1
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
3
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Humans
5
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
6
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
In industry
7
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
In aircraft
8
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Definitions
Sensible heat:
"The quantity of heat required to raise
the temperature of a unit weight of
material through a temperature difference
of one degree."
Latent heat:
"The quantity of heat required to
vaporize a unit weight of a liquid at its
boiling point."
Temperature difference:
"Is the driving force by which hat is
transferred from a source to a receiver."
9
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
10
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
12
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
13
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
15
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
16
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Direct contact:-
17
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
In-Direct contact:-
18
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
19
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
20
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Components of STHE
21
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
STHE classifications
22
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
23
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Advantage:
1- Low cost.
2- Simple construction.
3- Tubes can be cleaned mechanically
after removal of the channel cover or
bonnet.
4- Leakage of the shell side fluid is
minimized since there are no flanged
joints.
Disadvantages:
1- The bundle is fixed to the shell and
cannot be removed.
2- The out sides of the tube cannot be
cleaned mechanically (unless
chemical cleaning program is applied
or a suitable construction of shell
24
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
25
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
5
Figure 6
26
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Advantage:
1- It can support the large temperature
difference because of one end is free
so the bundle can expand or contact
according to differential stress.
2- Tube bundle can be removed so, the
outside of the tubes can be cleaned.
Disadvantages:
1- The inside of the tubes cannot be
cleaned effectively thus it will require
flexible end drill shafts for cleaning (it
shouldn't be used for services with a
dirty fluid inside tubes.
2- It is more cost than fixed tub sheet
exchanger because it requires
bending the tubes and larger shell
diameter (due to minimum u bend
radius).
27
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
28
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
7
8
29
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Advantages:
1- Tube bundle may be removed from
the shell without removing the shell
or the floating head cover which
results in reducing maintenance
time.
2- Ease of cleaning so it can be used for
dirty services.
Disadvantages:
1- The higher cost due to large diameter
of the shell.
2- their use is limited to services with
shell side fluids that are non hazardous
and non toxic, and have moderate
pressure and temperature (40kg/cm2 ,
300oC) since they are prone to leakage.
30
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Types of exchangers
Due to service
31
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
General types of
Figure 9
Kettle re-boiler:
Figure 10
32
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Air cooler:
Figure 11
33
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Water condensers:
Figure 12
Barometric condenser:
Incondensable gases
Figure 13
34
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 14
35
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
36
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
37
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
38
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
39
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
TEMA Designations
40
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
42
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
15
16
43
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
44
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 18
45
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
46
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 18
47
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Design considerations
48
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
49
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
51
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
3) Stream temperature:
The closer the temperature approach
used (the difference between the outlet
temperature of one stream and the inlet
temperature of the other stream) the
larger will be the heat transfer area
required for a given duty.
52
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
53
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
55
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Design features
56
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Tube side
57
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Tube diameter:
Tube thickness:
58
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Tube length:
Tube bitch:
60
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Tube corrugation:
Tube layout:
61
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
19A
Figure 19B
62
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
63
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 20A
Figure 20B
64
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Tube sheets
Tube sheets are usually made from a
round flat piece of metal with holes
drilled for the tube ends in a precise
location and pattern relative to one
another.
Tube sheet materials range as tube
materials.
Tubes are attached to the tube sheet
by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure or by
roller expansion.
Tube holes can be drilled and reamed
and can be machined with one or more
grooves. This greatly increases the
strength of the tube joint.
65
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 21
66
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Tube Header:
The tube-side header (or stationary
head) contains one or more flow nozzles.
The bonnet Fig(10) bolts to the shell. It
is necessary to remove the bonnet in
order to examine the tube ends.
The fixed-tube sheet exchanger of Fig.
10b has bonnets at both ends of the
shell.
The channel (Fig. 10A) has a removable
channel cover. The tube ends can be
examined by removing this cover without
disturbing the piping connections to the
channel nozzles.
The channel can bolt to the shell as
shown in Fig. 10a and c.
67
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
68
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Shell side
Baffle design:
Figure 22
70
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
71
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 23
72
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 24
73
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 25
Shell Constructions
The most common TEMA shell type is
the E shell as it is most suitable for most
industrial process cooling applications.
However, for certain applications,
other shells offer distinct advantages. For
example, the TEMA-F shell design
75
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
77
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
78
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
80
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
81
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Specification sheet
83
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
84
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
85
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 26
86
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Design sequence
• Design the process flow flow-sheet.
• Specify the heat exchanger
requirements.
• Select the best exchanger type for the
job.
• Thermal design of exchanger.
• Mechanical design of exchanger.
Looping back may be necessary at any
stage but can be difficult because of
the project timetable.
The designer must supply an exchanger
which;
• Meets the stated specification
• Has reasonable initial costs and
operating costs (most exchangers are
87
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
88
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
89
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
90
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Fouling
91
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
93
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Types of Fouling
1- Precipitation / Crystallization -
dissolved inorganic salts with inverse
solubility characteristics.
2- Particulate / Sedimentation -
suspended solids, insoluble corrosion
products, sand.
3- Chemical Reaction - common in
petroleum refining and polymer
production Corrosion - material reacts
with fluid to form corrosion products,
which attach to the heat transfer
surface to form nucleation sites
94
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 27
95
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
96
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 28
97
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Corrosion
The heat transfer surface reacts
chemically with elements of the fluid
stream producing a less conductive,
corrosion layer on all or part of the
surface.
Corrosion effects:
1. Premature metal failures.
2. The deposit of corrosion products
reduce both heat transfer and flow rate.
Causes of corrosion:
High content of total dissolved solids
(TDS), the dissimilarity of the metal,
dissolved oxygen, penetrating ions like
chlorides and sulphates, the low pH and
presence of various other impurities are
98
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 29
99
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
MAINTAINCE
Minor maintenance
When the heat exchanger is isolated,
minor maintenance such as clearing
blockages, cleaning, lubrication, and oil
level checks can be carried out in
accordance with the Standard Operating
Procedures and the Permit To Work
system
Cleaning
For a heat exchanger to work efficiently,
the heat transfer surfaces must be clean,
and the flow passages must be clear of
obstruction.
A cleaning program should be put in
place to help insure the continued
100
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Mineral acids
Organic acids
Alkaline agents
Organic solvents
102
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
SOME MORE
104
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
105
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
106
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
performance?
Increase flow rate of the cold fluid:
Increase in the flow rate of cold fluid
results in increase in the overall heat
transfer coefficient.
Because increase in the flow rate
increases the Reynolds number, which in
turn increases the Stanton number and
thereby the film heat transfer coefficient.
108
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Extended surfaces:
Figure 30
Finning
Tubes can be finned on both the
interior and exterior. This is probably the
oldest form of heat transfer enhancement.
Finning is usually desirable when the
fluid has a relatively low heat transfer
film coefficient like gas
109
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
110
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
111
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
CONCLUSION
Engineers can evaluate increasing heat
exchanger performance through a logical
series of steps.
The first step considers if the
exchanger is initially operating correctly.
The second step considers increasing
pressure drop if available in exchangers
with single-phase heat transfer. Increased
velocity results in higher heat transfer
coefficients, which may be sufficient to
improve performance.
Next, a critical evaluation of the
estimated fouling factors should be
considered. Heat exchanger performance
can be increased with periodic cleaning
and less conservative fouling factors.
112
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
113
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
114
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 31
115
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
116
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
118
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 32
120
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
121
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Table 3
122
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
123
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
126
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
127
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 1
Figure 1
128
ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول
اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 1
129