 W
P
Resistance, R 1.00 ohms I=
Current, I 1.00 A R
Voltage, E 1.00 V
I =
P
Power, P 1.00 W
Current, I 1.00 A E
Ohm's Law - Calculate Power
Voltage, E 1.00 V E2
Resistance, R 1.00 ohms P =
Power, P 1.00 W R
P = EI
Voltage, E 1.00 V
Current 1.00 A
Power, P 1.00 W
Current, I 1.00 A
Resistance, R
Power, P
1.00
1.00
ohms
W
P = I 2R
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
R & L in Series
Resistance, R 100.0 ohms Z = R2 + X L2
Reactance, X 100.0 ohms
XL
Impedance, Z 141.4 ohms θ = arctan
Phase Angle 45.00 degrees R
R & C in Series
Resistance, R 10.0 ohms Z = R 2 + X C2
Reactance, X 10.0 ohms
XC
Impedance, Z 14.1 ohms θ = arctan
Phase Angle 45.00 degrees
R
L & C in Series
Reactance, XL
Reactance, XC
30.0 ohms Z = X L − XC
31.0 ohms
Impedance, Z -1.0 ohms
Phase Angle -90.00 degrees θ=0 when XL = XC (resonance)
R, L, & C in Series
Resistance, R 20.0 ohms Z = R2 + ( X L − X C )2
Reactance, XL 20.0 ohms
Reactance, XC 20.0 ohms X L − XC
Impedance, Z 20.0 ohms θ = arctan
R
Phase Angle 0.00 degrees
Inductive Reactance
XL = 2π fL
Inductance 643.06 uH
Frequency 11.130 kHz
Reactance 44.97 ohms
Capacitive Reactance
1
Capacitance 0.32 uF
XC =
Frequency
Reactance
11.130
44.97
Hz
kilohms 2π fC
Series Resistance
Resistance 1 2.000 ohms
Resistance 2
Resistance 3
2.000
2.000
ohms
ohms
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...Rn
Resistance 4 2.000 ohms
Resistance 5 2.000 ohms Note: If the series circuit contains less
Resistance 6 2.000 ohms than six resistors, enter 0 for the
Total 12.000 ohms remaining resistances.
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
R & L in Parallel R * XL
Resistance, R 6800.0 ohms Z =
Reactance, X 8640.0 ohms
R2 + X L2
Impedance, Z 5343.5 ohms R
θ = arctan
Phase Angle 38.20 degrees XL
R & C in Parallel R * XC
Resistance, R 3300.0 ohms Z =
Reactance 2530.0 ohms
R2 + X C2
Impedance, Z 2007.8 ohms R
θ = arctan
Phase Angle 52.52 degrees XC
L & C in Parallel
XL * XC
Reactance, XL 365.0 ohms Z =
Reactance, XC 365.0 ohms XL − XC
Impedance, Z MAX ohms
0
Phase Angle 0.00 degrees θ=0 when XL = XC (resonance)
R, L, & C in Parallel R * X L * XC
Resistance, R 2200.0 ohms Z =
Reactance, XL
X L2X C 2 + R2 ( X L − X C )2
770.0 ohms
Reactance, XC 535.0 ohms
⎛ R ( X L − XC ) ⎞
Impedance, Z 1371.0 ohms θ = arctan ⎜ ⎟
Phase Angle 51.45 degrees ⎝ X L * XC ⎠
RETURN TO INDEX
DEFINITIONS NOTES
∑E 1 + E2 + E3 + ...En = 0
∑ I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + ... I n = 0
Millman's Theorem
Any number of constant current sources that are
directly connected in parallel can be converted to a
single current source whose total output is the
algebraic sum (for d.c.) or the phasor sum (for a.c.) of
the individual source currents, and whose total
internal resistance (or impedance) is the result of
combining the individual source resistances (or
impedances) in parallel.
Superposition Theorem
In a network of linear resistances (or impedances)
containing more than one source, the resultant
current flow at any one point is the algebraic sum (for
d.c.) or the phasor sum (for a.c.) of the current that
would flow at that point if each source is considered
separately, and all other sources are temporarily
replaced by their equivalent internal resistances (or
impedances). This would involve replacing each
voltage source by a short-circuit and each current
source with an open circuit.
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
Calculate Power
Phase Angle 10.00 Degrees PREAL = EI cos θ
Voltage, E 120.00 V
Current, I 10.00 A PAPPARENT = EI
Power, P REAL 1181.769 W
Apparent Power 1200.000 VA PREACTIVE = EI sinθ
Reactive Power 208.378 VAR
PF, cos θ 0.985 (no units)
PF = cos θ
* For consistency, only the units in the top (gray) cells may be changed. All other cells correspond to units of top (gray) cell.
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
Inductive Reactance
Inductance, L
Frequency, f
0.00
800.000
H
Hz XL = 2π fL
Reactance, XL 10.05 ohms
Frequency
XL
Inductance, L 107.86 uH
f =
2π L
Reactance, XL 2.640 kilohms
Frequency, f 3895.50 kHz
Series Inductance
Inductance 1
Inductance 2
1.000
1.000
mH
mH
LT = L1 + L2 + ...Ln
Inductance 3 1.000 mH
Inductance 4 1.000 mH
Inductance 5 1.000 mH
Inductance 6 1.000 mH
Total 6.000 mH
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
Frequency
1
Capacitance, C 317.98 pF f =
Reactance, XC 44.970 ohms 2π CX C
Frequency, f 11.13 MHz
Parallel Capacitance
Capacitance 1
Capacitance 2
1.000
1.000
pF
pF
CT = C1 + C2 + ...Cn
Capacitance 3 1.000 pF
Capacitance 4 1.000 pF
Capacitance 5 1.000 pF
Capacitance 6 1.000 pF
Total 6.000 pF
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
RC Time Constant
Resistance, R 5 kilohms
Capacitance, C 1 pF τ = R *C
Time Const, τ 0.005 uSec
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
2π
Capacitance, C 100.00 pF
Frequency, f 5.033 MHz LC R is the resistance, Ohms
X is the reactance (X L or XC), Ohms
f is the frequency, Hertz
Q is the ratio of X to R (no units)
Capacitance Z is the impedance, Ohms
1
Inductance, L
Frequency, f
11.13
7.112
uH
MHz C=
Capacitance, C 45.00 pF 4π 2f 2L
Inductance
1
Capacitance, C 45.00 pF
L=
4π 2f 2C
Frequency, f 7.112 MHz
Inductance, L 11.13 uH Parallel RLC Circuit @ Resonance:
Z=R
Xc = XL
Phase Angle = 0
Inductive Reactance Power Factor = 1
Inductance, L
Frequency, f
11.13
7.112
uH
MHz XL = 2π fL Z = Max
I = Min.
Vo = Max.
Reactance, XL 497.36 ohms
Capacitive Reactance
1
Capacitance, C 45.00 pF
XC =
Frequency, f
Reactance, XC
7.112
497.30
MHz
ohms
2π fC
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
Inductance, L1 0.52 uH
Inductance, L2 0.52 uH
Capacitance, C1 208.66 pF
Capacitance, C2 417.32 pF
Capacitance, C3 208.66 pF
For convenience, a calculation is included for determining the resonant frequency of an LC circuit. The resonant frequency for an inductor and capacitor is the same
whether they are connected in series or parallel. As an example, if you have a known capacitor, the required inductance can be determined for a desired resonant
frequency. Using the calculated inductance, determine the number of turns required based on the diameter of available coil forms. Or, using the inductance formula, the
inductance of an existing coil can be determined by entering its diameter, length, and number of turns in the appropriate calculator. Formulas assume short coils (length <
10x diameter).
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
Coil Inductance (based on radius) Inductance of a coil based on radius , Formula Variables:
length, and number of turns.
Coil Radius, r 1 inches L is the inductance, Henries
r is the coil radius, inches
No. of Turns, N 40 (no units)
r 2N2
Coil Length, l
Inductance, L
1
84.21
inches
uH L= d is the coil diameter, inches
l is the coil length, inches
Spacing 40 TPI 9r + 10l N is the number of turns
b is the depth of coil winding for multi-layer coils*
Typ. Wire Size 22 AWG
TPI is the number of turns per inch
AWG is the American Wire Gauge standard
Coil Inductance (based on dia.) Inductance of a coil based on diameter , C is the Capacitance
length, and number of turns. f is the Frequency
Coil Dia., d 2 inches
No. of Turns, N 40 (no units)
Length of Coil, l 1 inches d 2N 2
Inductance, L 84.21 uH L= * These formulas are based on short coils
Spacing 40 TPI 18d + 40 l (i.e. length < 10x diameter of coil).
Typ. Wire Size 22 AWG
Number of Turns (based on radius) Number of turns required for a coil Copper Wire Table
inches based on radius, length, and
Coil Radius, r 0.25 TPI Diameter TPI*
inductance.
Length of Coil, l 1 inches AWG enameled inches mm insulated
Inductance, L 8.16 uH
L(9r + 10 l ) 10 9.6 0.1019 2.59
No. of Turns, N
Spacing
39.99
40.0
(no units)
TPI
N= 12
14
12.0
15.0
0.0808
0.0641
2.05
1.63
Wire Size 22 AWG
r 16 18.9 0.0508 1.29
17 21.2 0.0453 1.15
18 23.6 0.0403 1.02
Number of Turns (based on dia.) Number of turns required for a coil 19 26.4 0.0359 0.91
based on diameter, length, and
Coil Dia., d 0.5 inches 20 29.4 0.0320 0.81
inductance.
Length of Coil, l 1 inches 21 33.1 0.0285 0.72
Inductance, L 8.16 uH
L(18d + 40 l ) 22 37.0 0.0254 0.64
No. of Turns, N
Spacing
39.99
40.0
(no units)
TPI
N= 23
24
41.3
46.3
0.0226
0.0201
0.57
0.51
Wire Size 22 AWG
d 25 51.7 0.0179 0.45
26 58.0 0.0159 0.40
27 64.9 0.0142 0.36
Resonant Frequency 28 72.7 0.0126 0.32
1
Inductance, L 107.85 uH
f = 29 81.6 0.0113 0.29
2π
Capacitance, C 6.77 pF 30 90.5 0.0100 0.25
Frequency, f 5.890 MHz LC *Depends on type of insulation
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
Core Size/Mix 0 1 2 3 6 7 10 12 15 17 26
T-12 3.0 48 20 60 17 18 12 7.5 50 7.5 -
T-16 3.0 44 22 61 19 - 13 8 55 8 145
T-20 3.5 52 27 76 22 24 16 10 55 10 180
T-25 4.5 70 34 100 27 29 19 12 85 12 235
T-30 6.0 85 43 140 36 37 25 16 93 16 325
T-37 4.9 80 40 120 30 32 25 15 90 15 275
T-44 6.5 105 52 180 42 46 33 18.5 160 18.5 360
T-50 6.4 100 49 175 40 43 31 18 135 18 320
T-68 7.5 115 57 195 47 52 32 21 180 21 420
T-80 8.5 115 55 180 45 50 32 22 170 22 450
T-94 10.6 160 84 248 70 - 58 32 200 - 590
T-106 19.0 325 135 450 116 133 - - 345 - 900
T-130 15.0 200 110 350 96 103 - - 250 - 785
T-157 - 320 140 420 115 - - - 360 - 870
T-184 - 500 240 720 195 - - - - - 1640
T-200 - 250 120 425 100 105 - - - - 895
T-225 - - 120 425 100 - - - - - -
T-225A - - 215 - - - - - - - -
T-300 - - 115 - - - - - - - -
T-400 - - 185 - - - - - - - -
T-400A - - 360 - - - - - - - -
Resonant Frequency
1
Inductance, L 8.16 uH
f =
2π
Capacitance, C 200.00 pF
Frequency, f 3.940 mHz LC
* no units
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
Antenna Calculator(s)
Dimensions in Feet
1/4 Wave Vertical Antenna 234
Frequency, f 7.100 MHz
1/ 4 λ =
Wavelength 42.25 Meters
f
Dimensions In Meters
1/4 Wavelength 32.96 Feet
1/4 Wavelength 10.05 Meters 71.34
1/ 4 λ =
f
1/2 Wave Dipole Antenna Dimensions in Feet
Frequency, f 7.040 MHz 468
Wavelength 42.61 Meters 1/2λ =
Length Per Side 32.96 Feet f
Dimensions In Meters
1/2 Wavelength 65.92 Feet
1/2 Wavelength 20.27 Meters 142.68
1/2λ =
f
3-Element Beam Antenna Director: DI
Frequency, f 14.020 MHz Spacing: DD
Driven Element: DE
Wavelength 21.40 Meters
Spacing: DR
Wavelength 66.76 Feet Reflector: RF
Director, DI, 0.45λ 30.04 Feet
Spacing, DD, 0.10λ 6.68 Feet DI = 0.45* λ
Driven El., DE, 0.5λ 33.38 Feet DD = 0.10 * λ
Spacing, DR, 0.15λ 10.01 Feet DE = 0.5* λ
Reflector, RF, 0.55λ 36.72 Feet DR = 0.15* λ
RF = 0.55* λ
Matching Transformer
246 * V
Frequency, f
Velocity Factor, V
7.040
0.98
MHz
L=
Total Length, L 34.07 Feet
f
Velocity Factors:
Air Insulated Coax -0.85
Ladder Line - 0.975
Twin Lead - 0.82
Polyethylene Coax-0.66
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
3.68ε l
Two Parallel Lines - Capacitance
Dia. Of Conductors, d0.1305 inches
C=
Ctr-Ctr Distance, D 10.00 inches 2D
Length, l 1.00 feet log
Rel Permittivity, ε 1.00 d
Capacitance, C 1.684 pF
3.14 f
( (
l ) 10-5 )
Dia. Of Conductors, d0.1305 inches
Ctr-Ctr Distance, D 10.00 inches dB =
2D
Frequency, f
Length, l
400.00
100.00
mHz
feet
( d ) log
d
Attenuation 0.220 dB
Coax - Impedance
Dia. of Inner Cond., d 0.108 inches 138 D
Dia. Of Outer Cond., D 0.41 inches Z = log
Rel Permittivity, ε 2.30 ε d
Impedance, Z 52.234 ohms
Coax - Capacitance
Dia. of Inner Cond., d0.108 inches 7.36ε l
Dia. Of Outer Cond., D 0.41 inches C=
Length, l 1.00 feet
D
log
Rel Permittivity, ε 2.30 d
Capacitance, C 29.490 pF
Coax - Inductance
Dia. of Inner Cond., d 0.108 inches
D
Dia. Of Outer Cond., D
Length, l
0.41
1.00
inches
feet
L = 0.140μ l log
Rel. Permeability, μ 2.30
d Capacitance, C is in pF
Inductance, L 0.185 uH Inductance, L is in uH
Frequency, F is in MHz
Coax - Attenuation Length, l is in feet
0.108 inches 4.6 F (D + d ) Distance, Diameter are in inches
* l *10−6
Dia. of Inner Cond., d
Dia. Of Outer Cond., D 0.41 inches dB = Impedance, Z is in ohms
Frequency, F 400.00 mHz
D
Length, l 100.00 feet
(D * d )log
Attenuation 0.188 dB
d
© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
BEL -The Bel (B) is the unit of measurement used to express a ratio between two quantities, typically power, current or voltage.
Decibel - A dimensionless unit for expressing the ratio of two values. It is equal to 10 times the log10 of a power ratio or 20 times the log10 of the voltage or current
ratio.
dBm - This is an absolute measurement of the power level compared to a reference of 1mW. For RF, 0 dBm = 1mW into 50 ohms or -30 dBw.
dBi - The absolute measurement of the gain (or loss) of an antenna as compared to an isotropic antenna reference.
dBd - The absolute measurement of gain (or loss) of an antenna as compared to a half wave dipole reference antenna. If the isotropic antenna is assumed to be
unity gain, then the gain of a dipole is 2.14 dBi. Stated another way, dBd = dBi - 2.14.
dBw - The absolute measurement of gain (or loss) compared to a reference of 1 watt. For RF, 0 dBw = 1 watt into 50 ohms or 600 ohms for AF. Stated another
way, 0 dBw = +30 dBm.
dBμV - The absolute measurement of gain (or loss) compared to areference of 1 μVolt into 50 ohms. 0 dBuV = 1 μVolt into 50 ohms for RF.
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
Note: Input and Ouput values must be in the same units. Therefore, in the following calculations, the output units
are automatically adjusted based on the units selected for the input power, voltage, or current.
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
θ = tan−1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
X Rectangular Form:
sin θ = opp/hyp
cos θ = adj/hyp
tan θ = opp/adj
cot θ = adj/opp
sec θ = hyp/adj
csc θ = hyp/opp
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX
Resistance of a Conductor
Length, l 1000 meters R is the conductor's resistance in ohms
l
Area, S 0.001 meters2 R = ρ ρ is the resistivity of the conductor in Ω-meters
l is the length of the conductor in meters
Resistivity, r 1.72E-08 Ω-meters S S is the cross sectional area in meters
2
Resistance, R 0.017 ohms
2
Cross sectional Area of Conductor
d2 S is the cross sectional area in meters
Diameter, d 0.1 meters S =π π is a constant 3.14
Area, S 0.01 meters2 4 d is the diameter of the conductor in meters
* Abbreviations
Magnetic Circuit
Comments
Rowland's Law: Reluctance=MMF/Flux
VARIABLE SYMBOL SI UNITS *
MMF F amp-turn F=H x L = (amps/meter) x meters = amps Also, F=N x I amp-turns. 1 Amp-turn=1.257 Gilberts.
Flux Φ weber Wb flux,Φ, webers = B x A = (E) x (Time) Therefore, webers = volt-secs. 1 Weber=108 Maxwells.
Flux Density B tesla T B = Φ/area, teslas Therefore, teslas = webers/meter2 = 104 gauss
Reluctance R amp-turn/weber Reluctance is the magnetic analog of electrical resistance, but also changes with permeability. R=MMF/F
Permeance P weber/amp-turn Reciprocal of Reluctance: P = 1/R
Permeability μ tesla-meter/amp Absolute permeability, μ=B/H = Φ/HA Permeability of Free Space, μο= 1.257x10−6 henrys/meter
Magnetic Field Intensity H amps/meter Actually, H = (N x I)/L N=# turns, I=amps, and L=length (amp-turns/meter). 1 A-T=0.01257 Oersteds.
Reluctivity meters/henry ν Reciprocal of Permeability
* Abbreviations
Electromagnetic Comments
* Abbreviations