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ET103-121807-01

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TOPIC DESCRIPTION
Basic Formulas (d.c.) Ohm's Law for d.c. circuits (voltage, current, resistance, power)

Basic Formulas (a.c.) Ohm's Law for a.c. circuits (voltage, current, impedance, power, power factor)

Basic Series Circuits Calculation of resistance, voltage, current and power for series circuits

Basic Parallel Circuits Calculation of resistance, voltage, current and power for parallel circuits

Networks Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current Laws, Superposition, Thevenin, Norton and Millman Theorems

Alternating Current/Voltage Calculation of rms, peak, peak-to peak, average voltage/current, frequency, period, wavelength

Inductance Inductance, energy stored in an inductor, inductive reactance, phase shift, inductive coupling

Capacitance Capacitance, charge (Coulomb's Law), energy stored in a capacitor, capacitive reactance, phase shift

Time Constants Calculation of RC and L/R time constants

Resonance Series/parallel resonance, resonant frequency, inductive/capacitive reactance, Q-factor, bandwidth

Coil Winding (air core) Calculation of inductance, capacitance, resonant frequency, no. of turns for air core single/multi-layer coils

Coil Winding (toroids) Calculation of inductance, capacitance, resonant frequency, no. of turns for toroid core single layer coils

Filters Low pass, high pass, band pass (constant-k, m-derived), resonant filter

Complex Math for A.C. Rectangular coordinates, polar coordinates, rectangular-to-polar conversion, polar-to-rectangular conversion

Basic Antennas Half-wave dipole, quarter-wave vertical, folded dipole, 3-element yagi, range calculations

Component Data Resistor/capacitor color codes, wire chart, toroid data, resistance of cylindrical conductors, T.C. of resistance

Magnetic Circuits Magnetic flux, magnetic field intensity, permeability, series magnetic circuit, hysteresis

Decibels Calculation of power, voltage, and current gain/loss

Transmission Lines Impedance, inductance, capacitance, attenuation for coax and ladder transmission lines

Basic Units & Conversions Units, symbols, and definitions for electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic variables

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General Notes:
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3. Version 1.0.3 01-01-2008

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserve


Coulomb (C) - The basic unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C) named after Charles A. Coulomb. When a current of one ampere is maintained for one second, a
charge of one coulomb flows past a given point. It is equivalent to a charge of 6.25x10 18 electrons.
Ohm's Law - In 1827, Dr. George S. Ohm discovered that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the difference of potential (voltage) across the
circuit. According to ohm's Law, a potential difference of one volt across a one ohm resistance will cause a current of one amp to flow through the resistance. Stated
as a formula, the ratio of volts to amps is a constant called resistance (R) and is measured in ohms (Ω).
Voltage (E or V) - The voltage between two points in a circuit is called the potential difference or electromotive force (emf) and is measured in volts (V) (named after
Count Alessandro Volta).
Current (I) - The current through a circuit is the rate of flow of electric charge and is measured in amperes (A) (named after Andre-Marie Ampere).
Resistance (R) - Resistance impedes the flow of current and is measured in ohms (Ω).
Power (P) - Power is the rate at which work is done (work per unit time) or energy produced (or consumed) in watts (W). The power consumed in a
circuit device is the work (or charge) multiplied by the charge/time or P=V*I watts. (For d.c. circuits, volt-amps and watts are equivalent in magnitude).
Note: In d.c. circuit diagrams and calculations, conventional (positive to negative) current flow is assumed.

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

Ohm's Law - Calculate Resistance


Voltage, E 1.00 V E
Current, I 1.00 A R=
Resistance, R 1.00 ohms I
Power, P 1.00 W P
Current, I 1.00 A R=
Resistance, R 1.00 ohms I2
Voltage, E 1.00 V E2
Power, P 1.00 W R=
Resistance, R 1.00 ohms P
Ohm's Law - Calculate Voltage Practical Units and Conversions:
Current, I 1.00 A Coulomb = 6.25 x 1018 electrons.
Resistance, R
Voltage, E
1.00
1.00
ohms
V
E = IR Ampere = coulomb/second
Volt = joule/coulomb
Watt = joule/second
Power, P 1.00 W Ohm = volt/ampere
Resistance, R 1.00 ohms E = PR Siemens* = ampere/volt
Voltage, E 1.00 V *Originally the 'mho' for conductance.

Current, I 1.00 A P
Power, P 1.00 W E =
Voltage, E 1.00 V I
Ohm's Law - Calculate Current
Voltage, E 1.00 V E Space For User Notes:
Resistance, R 1.00 ohms I =
Current, I 1.00 A R
Power, P 1.00 W
P
Resistance, R 1.00 ohms I=
Current, I 1.00 A R
Voltage, E 1.00 V
I =
P
Power, P 1.00 W
Current, I 1.00 A E
Ohm's Law - Calculate Power
Voltage, E 1.00 V E2
Resistance, R 1.00 ohms P =
Power, P 1.00 W R

P = EI
Voltage, E 1.00 V
Current 1.00 A
Power, P 1.00 W

Current, I 1.00 A
Resistance, R
Power, P
1.00
1.00
ohms
W
P = I 2R

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


DEFINITIONS:
Voltage (E or V) - Generally, the voltage in a.c. circuits is the 'root mean squared' (RMS) or 'effective' voltage, measured involts (V).
Current (I) - Similarly, the current in a.c. circuits is the RMS value or effective value (equivalent d.c. value), measured inamperes (A).
Impedance (Z) - Impedance is the total opposition to the flow of an alternating current and it may consist of any combination of resistance, inductive reactance, and
capacitive reactance. Like resistance in d.c. circuits, it is measured in ohms (Ω).
Power (P) - Real Power (as opposed to apparent or reactive) is the power in watts (W) dissipated in heat through resistance.
Power Factor (PF) - PF is the ratio of the true power (watts) to the apparent power (volts x amps). It is expressed as the cosine of the phase angle (cos θ) or in a.c.
power applications, the cos θ is multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.
Phase Angle (θ) - This is the angular difference in time between corresponding values in the cycles of two wave forms of the same frequency (i.e. voltage and current in
an a.c. circuit containing inductance, resistance and capacitance).

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

Ohm's Law - Calculate Impedance


Voltage, E 1.00 V E
Current, I 1.00 A Z =
Impedance, Z 1.00 ohms
I
PF, cos θ 1.00 (no units)
Power, P 1.00 W P
Current, I 1.00 A Z =
Impedance, Z 1.00 ohms I cos θ
2

PF, cos θ 1.00 (no units)


Voltage, E 1.00 V E2 cos θ
Power, P 1.00 W Z=
Impedance, Z 1.00 ohms P
Resistance, R = Z cos θ
Ohm's Law - Calculate Voltage cos θ = R/Z
Current, I 1.00 A
Phase Angle, θ = cos-1(R/Z)
Impedance, Z 1.00 ohms E = IZ
Voltage, E 1.00 V
PF, cos θ 1.00 (no units)
Power, P 1.00 W PZ Reactance, X = Z sin θ
Impedance, Z 1.00 ohms E= sin θ = X/Z
Voltage, E 1.00 V cos θ
Phase Angle, θ = sin-1 (X/Z)
PF, cos θ 1.00 (no units)
Current, I 1.00 A P
Power, P 1.00 W E=
Voltage, E 1.00 V I cos θ
Ohm's Law - Calculate Current
Voltage, E 1.00 V E Note: See Series and Parallel Circuits work sheets
Impedance, Z 1.00 ohms I = to calculate values for a.c. impedance, Z. and the
Current, I 1.00 A Z phase angle, θ.

PF, cos θ 1.00 (no units)


Power, P 1.00 W P
Impedance, Z 1.00 ohms I=
Current, I 1.00 A
Z cos θ
PF, cos θ 1.00 (no units)
Voltage, E 1.00 V P
I =
Power, P 1.00 W E cos θ
Current, I 1.00 A
Ohm's Law - Calculate Power
PF, cos θ 1.00 (no units)
Voltage, E 1.00 V E2 cos θ
Impedance, Z 1.00 ohms
P =
Z
Power, P 1.00 W
PF, cos θ 1.00 (no units)

P = EI cos θ Apparent Power, Papp = EI (volt-amps)


Voltage, E 1.00 V
Current, I 1.00 A Real Power, P real = EI cos θ (watts)
Power, P 1.00 W
Reactive Power, P reactive=EI sin θ (VAR)
PF, cos θ 1.00 (no units)
Power factor, PF = cos θ = P real/Papp
Current, I
Impedance, Z
1.00
1.00
A
ohms
P = I 2Z cos θ Phase Angle, θ = cos-1(Preal/Papp)
Power, P 1.00 W

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


SERIES CIRCUITS If the series circuit consists of series capacitors only, the impedance, Z, is equal to the sum of the individual
L is the inductance in Henries capacitive reactances. The phase angle, θ, is equal to -90 0
XL is the inductive reactance in Ohms (The voltage lags the current by 90 0).
F is the frequency in Hertz
XC is the capacitive reactance in Ohms If the series circuit consists of series inductors only, the impedance, Z, is equal to the sum of the individual
Z is the impedance in Ohms inductive reactances. The phase angle, θ, is equal to +90 0
θ is the phase angle in degrees (The voltage leads the current by 90 0).
R is the resistance in Ohms
An easy way to remember the phase relationship of voltage/current in inductive and capacitive circuits is: "eLi
the iCe man". (i.e. voltage leads in inductive circuits and current leads in capacitive circuits).
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

R & L in Series
Resistance, R 100.0 ohms Z = R2 + X L2
Reactance, X 100.0 ohms
XL
Impedance, Z 141.4 ohms θ = arctan
Phase Angle 45.00 degrees R

R & C in Series
Resistance, R 10.0 ohms Z = R 2 + X C2
Reactance, X 10.0 ohms
XC
Impedance, Z 14.1 ohms θ = arctan
Phase Angle 45.00 degrees
R

L & C in Series
Reactance, XL
Reactance, XC
30.0 ohms Z = X L − XC
31.0 ohms
Impedance, Z -1.0 ohms
Phase Angle -90.00 degrees θ=0 when XL = XC (resonance)

R, L, & C in Series
Resistance, R 20.0 ohms Z = R2 + ( X L − X C )2
Reactance, XL 20.0 ohms
Reactance, XC 20.0 ohms X L − XC
Impedance, Z 20.0 ohms θ = arctan
R
Phase Angle 0.00 degrees

Inductive Reactance

XL = 2π fL
Inductance 643.06 uH
Frequency 11.130 kHz
Reactance 44.97 ohms

Capacitive Reactance
1
Capacitance 0.32 uF
XC =
Frequency
Reactance
11.130
44.97
Hz
kilohms 2π fC

Series Resistance
Resistance 1 2.000 ohms
Resistance 2
Resistance 3
2.000
2.000
ohms
ohms
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...Rn
Resistance 4 2.000 ohms
Resistance 5 2.000 ohms Note: If the series circuit contains less
Resistance 6 2.000 ohms than six resistors, enter 0 for the
Total 12.000 ohms remaining resistances.

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


PARALLEL CIRCUITS If XL - XC is positive, the circuit is inductive.
L is the inductance in Henries If XL - XC is negative, the circuit is capacitive.
XL is the inductive reactance in Ohms
F is the frequency in Hertz An easy way to remember the phase relationship of voltage/current in inductive and capacitive circuits is:eLi
" the iCe
XC is the capacitive reactance in Ohms man". (i.e. voltage leads current in inductive circuits and current leads voltage in capacitive circuits).
Z is the impedance in Ohms
θ is the phase angle in degrees
R is the resistance in Ohms

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

R & L in Parallel R * XL
Resistance, R 6800.0 ohms Z =
Reactance, X 8640.0 ohms
R2 + X L2
Impedance, Z 5343.5 ohms R
θ = arctan
Phase Angle 38.20 degrees XL

R & C in Parallel R * XC
Resistance, R 3300.0 ohms Z =
Reactance 2530.0 ohms
R2 + X C2
Impedance, Z 2007.8 ohms R
θ = arctan
Phase Angle 52.52 degrees XC

L & C in Parallel
XL * XC
Reactance, XL 365.0 ohms Z =
Reactance, XC 365.0 ohms XL − XC
Impedance, Z MAX ohms
0
Phase Angle 0.00 degrees θ=0 when XL = XC (resonance)

R, L, & C in Parallel R * X L * XC
Resistance, R 2200.0 ohms Z =
Reactance, XL
X L2X C 2 + R2 ( X L − X C )2
770.0 ohms
Reactance, XC 535.0 ohms
⎛ R ( X L − XC ) ⎞
Impedance, Z 1371.0 ohms θ = arctan ⎜ ⎟
Phase Angle 51.45 degrees ⎝ X L * XC ⎠

R1&L in Parallel with R2&C - Case (A) (A)


(R12 + X L2 )(R22 + X C2 )
Resistance, R 1 100.0 ohms Z =
(R1 + R2 )2 + ( X L − X C )2
Resistance, R 2 100.0 ohms
X L (R22 + XC2 ) − XC (R12 + XL2 )
Reactance, XL 100.0 ohms θ = tan−1
Reactance, XC 500.0 ohms R1(R22 + XC2 ) + R2(R12 + X L2 )
Impedance, Z 161.2 ohms
Phase Angle 29.74 degrees R12 + X L2 (B)
R1 & L in Parallel with C - Case (B) Z = XC
R12 + ( X L − X C )2
Impedance, Z ohms
XL XC − X L2 − R12
Phase Angle degrees θ = tan−1
R2 & C in Parallel with L - Case (C) R1XC2
Impedance, Z ohms
Phase Angle degrees R22 + X C2 (C)
Z = XL
R + ( X L − X C )2
2
Inductive Reactance 2

Inductance, L 643.06 uH X L XC − X C2 − R22


θ = tan−1
Frequency, f 11.130 kHz R2X L2
Reactance, XL 44.97 ohms

Capacitive Reactance XL = 2π fL Note: Diagrams (B) & (C) above are


special cases of (A). For (B), enter "0"
Capacitance, C 0.32 F for Resistance R 2. For (C), enter "0"
1
Frequency, f 11.130 Hz XC = for Resistance R 1.
Reactance, XC 0.04 ohms 2π fC
Parallel Resistance
Resistance 1 1.000 ohms
1
Resistance 2
Resistance 3
1.000 ohms RT =
1.000 ohms 1 1 1
Resistance 4 0.000 ohms + + ...
Resistance 5 2.000 ohms R1 R2 Rn
Resistance 6 2.000 ohms
Total 0.250 ohms

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


Note: Due to the infinite number of circuit configurations, no calculations are presented, only the prinicples and methods of network solutions are
presented. Calculations from other worksheets may be used to reduce networks to equivalent values.

RETURN TO INDEX

DEFINITIONS NOTES

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law


The algebraic sum (for d.c. circuits) or the phasor
sum (for a.c. circuits) of the source voltages and
voltage drops around a closed electric circuit (loop) is
zero.

∑E 1 + E2 + E3 + ...En = 0

Kirchhoff's Current Law


The algebraic sum (for d.c. circuits) or the phasor
sum (for a.c. circuits) of the currents in and out of a
node (point) is zero.

∑ I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + ... I n = 0

Thevenin's Theorem for d.c (or a.c.) Circuits


Any two terminal network of resistors (or impedances)
and voltage sources is equivalent to a single resistor
(or impedance) in series with a single constant
voltage source.

Norton's Theorem for d.c. (or a.c.) Circuits


Any two terminal network of resistors (or impedances)
and current sources is equivalent to a single resistor
(or impedance) in parallel with a single constant
current source.

Millman's Theorem
Any number of constant current sources that are
directly connected in parallel can be converted to a
single current source whose total output is the
algebraic sum (for d.c.) or the phasor sum (for a.c.) of
the individual source currents, and whose total
internal resistance (or impedance) is the result of
combining the individual source resistances (or
impedances) in parallel.

Superposition Theorem
In a network of linear resistances (or impedances)
containing more than one source, the resultant
current flow at any one point is the algebraic sum (for
d.c.) or the phasor sum (for a.c.) of the current that
would flow at that point if each source is considered
separately, and all other sources are temporarily
replaced by their equivalent internal resistances (or
impedances). This would involve replacing each
voltage source by a short-circuit and each current
source with an open circuit.

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


Amplitude - The amplitude of a periodic curve (in electronics, typically a sinusoidal wave) is taken as the maximum displacement or value of the curve.
Frequency - The number of complete cycles occurring in a periodic curve in a unit of time is called the frequency (f) of the curve.
Period - The time (T) required for a periodic function, or curve, to complete one cycle is called the period.
Phase Angle - The angular difference (Θ) between two curves or waves is called the phase angle.
RMS - The effective value of a sine wave of current can be calculated by taking equally space samplings and extracting the the square root of their mean, or
average, values.
Peak - The maximum instantaneous value of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current.
Peak-Peak - The amplitude of an alternating quantity measured from positive peak to negative peak.
Average Value - The average of many instantaneous amplitude values taken at equal intevals of time during a half cycle of alternating current. The average value
of a pure sine wave during one half cycle is 0.637 times its maximum or peak value.

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

Frequency 1 f is the frequency in Hertz


Period, t 1 mSec f = t is the period in seconds
Frequency, f 1 kHz t
Period 1 f is the frequency in Hertz
Frequency, f 1 kHz t = t is the period in seconds
Period, t 0.001 Sec f
λ is the wavelength I meters
C is the velocity of light (3x10 8 m/sec)
Wavelength f is the frequency in Hertz
C
Frequency, f 3.75 Mhz λ =
Wavelength, λ 80 Meters f

a.c. Voltage or Current Note: Conversion factors are for


sinewaves only
Avg 123.000 V *
Peak 193.233 V * peak = 1.571*avg
Peak-Peak 386.712 V * peak-peak = 3.144*avg Sine Wave Characteristics
RMS 136.653 V * rms = 1.111*avg Degrees Rad SinΘ Voltage
0
0 0 0 0.0%
0
Peak 120.000 uA * 45 π/4 0.707 70.7% rms
0
Peak-Peak 240.000 uA * peak-peak = 2.000*peak 60 π/3 0.866 86.6%
0
RMS 84.840 uA * rms = 0.707*peak 90 π/2 1 100.0% peak
0
Avg 76.440 uA * avg = 0.637*peak 180 π 0 0.0%

Peak-Peak 240.000 mV * Primary Relationships


RMS 84.720 mV * rms = 0.353*peak-peak
Avg 76.320 mV * avg = 0.318*peak-peak 2
Peak 120.000 mV * peak = 0.500*peak-peak Vavg = V peak = 0.637V peak
π
RMS 84.720 mA *
V peak
Avg
Peak
76.163
119.794
mA
mA
*
*
avg = 0.899*rms
peak = 1.414*rms
Vrms = = 0.707V peak
Peak-Peak 239.588 mA * peak-peak = 2.828*rms 2

Calculate Power
Phase Angle 10.00 Degrees PREAL = EI cos θ
Voltage, E 120.00 V
Current, I 10.00 A PAPPARENT = EI
Power, P REAL 1181.769 W
Apparent Power 1200.000 VA PREACTIVE = EI sinθ
Reactive Power 208.378 VAR
PF, cos θ 0.985 (no units)
PF = cos θ

* For consistency, only the units in the top (gray) cells may be changed. All other cells correspond to units of top (gray) cell.

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


DEFINITIONS:
Inductance, L - Inductance is the ability of a conductor to produce an induced voltage as the current in the conductor is varied. Typically inductors take the form
of a coil of wire that concentrates the magnetic flux lines thereby increasing the inductance. The unit of inductance is the Henry - the amount of inductance which
will induce a counter EMF of one volt when the inducing current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second.
Inductive Reactance, XL - This is the characteristic of an inductor to impede the flow of a.c. current. The higher the inductive reactance, the more the a.c. curent
is impeded (just as resistance impedes the flow of current in a d.c. circuit). An important characteristic of inductive reactance is that it increases as the frequency
is increased (just the opposite of capacitive reactance).
Energy Stored, W - An inductor stores energy in the electric field, since an electric current is induced back into the conductor by the decaying magnetic field.
The amount of energy stored in an inductor (Joules) is directly proportional to the inductance and the square of the current.

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

Inductance INDUCTIVE REACTANCE


XL
Frequency, f 25.00 kHz
L=
2π f
Reactance, XL 44.97 ohms
Inductance, L 286.288 uH

Inductive Reactance
Inductance, L
Frequency, f
0.00
800.000
H
Hz XL = 2π fL
Reactance, XL 10.05 ohms

Frequency
XL
Inductance, L 107.86 uH
f =
2π L
Reactance, XL 2.640 kilohms
Frequency, f 3895.50 kHz

Energy Stored Formula Variables:


Inductance, L
Current, I
10.00
2.00
H
Amps W = (1/2)LI2 L is the inductance in Henries
Energy Stored 20.00 Joules XL is the inductive reactance in Ohms
f is the frequency in Hertz
W is the energy stored in Joules
Parallel Inductance 1 Z is the impedance in Ohms
Inductance 1 1.000 mH LT =
1
+
1
+ ...
1 V is the voltage in Volts
Inductance 2 1.000 mH
Inductance 3 1.000 mH L1 L2 Ln I is the current in Amps
Inductance 4 1.000 mH R is the resistance in Ohms
Inductance 5 1.000 mH
Inductance 6 1.000 mH
Total 0.167 mH

Series Inductance
Inductance 1
Inductance 2
1.000
1.000
mH
mH
LT = L1 + L2 + ...Ln
Inductance 3 1.000 mH
Inductance 4 1.000 mH
Inductance 5 1.000 mH
Inductance 6 1.000 mH
Total 6.000 mH

Series Inductive Reactance


Reactance 1 1.000 ohms X T = X 1 + X 2 + ... X n
Reactance 2 1.000 ohms
Reactance 3 1.000 ohms
Reactance 4 1.000 ohms
Reactance 5 1.000 ohms
Reactance 6 1.000 ohms
Total 6.000 ohms

Parallel Inductive Reactance 1


XT =
Reactance 1 1.000 ohms 1
+
1
+ ...
1
Reactance 2 1.000 ohms X1 X2 Xn
Reactance 3 1.000 ohms
Reactance 4 1.000 ohms
Reactance 5 1.000 ohms
Reactance 6 1.000 ohms
Total 0.167 ohms

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


DEFINITIONS:
Capacitance, C - This is the ability of a dielectric to store an electric charge which is measured in Farads (after Michael Faraday). Physically, a capacitor
consists of a dielectric material between two conductors. In operation, d.c. voltages are blocked while a.c. voltages pass through.
Capacitive Reactance, Xc - This is the characteristic of a capacitor to impede the flow of a.c. current. The higher the capacitive reactance , the more the a.c.
curent is impeded (just as resistance impedes the flow of current in a d.c. circuit). An important characteristic of capacitive reactance is that it increases as the
frequency is decreased (just the opposite of inductive reactance).
Charge, Q - When a voltage is applied to opposing plates of the capacitor, negative and positive electric charges build up creating a field that stresses the
dielectric. The higher the voltage, the more the dielectric is stressed and the higher the charge (in Coulombs).
Energy Stored, W - The amount of energy stored in a capacitor (Joules) is directly proportional to the capacitance and the square of the voltage.

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

Capacitance CAPACITIVE REACTANCE


1
Frequency, f 11.13 MHz
C =
Reactance, XC
Capacitance, C
44.97
317.982
ohms
pF
2π fX C
Capacitive Reactance
1
Capacitance, C 317.98 pF XC =
Frequency, f 11.130 MHz 2π fC
Reactance, XC 44.97 ohms

Frequency
1
Capacitance, C 317.98 pF f =
Reactance, XC 44.970 ohms 2π CX C
Frequency, f 11.13 MHz

Charge & Energy Stored


Capacitance, C 5.00 F Q = CE Formula Variables:
C is the capacitance in Farads
Voltage, E
Energy Stored
100.00
25000.00
Volts
Joules
W = (1/2)CE2 Xc is the capacitive reactance in Ohms
Charge, Q 500.00 Coulombs f is the frequency in Hertz
Q is the electric charge in Coulombs
Series Capacitance 1 W is the energy stored in Joules
Capacitance 1 1.000 uF CT =
1 1 1 Z is the impedance in Ohms
Capacitance 2 1.000 uF + + ...
Capacitance 3 1.000 uF C1 C2 Cn E is the voltage in Volts
Capacitance 4 1.000 uF I is the current in Amps
Capacitance 5 1.000 uF R is the resistance in Ohms
Capacitance 6 1.000 uF
Total 0.167 uF

Parallel Capacitance
Capacitance 1
Capacitance 2
1.000
1.000
pF
pF
CT = C1 + C2 + ...Cn
Capacitance 3 1.000 pF
Capacitance 4 1.000 pF
Capacitance 5 1.000 pF
Capacitance 6 1.000 pF
Total 6.000 pF

Series Capacitive Reactance


Reactance 1 1.000 ohms XT = X1 + X2 + ...Xn
Reactance 2 1.000 ohms
Reactance 3 1.000 ohms
Reactance 4 1.000 ohms
Reactance 5 1.000 ohms
Reactance 6 1.000 ohms
Total 6.000 ohms

Parallel Capacitive Reactance 1


Reactance 1 1.000 ohms XT =
1 1 1
Reactance 2 1.000 ohms + + ...
X1 X2 Xn
Reactance 3 1.000 ohms
Reactance 4 1.000 ohms
Reactance 5 1.000 ohms
Reactance 6 1.000 ohms
Total 0.167 ohms

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


RC & L/R TIME CONSTANTS The time constant is the time, in seconds, that it takes a voltage across a capacitor or for the current through an
t - The time constant in seconds inductor to build up to 63.2% of its final value.
L - the inductance in henries The Time Constant is also the time, in seconds, that it takes the voltage across a capacitor or the current through an
C - The capacitance in farads inductor to discharge to 36.8% of its initial value.
R - The resistance in ohms A long time constant takes approximately 5 time constants to build up to 99% of its final value.
A short time constant is defined as one-fifth or less the pulse width, in time, for the applied voltage.

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

RC Time Constant
Resistance, R 5 kilohms
Capacitance, C 1 pF τ = R *C
Time Const, τ 0.005 uSec

Time Const, τ 0.005 uSec τ


Capacitance, C 1 pF R=
Resistance, R 5 kilohms C
Time Const, τ 1 uSec τ
Resistance, R 1 Ohms C =
Capacitance, C 1 uF R

L/R Time Constant


Resistance, R 1 Ohms L
Inductance, L 1 uH τ=
Time Const, τ 1 uSec R
Time Const, τ 1 uSec L
Inductance, L 1 uH R=
Resistance, R 1 Ohms τ
Time Const, τ 1 uSec
Resistance, R 1 Ohms L =τ *R
Inductance, L 1 uH

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


DEFINITIONS:
Resonant Frequency - In an LC circuit, the resonant frequency occurs when the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal and opposite, such that X c = XL.
Resonance - In an LC circuit, as the frequency is increased, the inductive reactance increases and the capacitive reactance decreases. Due to these opposing
characteristics, there is a frequency where the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal to each other. This condition is called resonance and the circuit is
called a resonant circuit .
Q Factor - The ratio of the reactance (capacitive or inductance) to the device's resistance is known as the Q Factor or figure of merit.
Bandwidth - The width of the resonant band of frequencies with a response of 70.7% of the magnitude and centered around the resonant frequency (f R) is called the
bandwidth of the tuned circuit.

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

Frequency Formula Variables:


1 L is the inductance, Henries
Inductance, L 10.00 uH
f = C is the capacitance, Farads


Capacitance, C 100.00 pF
Frequency, f 5.033 MHz LC R is the resistance, Ohms
X is the reactance (X L or XC), Ohms
f is the frequency, Hertz
Q is the ratio of X to R (no units)
Capacitance Z is the impedance, Ohms
1
Inductance, L
Frequency, f
11.13
7.112
uH
MHz C=
Capacitance, C 45.00 pF 4π 2f 2L
Inductance
1
Capacitance, C 45.00 pF
L=
4π 2f 2C
Frequency, f 7.112 MHz
Inductance, L 11.13 uH Parallel RLC Circuit @ Resonance:
Z=R
Xc = XL
Phase Angle = 0
Inductive Reactance Power Factor = 1
Inductance, L
Frequency, f
11.13
7.112
uH
MHz XL = 2π fL Z = Max
I = Min.
Vo = Max.
Reactance, XL 497.36 ohms

Capacitive Reactance
1
Capacitance, C 45.00 pF
XC =
Frequency, f
Reactance, XC
7.112
497.30
MHz
ohms
2π fC

Q Factor (Components) Series RLC Circuit @ Resonance:


X R
Reactance, X 1.00 ohms Q = LorC = Z=R
Xc = XL
Resistance, R 10.00 ohms R X LorC Phase Angle = 0
Series Q 0.10 (no units) (series circuits) (parallel circuits) Power Factor = 1
Parallel Q 10.00 (no units) Z = Min
I = Max
Vo = Min
Bandwidth fr
Resonant Freq., f R 7.112 MHz Δf = = f1 − f2
Q
Q-Factor 150.00 ohms Δf
Delta f 0.047 MHz
f1 = fr −
2
Frequency, f1 7.088 MHz Δf
Frequency, f2 7.136 MHz
f2 = fr +
2
Q Factor (Resonant Circuit)
Frequency, fr 1.00 ohms fR
Bandwidth, Δf
Q =
10.00 ohms Δf
Q-Factor 0.10 (no units)

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


COIL WINDING (AIR CORE)
DEFINITIONS:
Filter - A network that is designed to attenuate certain frequencies, but pass other frequencies, is called a filter.
Bands - A filter possesses at least one pass band and at least one stop band.
Stop Band - A band of frequencies for which the attenuation is theoretically infinite.
Pass Band - A band of frequencies for which the attenuation is theoretically zero.
Cutoff Frequency - The frequencies that separate the various pass and stop bands are called cutoff frequencies.

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

Low Pass Filters - Cutoff Frequency


1
Inductance, L 11.13 uH
fcutoff =
Capacitance,C
Frequency, f
45.00
14.223
pF
MHz π LC

High Pass Filters - Cutoff Frequency


1
Inductance, L 11.13 uH
fcutoff =
4π LC
Capacitance,C 45.00 pF
Frequency, f 3.556 MHz

Band Pass Filters - Center Frequency


1
Inductance, L 11.13 uH
fcenter =
Capacitance,C
Frequency, f
45.00
7.112
pF
MHz 2π LC

Half-Wave Filter Design (5-Pole)

Frequency, f 13.5 MHz


Load 50 ohms
Cutoff Freq. 15.255 MHz

Inductance, L1 0.52 uH
Inductance, L2 0.52 uH

Capacitance, C1 208.66 pF
Capacitance, C2 417.32 pF
Capacitance, C3 208.66 pF

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


The calculations on this worksheet are based on air core coils (ferrite, iron core, and toroids are addressed in a separate worksheet). Two calculations are presented for
single layer coils: one based on the radius, and the other based on the diameter of the coil. The wire tables are based on an average as the dimensions of wire products
vary slightly among manufacturers.

For convenience, a calculation is included for determining the resonant frequency of an LC circuit. The resonant frequency for an inductor and capacitor is the same
whether they are connected in series or parallel. As an example, if you have a known capacitor, the required inductance can be determined for a desired resonant
frequency. Using the calculated inductance, determine the number of turns required based on the diameter of available coil forms. Or, using the inductance formula, the
inductance of an existing coil can be determined by entering its diameter, length, and number of turns in the appropriate calculator. Formulas assume short coils (length <
10x diameter).
Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

Coil Inductance (based on radius) Inductance of a coil based on radius , Formula Variables:
length, and number of turns.
Coil Radius, r 1 inches L is the inductance, Henries
r is the coil radius, inches
No. of Turns, N 40 (no units)
r 2N2
Coil Length, l
Inductance, L
1
84.21
inches
uH L= d is the coil diameter, inches
l is the coil length, inches
Spacing 40 TPI 9r + 10l N is the number of turns
b is the depth of coil winding for multi-layer coils*
Typ. Wire Size 22 AWG
TPI is the number of turns per inch
AWG is the American Wire Gauge standard
Coil Inductance (based on dia.) Inductance of a coil based on diameter , C is the Capacitance
length, and number of turns. f is the Frequency
Coil Dia., d 2 inches
No. of Turns, N 40 (no units)
Length of Coil, l 1 inches d 2N 2
Inductance, L 84.21 uH L= * These formulas are based on short coils
Spacing 40 TPI 18d + 40 l (i.e. length < 10x diameter of coil).
Typ. Wire Size 22 AWG

Number of Turns (based on radius) Number of turns required for a coil Copper Wire Table
inches based on radius, length, and
Coil Radius, r 0.25 TPI Diameter TPI*
inductance.
Length of Coil, l 1 inches AWG enameled inches mm insulated
Inductance, L 8.16 uH
L(9r + 10 l ) 10 9.6 0.1019 2.59
No. of Turns, N
Spacing
39.99
40.0
(no units)
TPI
N= 12
14
12.0
15.0
0.0808
0.0641
2.05
1.63
Wire Size 22 AWG
r 16 18.9 0.0508 1.29
17 21.2 0.0453 1.15
18 23.6 0.0403 1.02
Number of Turns (based on dia.) Number of turns required for a coil 19 26.4 0.0359 0.91
based on diameter, length, and
Coil Dia., d 0.5 inches 20 29.4 0.0320 0.81
inductance.
Length of Coil, l 1 inches 21 33.1 0.0285 0.72
Inductance, L 8.16 uH
L(18d + 40 l ) 22 37.0 0.0254 0.64
No. of Turns, N
Spacing
39.99
40.0
(no units)
TPI
N= 23
24
41.3
46.3
0.0226
0.0201
0.57
0.51
Wire Size 22 AWG
d 25 51.7 0.0179 0.45
26 58.0 0.0159 0.40
27 64.9 0.0142 0.36
Resonant Frequency 28 72.7 0.0126 0.32
1
Inductance, L 107.85 uH
f = 29 81.6 0.0113 0.29


Capacitance, C 6.77 pF 30 90.5 0.0100 0.25
Frequency, f 5.890 MHz LC *Depends on type of insulation

1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 cm = 0.3937 in. 1 meter = 39.37 in


Multi-Layer Coil (based on radius) Inductance of a multi-layer coil based on
radius, number of turns, length, and
Coil Radius, r 0.55 inches
depth of coil.
No. of Turns, N 40
Length of Coil, l 1 inches
0.8(rN 2 )
L=
Depth of Coil, b 0.1 inches
Inductance, L 29.113 uH
6r + 9l + 10b
Inductance, Straight Wire 2l
Dia. Of Wire, d 0.001 cm Llowfreq = 0.002l ⎡⎢log − 0.75⎤⎥
⎣ d /2 ⎦
Length of Wire, l 200 cm
2l
Induct. L (low freq) 2.061 uH Lhighfreq = 0.002l ⎡⎢log − 1.00 ⎤⎥
Induct. L (high freq) 1.961 uH ⎣ d /2 ⎦

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


Iron Powder Toroid Cores:
Iron powder toroids are suitable for tuned tank circuits, filters, network inductors, and any applicationrequiring a high Q inductor.
Iron powder toroids are more stable than ferrites and do not saturate as easily. For best Q, use the mix specified for the applications frequency range.
Toroid cores are assigned a core size and mix model number by the manufacturer to identify them as shown in the chart below.
For example, a T-12-0 core (tan, phenolic) would exhibit 3.0 uH (microHenrys) per 100 turns; a T-12-1 (blue, carbonyl) would exhibit 48 uH per 100 turns, etc.

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

IRON POWDER TOROID CORES, uH PER 100 TURNS


Mix 0 1 2 3 6 7 10 12 15 17 26
Frequency
50 - 250 0.15 - 2 0.25 - 10 0.02 - 1 2 - 30 3 - 35 10 - 100 20 - 200 0.1 - 3 40 - 180 DC - 1
MHz
Color Tan Blue Red Gray Yellow White Black Green/white Red/White Blue/Yellow Yellow/White
Carbonyl Carbonyl Carbonyl Carbonyl Carbonyl Carbonyl Synthetic Carbonyl Hydrogen
Material Phenolic Carbonyl
C E HP SF TH W Oxide GS6 Reduced
u 1 20 10 35 8.5 9 6 4 25 4 75
Temp
Stability 0 280 95 370 35 30 150 170 190 50 825
ppm/0C

Core Size/Mix 0 1 2 3 6 7 10 12 15 17 26
T-12 3.0 48 20 60 17 18 12 7.5 50 7.5 -
T-16 3.0 44 22 61 19 - 13 8 55 8 145
T-20 3.5 52 27 76 22 24 16 10 55 10 180
T-25 4.5 70 34 100 27 29 19 12 85 12 235
T-30 6.0 85 43 140 36 37 25 16 93 16 325
T-37 4.9 80 40 120 30 32 25 15 90 15 275
T-44 6.5 105 52 180 42 46 33 18.5 160 18.5 360
T-50 6.4 100 49 175 40 43 31 18 135 18 320
T-68 7.5 115 57 195 47 52 32 21 180 21 420
T-80 8.5 115 55 180 45 50 32 22 170 22 450
T-94 10.6 160 84 248 70 - 58 32 200 - 590
T-106 19.0 325 135 450 116 133 - - 345 - 900
T-130 15.0 200 110 350 96 103 - - 250 - 785
T-157 - 320 140 420 115 - - - 360 - 870
T-184 - 500 240 720 195 - - - - - 1640
T-200 - 250 120 425 100 105 - - - - 895
T-225 - - 120 425 100 - - - - - -
T-225A - - 215 - - - - - - - -
T-300 - - 115 - - - - - - - -
T-400 - - 185 - - - - - - - -
T-400A - - 360 - - - - - - - -

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

Number of Turns Formula Variables:


L
Inductance, L
uH/100Turns, AL
8.16
300.00
uH
*
N = 100 L is the inductance, Henries
N is the number of turns
No. Turns, N 16.492 *
AL AL is the inductance in uH per 100 turns (See table)
AWG is the American Wire Gauge standard
C is the capacitance in Farads
Inductance f is the frequency in Hertz
⎛ N2 ⎞
No. of Turns, N
uH/100Turns, AL
16.49
300.00
*
*
L = AL ⎜ 4 ⎟
Inductance, L 8.160 uH
⎝ 10 ⎠

Resonant Frequency
1
Inductance, L 8.16 uH
f =

Capacitance, C 200.00 pF
Frequency, f 3.940 mHz LC
* no units

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


Antennas
Hertz Antenna - Type of antenna that is complete in itself and capable of self-oscillation (i.e. half or full wavelength dipole).
Marconi Antenna - Type of antenna that relies on the ground (earth) as part of antenna (i.e. 1/4 wavelength vertical ground plane).
Permittivity of Free Space, εo - 8.85 x 10 -12 farads/meter
Permeability of Free Space, μo - 4π x 10-7 henrys/meter or 1.257 x 10-6 henrys/meter.
Velocity of Light (E-M Radiation), C - C=1/SQRT(μoεo) = 3x108 meters/sec
Radiation Resistance of Free Space, η0 = SQRT(μo/εo) = 377 Ω

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

Antenna Calculator(s)
Dimensions in Feet
1/4 Wave Vertical Antenna 234
Frequency, f 7.100 MHz
1/ 4 λ =
Wavelength 42.25 Meters
f
Dimensions In Meters
1/4 Wavelength 32.96 Feet
1/4 Wavelength 10.05 Meters 71.34
1/ 4 λ =
f
1/2 Wave Dipole Antenna Dimensions in Feet
Frequency, f 7.040 MHz 468
Wavelength 42.61 Meters 1/2λ =
Length Per Side 32.96 Feet f
Dimensions In Meters
1/2 Wavelength 65.92 Feet
1/2 Wavelength 20.27 Meters 142.68
1/2λ =
f
3-Element Beam Antenna Director: DI
Frequency, f 14.020 MHz Spacing: DD
Driven Element: DE
Wavelength 21.40 Meters
Spacing: DR
Wavelength 66.76 Feet Reflector: RF
Director, DI, 0.45λ 30.04 Feet
Spacing, DD, 0.10λ 6.68 Feet DI = 0.45* λ
Driven El., DE, 0.5λ 33.38 Feet DD = 0.10 * λ
Spacing, DR, 0.15λ 10.01 Feet DE = 0.5* λ
Reflector, RF, 0.55λ 36.72 Feet DR = 0.15* λ
RF = 0.55* λ
Matching Transformer
246 * V
Frequency, f
Velocity Factor, V
7.040
0.98
MHz
L=
Total Length, L 34.07 Feet
f
Velocity Factors:
Air Insulated Coax -0.85
Ladder Line - 0.975
Twin Lead - 0.82
Polyethylene Coax-0.66

Line of Sight Propagation


Height @ XMTR 328.0 feet D = 1.41*( HT + HR )
Height @ RCVR 29.5 feet
Total Range 33.19 miles
D = 3.6*( HT + HR )

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


Transmission Line - A transmission line is the connecting link between a source of r.f. power (transmitter) and the load (antenna). The main purpse of the transmission
line is to transfer maximum power to the antenna with minimum losses. The two main types of transmission lines are the 'parallel-conductor' (i.e. open-wire, ladder line,
or two-wire) and the 'coaxial line' (or 'coax' for short).
Velocity of Propagation - The presence of dielectrics in a coaxial line reduces the velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave through the transmission line. Fo
this reason, transmission line specfications will include the velocity factor for the line.
Characteristic Impedance, ZO - Due to the physical characteristics of a transmission line, it will exhibit distributed capacitance and impedance and therefore exhibits a
characteristic or surge impedance.
Standing Wave Ratio - The ratio of maximum voltage along the line to the minimum volatage along the line is called the voltage standing wave ration (v.s.w.r.) or the
standing wave ratio (s.w.r.). The lower the ratio, the better is the match with the lowest s.w.r. representing the maximum power transfer.
Attenuation - The is the measure of losses along a transmission line and is usually specified as dB per foot (dB/ft).

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

Two Parallel Lines - Impedance


Dia. Of Conductors, d0.1305 inches 276 2D
Ctr-Ctr Distance, D 10.00 inches Z= log
Rel Permittivity, ε 1.00 ε d
Impedance, Z 603.176 ohms

3.68ε l
Two Parallel Lines - Capacitance
Dia. Of Conductors, d0.1305 inches
C=
Ctr-Ctr Distance, D 10.00 inches 2D
Length, l 1.00 feet log
Rel Permittivity, ε 1.00 d
Capacitance, C 1.684 pF

Two Parallel Lines - Inductance Permittivity (Dielectric Const), ε


Dia. Of Conductors, d0.1305 inches air=1.0
2D
Ctr-Ctr Distance, D
Length, l
10.00
1.00
inches
feet
L = 0.281μ l log teflon=2.1
glass=7.6
d mica=7.5
Rel. Permeability, μ 1.00 plexiglas=2.6 - 3.5
Inductance, L 0.612 uH polystyrene=2.4 - 3.0
Permeability, μ
Two Parallel Lines - Attenuation non-ferrous=1.0

3.14 f
( (
l ) 10-5 )
Dia. Of Conductors, d0.1305 inches
Ctr-Ctr Distance, D 10.00 inches dB =
2D
Frequency, f
Length, l
400.00
100.00
mHz
feet
( d ) log
d
Attenuation 0.220 dB

Coax - Impedance
Dia. of Inner Cond., d 0.108 inches 138 D
Dia. Of Outer Cond., D 0.41 inches Z = log
Rel Permittivity, ε 2.30 ε d
Impedance, Z 52.234 ohms

Coax - Capacitance
Dia. of Inner Cond., d0.108 inches 7.36ε l
Dia. Of Outer Cond., D 0.41 inches C=
Length, l 1.00 feet
D
log
Rel Permittivity, ε 2.30 d
Capacitance, C 29.490 pF

Coax - Inductance
Dia. of Inner Cond., d 0.108 inches
D
Dia. Of Outer Cond., D
Length, l
0.41
1.00
inches
feet
L = 0.140μ l log
Rel. Permeability, μ 2.30
d Capacitance, C is in pF
Inductance, L 0.185 uH Inductance, L is in uH
Frequency, F is in MHz
Coax - Attenuation Length, l is in feet
0.108 inches 4.6 F (D + d ) Distance, Diameter are in inches
* l *10−6
Dia. of Inner Cond., d
Dia. Of Outer Cond., D 0.41 inches dB = Impedance, Z is in ohms
Frequency, F 400.00 mHz
D
Length, l 100.00 feet
(D * d )log
Attenuation 0.188 dB
d
© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
BEL -The Bel (B) is the unit of measurement used to express a ratio between two quantities, typically power, current or voltage.
Decibel - A dimensionless unit for expressing the ratio of two values. It is equal to 10 times the log10 of a power ratio or 20 times the log10 of the voltage or current
ratio.
dBm - This is an absolute measurement of the power level compared to a reference of 1mW. For RF, 0 dBm = 1mW into 50 ohms or -30 dBw.
dBi - The absolute measurement of the gain (or loss) of an antenna as compared to an isotropic antenna reference.
dBd - The absolute measurement of gain (or loss) of an antenna as compared to a half wave dipole reference antenna. If the isotropic antenna is assumed to be
unity gain, then the gain of a dipole is 2.14 dBi. Stated another way, dBd = dBi - 2.14.
dBw - The absolute measurement of gain (or loss) compared to a reference of 1 watt. For RF, 0 dBw = 1 watt into 50 ohms or 600 ohms for AF. Stated another
way, 0 dBw = +30 dBm.
dBμV - The absolute measurement of gain (or loss) compared to areference of 1 μVolt into 50 ohms. 0 dBuV = 1 μVolt into 50 ohms for RF.

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

Note: Input and Ouput values must be in the same units. Therefore, in the following calculations, the output units
are automatically adjusted based on the units selected for the input power, voltage, or current.

Power (gain/loss) dB is the power gain or loss in decibels


P Pout is the output power in Watts
Power In 0.001 W
dB = 10log out Pin is the input power in watts
Power Out 100 W Pin
Loss/Gain 50 dB log is the logarithm to the base 10

Voltage (gain/loss) dB is the voltage gain or loss in decibels


Vout
Voltage In 1 V dB = 20log Vout is the output voltage in volts
Voltage Out 50 V Vin Vin is the input voltage in volts
Loss/Gain 33.9794 dB log is the logarithm to the base 10

Current (gain/loss) dB is the current gain or loss in decibels


I
Current In
Current Out
100
1
A
A
dB = 20log out Iout is the output current in amps
Iin is the input current in amps
Iin log is the logarithm to the base 10
Loss/Gain -40 dB

Power (gain/loss) 1mW dBm is the power gain or loss in decibels


P referenced to 1 mW at 600 ohms for audio or
Power In
Power Out
1
100
mW
mW
dBm = 10log out 50 ohms for radio frequencies.
1mW Pout is the output power in Watts
Loss/Gain 20 dBm
Pin is the input power @ 1 mWatt
log is the logarithm to the base 10

Power (gain/loss) 1 Watt dBw is the power gain or loss in decibels


Power In 1 W P referenced to 1 W at 600 ohms for audio or 50
Power Out 100000 W dBW = 10log out ohms for radio frequencies.
Loss/Gain 50 dBw
1W Pout is the output power in Watts
Pin is the input power @ 1 Watt
log is the logarithm to the base 10

Voltage (gain/loss) 1 μV dBμV is the voltage gain or loss in decibels


Voltage In 1 uV V referenced to 1 μV at 600 ohms for audio or 50
dB μV = 20log out
Voltage Out 50
Loss/Gain 33.9794
uV
dBμV
1μV ohms for radio frequencies.
Vout is the output voltage in μVolts
Vin is the input voltage @ 1 μV
log is the logarithm to the base 10

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


Definitions:
Weber - The Weber (Φ) is the magnetic flux which induces an emf of one volt when a conductor cuts through the field in one second.
Reluctance, R - The opposition by a circuit to the establishment of a magnetic field in amp-turns per weber.
Mutual Inductance - The measure of the magnetic flux linkage between two coils, measured in Henrys. The mutual inductance is one henry when the current of one
coil is changing at the rate of one amp per second induces a voltage of one volt in the second coil.

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

Magnetic Field Intensity H is the magnetic field intensity, amp-turns/meter


Current 20.0 amps I is the current, amps
No. of Turns 10.0 H =
I *N l is the length, meters
N is the number of turns
Length, l 0.5 meters l Note: For magnetic field intensity in oersteds,
Mag. Field Intensity, H 400.00 amp-t/meter multiply amp-turms/meter by 0.01257

Magnetic Flux Density


Flux, Φ 20.0 webers φ B is the magnetic flux density in teslas
Area 10.0 meters B = (webers/meter2)
Mag. Flux Density, B 2.00 teslas A A is the cross sectional area in meters 2
Φ is the magnetic flux in webers (volt-secs)

Magnetic Flux, Φ B is the magnetic flux density in teslas


Mag. Flux Density,B 20.0 teslas φ = BA (webers/meter2)
Area 10.0 meters A is the cross sectional area in meters2
Flux, Φ 20.0 webers Φ is the magnetic flux in webers (volt-secs)

Permeability B is the magnetic flux density in teslas


Mag. Flux Density,B 20.0 teslas (webers/meter2)
B
Mag. Field Intensity,H 10.0 amp-t/meter μ = H is the magnetic field intensity,
Permeability, μ 2.00 tesla-m/amp H amp-turns/meter
μ is the Permeability in tesla-meter/amp

Transformer Voltage Ratio


Pri. Voltage 20.0 volts V1 is the voltage on the transformer primary
Pri. Turns 10.0 turns V1 N1 V2 is the voltage on the transformer secondary
Sec. Voltage 10.0 volts
= N1 is the number of turns on the primary
V2 N2 N2 is the number of turns on the secondary
Sec. Turns 5.00 turns

Transformer Current Ratio I1 is the current on the transformer primary


Pri. Current 20.0 amps I1 N1 I2 is the current on the transformer secondary
Pri. Turns 10.0 turns = N1 is the number of turns on the primary
Sec. Current 10.0 amps I2 N2 N2 is the number of turns on the secondary
Sec. Turns 5.00 turns

Transformer Impedance Ratio Z1 is the transformer primary impedance


Pri. Imped. 20.0 ohms Z1 N12 Z2 is the transformer secondary impedance
Pri. Turns 10.0 turns = N1 is the number of turns on the primary
Sec. Imped. 10.0 ohms Z 2 N22 N2 is the number of turns on the secondary
Sec. Turns 50.00 turns

Mutual Inductance Series Aiding L1 is inductance of first coil in Henrys


Inductance, L1 10.0 Henrys LT = L1 + L2 + 2M L2 is inductance of second coil in Henrys
Inductance, L2 1.0 Henrys Series Opposing LT is total inductance in Henrys
Coupling Factor, k 0.5 LT = L1 + L2 − 2M M is the mutual inductance in Henrys
Mutual Inductance 1.58 Henrys Parallel Aiding
LT, Series Aiding 14.16 Henrys L1L2 − M2
LT =
LT, Series Oppose 7.84 Henrys L1L2 + 2M
Parallel Opposing
LT, Parallel Aiding 0.96 Henrys
L1L2 − M2
LT, Parallel Oppose 0.53 Henrys LT =
L1L2 − 2M

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


Real and Imaginary Number - In a.c. calculations, it is generally more practical to represent real and reactive values in terms of complex numbers. Thus the square root of (R2+
X2) becomes R + jX where R is the real part and X is the imaginary (reactive) part.
Phase - in the complex number, R + jX, R is the in-phase of the complex number and X is the out-of-phase portion.
Rectangular Form - The expression R = jX is referred to as the rectangualr for or rectangular coordinates.
Polar Form - When the rectangualr components of R + jX are resolved into a single magnitude of Z rotated through an angle of Θ, the expression is referred to as the polar form
or polar coordinate. So that R + jX = Z/Θ, where R=ZcosΘ, X=ZsinΘ, Θ=arctan(X/R), Z=R/cosΘ, and Z=X/sinΘ.

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

Rectangular to Polar Rules For Complex Math:


Resistance, R 20.0 ohms R + jX = Z ∠θ
Reactance, X -20.0 ohms If Y1=Z1/θ1 = R1+ jX1 and Y2=Z2/θ2=R2+jX2
Impedance, Z 28.3 ohms Z = R2 + X 2
Phase Angle, θ -45.00 degrees When adding or subtracting, use the

θ = tan−1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
X Rectangular Form:

Enter inductive reactance as positive and ⎝R ⎠ Addition: Y1+Y2 =(R1+R2) +j(X1+X2)


capacitive reactance as negative. Subtraction: Y1-Y2=(R1-R2)+j(X1-X2)

Polar to Rectangular When multiplying or dividing, use the


Impedance, Z 28.3 ohms Z ∠θ = R + jX Polar Form:
Multiplication: Y1Y2=Z1Z2/θ1+θ2
Phase Angle, θ -45.0 degrees
Resistance, R 20.0 ohms R = Z cos θ Division: Y1/Y2=Z1/Z2/θ1-θ2
Square: Z12=Z12/2θ1
X = Z sinθ
Reactance, X -20.0 ohms
Square Root: Z1^0.5=Z1^0.5/θ1/2
A positive reactance indicates
inductance and a negative reactance
indicates capacitance. SERIES CIRCUIT:
θ = tan-1 (X/R)
R = Zcos θ = SQRT (Z2-X2)
X = Zsin θ = SQRT(Z2-R2)
Z = R/cos θ = X/sin θ

sin θ = opp/hyp
cos θ = adj/hyp
tan θ = opp/adj
cot θ = adj/opp
sec θ = hyp/adj
csc θ = hyp/opp

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


COMPONENT DATA
Resistance of a Conductor - The resistance of a cylindrical conductor is directly proportional to the length of the conductor, inversely proportional to the
cross-sectional area and is dependent on the conductors material composition (expressed as its resistivity).
Temperature Coeficient - Most conducting materials exhibit an increase in resistance as the temperature rises (within certain ranges). Other materials
exhibit a negative temperature coefficience (carbon, germanium,and silicon). The change in resistance due to temperature is expressed as the temperature
coeficient of temperature, α (alpha).

Enter values and units of measurement in gray cells. Calculated results are displayed in yellow cells. RETURN TO INDEX

CALCULATIONS FORMULAS NOTES

Resistance of a Conductor
Length, l 1000 meters R is the conductor's resistance in ohms
l
Area, S 0.001 meters2 R = ρ ρ is the resistivity of the conductor in Ω-meters
l is the length of the conductor in meters
Resistivity, r 1.72E-08 Ω-meters S S is the cross sectional area in meters
2
Resistance, R 0.017 ohms

2
Cross sectional Area of Conductor
d2 S is the cross sectional area in meters
Diameter, d 0.1 meters S =π π is a constant 3.14
Area, S 0.01 meters2 4 d is the diameter of the conductor in meters

Thermal Resistance Changes


Initial Resistance 100 ohms Rfinal is the final resistance in ohms
Initial Temp, T1 80 degrees Rinitial is the initial resistance in ohms
Final Temp, T2
Temp. Coef., α
120
0.00393
degrees
Rfinal = Rinitial [1+ α (T2 − T1)] T1 is the initial temperature
T2 is the final temperature
Final Resistance 115.7 ohms α is the temperature coeficient

Resistor Color Code Temperature Characteristics


Failure Resistivity, ρ Resistivity, ρ Temp.
1st 2nd M Tolerance
Rate Conductor ohm-m ohm-cmil/ft @ Coeficient
0 0 0
Black 0 10 @ 20 C 20 C α

Brown 1 1 101 ±1% 1 silver 1.46E-08 8.782E-14 3.80E-03


Red 2 2 102 ±2% 0.1 copper 1.72E-08 1.037E-13 3.93E-03
Orange 3 3 103 - 0.01 aluminum 2.83E-08 1.702E-13 3.90E-03
Yellow 4 4 104 - 0.001 tungsten 5.50E-08 3.308E-13 4.50E-03
Green 5 5 105 ±0.5% nickel 7.80E-08 4.692E-13 6.00E-03
Blue 6 6 106 ±0.25% iron 1.20E-07 7.218E-13 5.50E-03
Violet 7 7 107 ±0.1% constantan 4.90E-07 2.947E-12 8.00E-07
Gray 8 8 ±0.05%
White 9 9
Gold 10-1 ±5%
Silver 10-2 ±10% Copper Wire Table
TPI*
AWG TPI (enam) Dia (inches) Dia (mm)
(insul)

10 9.6 0.1019 2.59


In the Resistor Color Code Chart, 12 12.0 0.0808 2.05
the values in Column "M" are multipliers 14 15.0 0.0641 1.63
16 18.9 0.0508 1.29
17 21.2 0.0453 1.15
18 23.6 0.0403 1.02
19 26.4 0.0359 0.91
20 29.4 0.0320 0.81
21 33.1 0.0285 0.72
22 37.0 0.0254 0.64
23 41.3 0.0226 0.57
24 46.3 0.0201 0.51
25 51.7 0.0179 0.45
26 58.0 0.0159 0.40
27 64.9 0.0142 0.36
28 72.7 0.0126 0.32
29 81.6 0.0113 0.29
30 90.5 0.0100 0.25
*Depends on type of insulation

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


RETURN TO INDEX

Electric Circuit Comments


Ohm's Law: Resistance=EMF/Current
VARIABLE SYMBOL SI UNITS *
EMF V or E volt V Also equivalent to one joule/coulomb.
Current I ampere A One amp represents 6.24x10 18 electrons past a point in one second.
Current Density amps/meter
2
α
Resistance R ohm Ω The resistance that results in one amp to flow through a circuit device with a potential of one volt across it
Conductance G Siemens (mho) S The reciprocal of resistance.
Conductivity δ Siemens/meter S/m
Electric Field Intensity E volts/meter V/m Also referred to as Electric Field Strength
Susceptibility η coulomb/volt-m C/Vm
Permittivity ε Farad/meter F/m
Charge e electron volt Ev The charge of one electron.
Charge Quantity Q coulomb C
Energy E joule J Energy is the capacity for doing work.
Power P or W watt W Power is the rate at which work is performed or energy expended. Also one joule/second.
Resistivity ρ ohm-meter Ω-m The resistivity is one ohm-meter when one amp flows through a one meter conductor with one volt applied
Capacitance C Farad F Also one coulomb/volt
Inductance L Henry H Also one volt-sec/amp
Impedance Z ohm Ω
Admittance Y Siemen S Reciprocal of Impedance
Susceptance B Siemen S If resistance is zero, susceptance is the reciprocal of reactance. Formerly mhos.
Reactance X ohm Ω
Resistivity ρ ohm-meter Ω-m

* Abbreviations
Magnetic Circuit
Comments
Rowland's Law: Reluctance=MMF/Flux
VARIABLE SYMBOL SI UNITS *
MMF F amp-turn F=H x L = (amps/meter) x meters = amps Also, F=N x I amp-turns. 1 Amp-turn=1.257 Gilberts.
Flux Φ weber Wb flux,Φ, webers = B x A = (E) x (Time) Therefore, webers = volt-secs. 1 Weber=108 Maxwells.
Flux Density B tesla T B = Φ/area, teslas Therefore, teslas = webers/meter2 = 104 gauss
Reluctance R amp-turn/weber Reluctance is the magnetic analog of electrical resistance, but also changes with permeability. R=MMF/F
Permeance P weber/amp-turn Reciprocal of Reluctance: P = 1/R
Permeability μ tesla-meter/amp Absolute permeability, μ=B/H = Φ/HA Permeability of Free Space, μο= 1.257x10−6 henrys/meter
Magnetic Field Intensity H amps/meter Actually, H = (N x I)/L N=# turns, I=amps, and L=length (amp-turns/meter). 1 A-T=0.01257 Oersteds.
Reluctivity meters/henry ν Reciprocal of Permeability

* Abbreviations
Electromagnetic Comments

VARIABLE SYMBOL SI UNITS *


Electric Field Intensity E volts/meter V/m
Magnetic Field Intensity H amps/meter A/m
EM Field Strength watts/meter2 W/m2
Frequency f Hertz Hz
Wavelength λ meters λ

* Abbreviations

© Copyright 2003-2008 XL Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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