PENGENALAN SEL

By. Hesti Riany, M.Si

Sub Bab
• Struktur sel Prokariot dan Eukariot
• Stuktur dan Fungsi Organel Sel
• Ketidaknormalan Organel
• Mikroskop
 Defenisi
Sel : unit terkecil yang menyusun
organisme hidup yang memiliki fungsi
struktural dan fungsional.
(The basic structural and functional
units of every organism—are of two
distinct types: prokaryotic and
eukaryotic)
Struktur Sel
Prokariotik

Eukariotik
HEWAN
TUMBUHAN
PROKARIOTIK-BAKTERI
 Perbedaan Sel Prokariot dan Eukariot
Sel prokariot
Tidak memiliki selubung/membran inti
Kromosom tunggal
Ribosom 70 S (50 S + 30 S)
Tidak memiliki mitokondria, sitoskeleton, dan gerakan
sitoplasma
Metabolisme secara aerob atau anaerob
Sel Eukariot
Tidak memiliki selubung/membran inti
Kromosom ganda (nucleus dan ektranukleus)
Ribosom 80 S (60 S + 40 S)
Memiliki mitokondria, sitoskelet dan aliran sitoplasma
Metabolisme aerob
EUKARIOTIK-HEWAN & TUMBUHAN
Perbedaan Sel Hewan dan Sel Tumbuhan
Komponen sel dan organel Sel

Organel Sistem Endomembran

• Ribosom • Nuklues - Nuklear envelope
• Mitokondria • RE
• Cloroplast/ plastida • Golgi
• Peroksisom • Lisosom
• Sitoskeleton • Vesikles dan Vakuola
• Sentriol
• Membran sel
• Dinding sel
• Matriks Ektraseluler
 Komponen sel dan Organel

Nukleus- RE-apparatus golgi-mitokondria-vakuola-cloroplast-

ribosom- peroksisom-sitoskleton-sentriol-dinding sel-Matriks ekstraseluler
Membran plasma
• Membran sel terdiri atas dua
lapisan lipoprotein (lipid bi layer)
• Berfungsiuntuk : transpor zat,
mengatur aktivitas enzimatik,
penghantaran sinya dan
pengenalan sel
Dinding Sel pada Tumbuhan
• The wall protects the plant cell, maintains its
shape, and prevents excessive uptake of
water. On the level of the whole plant, the
strong walls of specialized cells hold the plant
up against the force of gravity. Prokaryotes,
fungi, and some protists also have cell walls,
but we will postpone the discussion about it.
Matriks Ekstraseluler (ECM)
Sistem Endomembran
• sistem endomembran meliputi:
• nuclear envelope,
• Reticulum endoplasmic ,
• Golgi komplek,
• lisosom,
• Berbagai jenis vesikel dan vakuola
• Sistem ini memiliki berbagai fungsi dalam sel termasuk sintesis
protein, transpor protein ke membran dan organel atau keluar sel,
metabolisme dan perpindahan lipid serta detoksifikasi racun.
Nukleus: Pusat Informasi
• Nukleus mengandung DNA
(selain Mitokondria dan Plastida)
• Memiliki membran 2 lapis 
nuclear envelope
• Nukleolus sintesis rRNA
(ribosomal RNA)
Retikulum Endoplasma: Pabrik Biosintesis
• RE  RE halus da RE kasar
• RE halus berfungsi untuk
sintesis lipid, metabolisme
karbohidrat, detoksifikasi
obar dan racun serta tenpat
peyimpanan ion kalsium.
• Re kasar berperan dalam
pembentukan protein
sekretori dan pabrik dari
membran yaitu dengan
penambahan protein dan
fospfolipid pada membran
sendiri . Seperti halnya RE
halus, RE kasar juga
menyediakan enzim
prekursor fosfolipid.
Apparatus Golgi :
Shipping and Receiving Center

• Products of the endoplasmic reticulum are usually modified during their transit from the cis region to
the trans region of the Golgi apparatus. For example, glycoproteins formed in the ER have their
carbohydrates modified, first in the ER itself, then as they pass through the Golgi.
• The Golgi removes some sugar monomers and substitutes others, producing a large variety of
carbohydrates. Membrane phospholipids may also be altered in the Golgi.
• In addition to its finishing work, the Golgi apparatus also manufactures some macromolecules. Many
polysaccharides secreted by cells are Golgi products.
 5. Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments

• Dihasilkan oleh aparatus golgi dan menghasilkan enzim-enzim hidrolitik seperti

proteolitik, lipase, dan fosfatase.
• Enzim hidrolitik berfungsi untuk mencerna makanan yang masuk ke dalam sel secara
fagositosis dan juga menghasilkan zat kekebalan sehingga banyak dijumpai pada
sel-sel darah putih.
• bersifat autolisis, autofagi, dan menghancurkan makanan secara endositosis.
Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance
Compartments
• Vacuoles are large vesicles derived from the
endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
• Vacuoles perform a variety of functions in different
kinds of cells. Food vacuoles, formed by phagocytosis,
Many freshwater protists have contractile vacuoles that
pump excess water out of the cell, thereby maintaining
a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside
the cell
• In plants and fungi, certain vacuoles carry out enzymatic
hydrolysis, a function shared by lysosomes in animal
cells. (In fact,some biologists consider these hydrolytic
vacuoles to be a type of lysosome.) In plants, smaller
vacuoles can hold reserves of important organic
compounds, such as the proteins stockpiled in the
storage cells in seeds. Vacuoles may also help protect
the plant against herbivores by storing compounds that
are poisonous or unpalatable to animals. Some plant
vacuoles contain pigments, such as the red and blue
pigments of petals that help attract pollinating insects
to flowers.
Review: hubungan antar sistem
endomembran
Ribosom: Pabrik Protein

• Tersusun atas rRNA dan protein

• Berperan dalam sisntesis protein
• Jenis  ribosom bebas (sitoplasma)= sintesis protein yang
bekerja di sitosol; ribosom terikat (menempel pada retikulum
endoplasma atau Nuclear envelope)=sintesis protein yang akan
di sisipkan pada membran, disimpan dalam organel tertentu
spt lisosom tau dikeluarkan dari sel (sekresi)
Mitochondria: Konversi Energi Kimia

• Fungsi: sebagai tempat berlangsung respirasi untuk menghasilkan energi.

• Tersusun atas:
- Sistem membran yaitu membran dalam dan membran luar. Membren dalam
membentuk tonjolan-tonjolan ke arah dalam (membran krista) untuk memperluas
bidang penyerapan oksigen.
- Matrik Mitokondria mengandung protein, lemak, enzim sitokrom, DNA & ribosom
sehingga memungkinkan sintesis enzim-enzim respirasi secara otonom. untuk melintasi
membran mitokondria memerlukan mekanisme transpor aktif.
Chloroplasts (plastida): Menangkap Energi dari
Cahaya

• Organel yang memiliki klorofil (fotosintesis). Membran luar: melewatkan

molekul< 10 KD, tanpa selektivitas.
• Membran dalam bersifat selektif permeabel dan berguna untuk memilih
molekul yang keluar masuk dengan transpor aktif.
• Stroma merupakan cairan kloroplas yang berguna untuk menyimpan
hasil fotosintesis dalam bentuk pati (amilum)
• Tilakoid tempat terjadinya fotosintesis.
Peroxisomes: Oxidation
• Peroxisomes contain enzymes that remove hydrogen
atoms from various substrates and transfer them to
oxygen (O2), thus producing hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2) as a by-product (from which the organelle
derives its name). Some peroxisomes use oxygen to
break fatty
• acids down into smaller molecules that are
transported to mitochondria and used as fuel for
cellular respiration. Peroxisomes in the liver detoxify
alcohol and other harmful compounds by ransferring
hydrogen from the poisons to oxygen. The H2O2
formed by peroxisomes is itself toxic, but the
organelle also contains an enzyme that converts
H2O2 to water.
• Peroksisom terspesialisasi disebut glyoksisom
(ditemukan dalam jaringan penyimpan lemak)
Sitoskleton
• Sitoskeleton berperan penting dalam
pengorganisasian struktur dan aktifitas sel
• Fungsi utama sitoskeleton ada
memberikan sokongan mekanis kepada
sel dan mempertahakan bentuk sel.
• Sitoskeloton juga terlibat dalam
pergerakan sel dan regulasi aktifitas
biokimia.
• Sitokeleton tersusun atas 3 tipe struktur
molecular:
1. Mikrotubulus
2. Mikrofilamen
3. Filamen intrtmediet
Sentriol
• Merupakan sepasang struktur
seperti silinder yang memiliki
lubang ditengah dan tersusun
dari protein mikrotubulus.
• Membentuk suatu struktur
seperti jala yang tampak
berlekatan dengan kromosom
selama pembelahan sel (mitosis
dan meiosis).
• Jala tersebut dinamakan benang
spindel.
Mikroskop
 Tipe Mikroskop
Compound
Compound microscopes are
light illuminated. The image
seen with this type of
microscope is two
dimensional. This
Description microscope is the most
commonly used. You can
view individual cells, even
living ones. It has high
magnification. However, it
has a low resolution.
Source of Radiation for
visible light
Image Formation
Medium air
Specimen mounting glass slides
Nature of Lenses glass
Focusing mechanical
Magnification
changing objectives
Adjustments
Major Means of
Providing specimen Light Absorption
Contrast
Where To Get More
meiosis
Images
Dissection or Stereoscope Confocal Microscope
This microscope uses a
A dissection microscope is
laser light. This light is
light illuminated. The
used because of the
image that appears is
wavelength. Laser light
three dimensional. It is
scan across the specimen
used for dissection to get
with the aid of scanning
a better look at the larger
mirrors. Then image is
specimen. You cannot see
then placed on a digital
individual cells because it
computer screen for
has a low magnification.
analyzing.
visible light laser light
air air
glass slides with dyed
none
samples
glass lenses with
glass
dichromatic mirrors
digital computer
mechanical motorized focusing
mechanism
usually 1 objective digitally enhanced
laser light with dicromatic
light scattering or light
mirror concentrated at
reflection
pinhole
Earthworm salt
Scanning Electron Transmission Electron
Microscope (SEM) Microscope (TEM)
SEM use electron
illumination. The image is
seen in 3-D. It has high TEM is electron illuminated.
magnification and high This gives a 2-D view. Thin
resolution. The specimen slices of specimen are
is coated in gold and the obtained. The electron
electrons bounce off to beams pass through this. It
give you and exterior view has high magnification and
of the specimen. The high resolution.
pictures are in black and
white.
electrons electrons
vacuum vacuum
Mounted on aluminum Thin films of collodion or
stubs and are coated in other supporting material
gold on copper grids
one electrostatic lens with
one electrostatic lens and a
a few electromagnetic
few electromagnetic lenses
lenses
Electrical i.e. current of the
electrical objective lens coil is
changed.
Electrical i.e. changing
electrical current of the projector
lens coil
electron scattering Electron scattering
mosquito plant cell
compound Stereo Confocal

SEM

TEM
See You Next Time!

ALHAMDULILLAH…