9/22/2009 Anatomy: Head and Neck Table of Nerves

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HEAD AD ECK TABLE OF ERVES

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ERVE PARET ERVE MOTOR SESORY PATHWAY /

IERVATIO DESCRIPTIO /
IERVATIO CLIICAL / OTES /
ETC
Abducens (CN VI) Lateral Rectus Runs through the
muscle of the eye CAVERNOUS SINUS
IN THE MIDDLE --
NOT ALONG THE
LATERAL WALL; Injury
= eye on affected side
rotates inward
Ansa Cervicales Cervical Plexus ---> Strap (Infrahyoid) Superior (C1-C2) hitch
Ansa Cervicales; muscles along Hypoglossus (XII)
Hypoglossal (XII) - to innervate Strap Muscles
--> Ansa Cervicales
Anterior Ethmoidal Trigeminal (V) ---> External Nose, Gives off internal and
Ophthalmic (V1) --- anterior nasal cavity external nasal branches to
> Nasociliary ---> supply sensory innervation
Anterior Ethmoidal to nose
Auriculotemporal Trigeminal (V) ---> Parasympathetic Outer ear and Gives off Superficial
Mandibular (V3) --- secretomotor to temporal region. Temporal Branches to
> Auriculotemporal Parotid Gland via supply sensory to the
LESSER temporal region going up
PETROSAL (IX) the side of the head;
Receives parasympathetic
fibers from Lesser
Petrosal via OTIC
GANGLION; It wraps
around the MIDDLE
MENINGEAL ARTERY
Buccal Trigeminal (V) ---> Cheek and oral Runs parallel with the
Mandibular (V3) --- mucosa Parotid duct
> Buccal
Chorda Tympani Facial (VII) ---> Parasympathetic Taste to anterior One of the two
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Chorda Tympani secretomotor 2/3 of tongue parasympathetic branches
innervation to of Facial N. (VII); Taste
submandibular and innervation excludes the
sublingual glands Circumvallate Papillae;
Exits middle ear out the
PETROTYMPANIC
FISSURE, before the
Facial Canal. Then it
synapses in
SUBMANDIBULAR
GANGLION, where it (1)
joins up with Lingual N.
(V3) to provide taste, and
(2) sends secretomotor
branches to target glands
Deep Petrosal Internal Carotid Sympathetic Carries SYMPATHETIC
Nerve Plexus ---> Deep (inhibitory) to nasal innervation from the
Petrosal mucosa and lacrimal Internal Carotid Plexus;
glands Joins with Greater
Petrosal to form Nerve of
Pterygoid Canal; passes
through the
Sphenopalatine Ganglion
but does NOT
SYNAPSE; Gives
branches to Nasopalatine
N.
External Laryngeal Vagus (X) ---> Inferior Pharyngeal Given off of the Superior
Superior Laryngeal Muscle and Laryngeal Nerve while it is
---> External Cricothyroid within the CAROTID
Laryngeal SHEATH
External Nasal Trigeminal (V) ---> External surface of Has anastomotic branches
Ophthalmic (V1) --- nose from both Ophthalmic (via
> Nasociliary ---> Anterior Ethmoidal and
Anterior Ethmoidal - Infratrochlear) and
--> External Nasal; Maxillary (via Infraorbital)
Trigeminal (V) ---> branches of the Trigeminal
Maxillary (V2) --->
Infraorbitall --->
External Nasal
Facial (CN VII) BRANCHIAL Taste to anterior TASTE Cell bodies are
motor (Arch II) to 2/3 of tongue housed in GENICULATE
all muscles of facial (SVA); Somatic GANGLION; Passes
expression; sensation to ear through Parotid Gland but

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Secretomotor to all canal and ear drum does not innervate it;
glands in head BELL'S PALSY = loss of
EXCEPT Parotid; facial expression;
Stapedius muscle Branchial motor branches
go out the
STYLOMASTOID
FORAMEN, and
secretomotor branches
DON'T.
Frontal Trigeminal (V) ---> Gives off Supratrochlear
Ophthalmic (V1) --- and Supraorbital
> Frontal branches.
Glossopharyngeal Parasympathetic Taste to posterior Exits Posterior Cranial
(CN IX) secretomotor to 1/3 of tongue; Fossa through JUGULAR
Parotid Gland; Somatic sensation FORAMEN; Damage
BRANCHIAL to posterior tongue, may ruin sensory to
motor to pharynx, and inner Oropharynx, which
Stylopharyngeus part of ear; Visceral impairs SWALLOWING
Muscle (Branchial Sensation to REFLEX; The nerve
Arch III) baroreceptors in travels adhered to the
the CAROTID STYLOPHARYNGEUS
SINUS; Somatic MUSCLE, then
sensation to penetrates pharynx
tympanic between Superior and
membrane Middle Constrictor
muscles; Watch it when
performing
TONSILLECTOMY
Great Auricular Cervical Plexus External ear, region 2nd nerve to penetrate
(C2-C3) ---> Great inferior to ear investing fascia of
Auricular Posterior Triangle of neck;
Crosses
Sternocleidomastoid and
heads upward and toward
anterior triangle
Greater Occipital Cervical Dorsal Back of neck Distinguished from Lesser
Primary Ramus Occipital in that it is
(C1) ---> Greater DORSAL PRIMARY
Occipital RAMUS; Penetrates
Trapezius to innervate
back of neck
Greater Petrosal Facial (VII) ---> Parasympathetic One of the two
Nerve Greater Petrosal secretomotor to parasympathetic branches
nasal mucosa and of the Facial N,; Forms

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lacrimal glands Nerve of Pterygoid Canal;
synapses in
PTERYGOPALATINE
GANGLION, then gives
branches to Nasopalatine
N. (from V2)
Hypoglossal (CN All intrinsic and Exits the posterior cranial
XII) extrinsic muscles of fossa through
the tongue, HYPOGLOSSAL
EXCEPT the CANAL; a portion of
Palatoglossus Ansa Cervicales hangs off
the Hypoglossal but does
not intermix with it. Can
be found lateral to and
below the tongue, near the
Lingual Nerve
Inferior Alveolar Trigeminal (V) ---> Mylohyoid and Mandibular (lower) The continuation of the
Mandibular (V3) --- Anterior Belly of teeth mandibular branch of the
> Inferior Alveolar Digastric Trigeminal, after it has
exited through
FORAMEN OVALE. It
reaches the lower teeth
through the
MANDIBULAR
FORAMEN; Gives off a
MYLOHYOID nerve and
INCISIVE nerve to
incisor teeth and continues
onto Mental Foramen and
out as Mental Nerve
Infraorbital Trigeminal (V) ---> Cutaneous region Exits INFRAORBITAL
Maxillary (V2) beneath the eyes; FORAMEN; gives off
external nose via Superior Alveolar and
External Nasal External Nasal branches
Infratrochlear Trigeminal (V) ---> Inferomedial orbit, Divides into Internal and
Ophthalmic (V1) --- sometimes external External nasal branches; it
> Nasociliary ---> nose via External is the primary SENSORY
Infratrochlear Nasal supplier to the external
nose
Internal Laryngeal Vagus (X) ---> Visceral sensory Passes between the
Superior Laryngeal from larynx and MIDDLE and INFERIOR
---> Internal laryngeal mucosa in pharyngeal constrictors;
Laryngeal Supraglottic Cavity Pierces the
THYROHYOID

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MEMBRANE
Internal Nasal, Trigeminal (V) ---> Internal surface of The Lateral Internal Nasal
Medial and Lateral Ophthalmic (V1) --- nose, lower dorsum nerve continues to become
> Nasociliary ---> of nose the External Nasal Nerve,
Anterior Ethmoidal - to innervate the tip of the
--> Internal Nasal nose
Lacrimal Trigeminal (V) ---> Parasympathetic Parasympathetic fibers
Ophthalmic (V1) --- secretomotor to originate from the Greater
> Frontal ---> Lacrimal glands via Petrosal Nerve, which
Lacrimal GREATER joins with the Ophthalmic
PETROSAL VII) (V1) in the orbit
Lesser Occipital Cervical Plexus Posterior to ear and 1st nerve to penetrates
(C2-C3) ---> back of neck investing fascia of
Lesser Occipital Posterior Triangle of neck
Lesser Petrosal Glossopharyngeal Secretomotor to Passes out the LESSER
(IX) ---> Tympanic Parotid Gland PETROSAL HIATUS of
---> Lesser Petrosal Temporal Bone, then
passes forward and out
FORAMEN OVALE;
Synapses in OTIC
GANGLION, and then
innervates the Parotid
Gland via
Auriculotemporal Nerve
(V3)
Lingual Trigeminal (V) ---> Somatic sensation Chorda Tympani (from
Mandibular (V3) --- to anterior 2/3 of CN VII) joins the Lingual
> Lingual tongue; Taste to Nerve to provide the SVA
anterior 2/3 via the fibers to the tongue; it
Chorda Tympani wraps around the
Submandibular Duct in the
mouth
Long Ciliary Trigeminal (V) ---> SYMPATHETIC Pain information Carries SYMPATHETIC
Ophthalmic (V1) --- to the Dilator from the surface of innervation from the
> Nasociliary ---> Pupillae Muscle, via the Cornea Internal Carotid Plexus to
Long Ciliary Internal Carotid the dilator muscle from the
Plexus sympathetic Internal
Carotid Plexus
Mandibular (V3) Trigeminal (V) ---> BRANCHIAL Somatic sensation Sensory components exit
Mandibular (V3) motor to Muscles of to anterior 2/3 of through FORAMEN
Mastication; Tensor tongue; cutaneous OVALE of the Sphenoid;
Tympani; Tensor chin; mandibular motor components do not;
Palati; Mylohyoid teeth It is the only branch of CN
and Anterior Belly III-VI to NOT go through
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of Digastric cavernous sinus
Maxillary (V2) Trigeminal (V) ---> Cutaneous upper Exits skull through
Maxillary (V2) lip, nose, and FORAMEN
infraorbital region; ROTUNDUM to enter
maxillary teeth; Sphenopalatine Fossa;
Nasopharynx; Soft Sensory innervation to
Palate nasopharynx is important
during SWALLOWING;
Branches into Zygomatic,
Posterior Superior
Alveolar, Greater and
Lesser Palatine, and
Nasopalatine branches;
Runs through
CAVERNOUS SINUS
along lateral wall
Mental Trigeminal (V) ---> Cutaneous chin, Ultimately from
Mandibular (V3) --- lower lip, and side Mandibular (V3), a
> Inferior Alveolar - of mandible terminal branch of the
--> Mental Inferior Alveolar past the
MENTAL FORAMEN of
the mandible
Nasociliary Trigeminal (V) ---> Nose, and pain Runs along the medial side
Ophthalmic (V1) --- information from of the orbit, and divides
> Nasociliary cornea into anterior ethmoidal and
infratrochlear. It also gives
off posterior ethmoidal; it
is the sensory root to the
CILIARY GANGLION
Nasopalatine Trigeminal (V) ---> Both Anterior potion of Receives Greater Petrosal
Maxillary (V2) ---> parasympathetic hard palate behind and Deep Petrosal fibers
Nasopalatine and sympathetic to incisors (front from
Nasal Mucosa, via teeth); perhaps SPHENOPALATINE
GREATER some internal nasal GANGLION; Enters
PETROSAL (VII) cavity nasal cavity through
and DEEP SPHENOPALATINE
PETROSAL, FORAMEN, where it
respectively gives off lateral and septal
branches to nose;
Continues through
INCISIVE FORAMEN
along the SEPTAL
WALL, to innervate
anterior hard palate

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Oculomotor (CN Extrinsic eye Enters the orbit through
III) muscles, EXCEPT the SUPERIOR
Lateral Rectus and ORBITAL FISSURE;
Superior Oblique; Synapses in Ciliary
Intrinsic Sphincter Ganglion; Carries
Pupillae and Ciliary PARASYMPATHETIC
Muscles innervation to the
Sphincter Pupillae and
Ciliary Muscles; Runs
through the
CAVERNOUS SINUS
along the lateral wall
Olfactory (CN I) Olfaction Cell bodies are in
Olfactory Mucosa of
Superior Conchae; axons
go through
CRIBRIFORM PLATE
of Ethmoid; Then they go
back to CNS along
OLFACTORY TRACTS
Ophthalmic Trigeminal (V) ---> Cutaneous nose, Runs through the
Ophthalmic (V1) supraorbital region, CAVERNOUS SINUS
and forehead along the lateral wall;
Synapses in CILIARY
GANGLION. Enters the
orbit in the SUPERIOR
ORBITAL FISSURE
Optic (CN II) Sight Enters the orbit through
the OPTIC CANAL, in
the Lesser Wing of the
Sphenoid; The optic nerve
is only that portion
between the eye and the
Optic Chiasm; TUNNEL
VISION = lesion at Optic
Chiasm
Palatine, Greater Trigeminal (V) ---> Hard and soft Also called descending
and Lesser Maxillary (V2) ---> palate, lateral nasal Palatine Branches of the
Infraorbital ---> wall Infraorbital; Goes through
Descending Palatine PALATINE FORAMEN
to reach hard palate in
back of mouth
Pharyngeal Vagus (X) ---> Branchial motor to Enters the pharynx
Pharyngeal all muscles of the between the superior and

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pharynx and soft middle pharyngeal
palate constrictors
Phrenic Cervical Plexus Diaphragm It is plastered on top of
(C3-C5) ---> the Anterior Scalene
Phrenic muscle
Recurrent Laryngeal Vagus (X) ---> All intrinsic muscles Laryngeal Mucosa Travels under Subclavian
Recurrent Laryngeal of the Larynx in Infraglottic Artery and the right side,
EXCEPT the Cavity and under the Aortic Arch
Cricothyroid on the left side; can be
found inferior to the
Inferior Pharyngeal
Constrictor; Easily
damaged due to long
course
Short CIliary Trigeminal (V) ---> Parasympathetic to Receives
Ophthalmic (V1) --- Constrictor Pupillae PARASYMPATHETIC
> Nasociliary ---> and Ciliary Muscle, fibers from the
Short Ciliary via Oculomotor (III), via the
OCULOMOTOR Ciliary Ganglion. Also
(III). Also carried some sensory to the
SYMPATHETICS cornea + sympathetic to
dilator
Spinal Accessory Trapezius and Cell Bodies are in
(CN XI) Sternocleidomastoid SPINAL CHORD (C1-
BRANCHIAL C5): They enter skull
Muscles through FORAMEN
MAGNUM, and then exit
again through JUGULAR
FORAMEN.
Superior Alveolar Trigeminal (V) ---> Maxillary teeth Gives off Anterior, Middle
Maxillary (V2) ---> (through infraorbital
Infraorbital ---> sulcus) and Posterior (in
Superior Alveolar pterygopalatine fossa)
branches
Superior Laryngeal Vagus (X) ---> Inferior Pharyngeal Visceral sensory Divides into Internal
Superior Laryngeal Muscle and from larynx, via the Laryngeal and External
Cricothyroid Internal Laryngeal Laryngeal branches;
Damage can be tested by
touching laryngeal mucosa
to test for sensation
Supraorbital Trigeminal (V) ---> Cutaneous region
Ophthalmic (V1) --- above the eyes
> Frontal --->
Supraorbital
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Supratrochlear Trigeminal (V) ---> Superolateral

Ophthalmic (V1) --- portion of orbit
> Frontal --->
Supratrochlear
Supraclavicular Cervical Plexus Anterolateral 4th nerve to penetrate
(C3-C4) ---> shoulder, clavicular investing fascia of
Supraclavicular region Posterior Triangle of neck;
heads downward and
anteriorly
Transverse Cervical Cervical Plexus Neck around 3rd nerve to penetrate
(C2-C3) ---> sternocleidomastoid investing fascia of
Transverse Cervical Posterior Triangle of neck;
Crosses
Sternocleidomastoid and
heads directly anteriorly.
Trigeminal (CN V) BRANCHIAL All sensory The four parasympathetic
motor (Arch I) to innervation for the ganglia hang off the
Muscles of face various branches of the
Mastication; Tensor trigeminal; Divides into
Tympani; Tensor three principle branches:
Palati; Mylohyoid Opthalmic (V1), Maxillary
and Anterior Belly (V2), and Mandibular
of Digastric (V3)
Trochlear (CN IV) Superior Oblique It is easily injured due to
muscle of the eye its long tortuous path (it
arises from opposite side
of brain and exits
dorsally); it is difficult to
test due to redundant
action; Runs through
CAVERNOUS SINUS
along lateral wall
Tympanic Glossopharyngeal Secretomotor to Given off from CN IX at
(IX) ---> Tympanic Parotid Gland Jugular Foramen; forms
TYMPANIC PLEXUS;
Exits out LESSER
PETROSAL HIATUS,
after which it is known as
Lesser Petrosal Nerve
Vagus (CN X) BRANCHIAL Visceral from part Exits posterior cranial
(Arches IV-VI) of tongue, pharynx fossa through JUGULAR
motor to all muscles and larynx, lungs FORAMEN; Travels in
of larynx, pharynx, and heart, CAROTID SHEATH;
and palate, CAROTID Some say Vagus carries
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EXCEPT BODY, stomach; SVA taste fibers from a
Stylopharyngeus General sensory few taste buds in the
and Tensor Veli from larynx, tongue; Superior and
Palati; pharynx, and part Inferior Vagus Ganglia
Parasympathetics to of external auditory house SENSORY cell
Thoracic and canal bodies, located inside and
Abdominal viscera just beneath the Jugular
Foramen, respectively
Vestibulocochlear Visceral sensory Really two nerves:
(CN VIII) from Semicircular Auditory innervates the
Canals, Utricle, and cochlea and Vestibular
Saccule; SSA from innervates the semi-
cochlea = Hearing circular canals; exits
cranium through
INTERNAL ACOUSTIC
MEATUS
Vidian's (Nerve of FACIAL (VII) ---> Nasal, Lacrimal. Goes through
Pterygoid Canal) Greater Petrosal; PTERYGOID CANAL to
and INTERNAL PTERYGOPALATINE
CAROTID GANGLION, and on to
PLEXUS ---> innervate nasal + lacrimal
Deep Petrosal glands via nasopalatine
and lacrimal nerves,
respectively;
Parasympathetic from
Greater Petrosal (VII) and
sympathetic from Deep
Petrosal
Zygomatic Trigeminal (V) ---> Parasympathetics to Facial and temporal Splits into
Maxillary (V2) ---> the Lacrimal Glands regions inferolateral zygomaticofacial and
Zygomatic to eyes zygomaticotemporal
branches; carries
PARASYMPATHETICS
to the lacrimal glands for a
short time, before they join
with the Lacrimal N.
Zygomaticofacial Trigeminal (V) ---> Facial (anterior) Goes out
Maxillary (V2) ---> part of Zygomatic ZYGOMATICOFACIAL
Zygomatic ---> arch FORAMEN, in the
Zygomaticofacial prominence of the
Zygomatic bone, right past
Pterygopalatine Ganglion
Zygomaticotemporal Trigeminal (V) ---> Temporal Goes out
Maxillary (V2) ---> (posterior) part of ZYGOMATICOFACIAL
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Zygomatic ---> Zygomatic arch FORAMEN, right past
Zygomaticotemporal Pterygopalatine Ganglion

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