> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 1

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

WEARABLE MICROSTRIP YAGI-UDA
ANTENNA
P.MUTHUKANAN,ANISH ANAND,ANUKOOL SAXENA
between 30 –40 . To increase the gain, Densmore and Huang
Abstract—This paper presents a wearable microstrip yagi introduced microstrip Yagi arrays (each consisting of four
uda antenna. The proposed antenna is suitable for Wireless
elements) in four rows and excited the driven elements
local Area Network (WLAN) and wearable applications
operating at 2.45 GHz. Antenna properties, such as antenna simultaneously. This design can achieve a peak gain as high
gain,
Directivity,fbr ratio are provided. Moreover, the simulated as 14 dBi, but F/B ratios around 4–5 dB may not be suitable
performance of the proposed antenna is optimized using for some applications.
simulations through CST microwave studio which is based on
FIT(finite integration technique). The proposed antenna DESIGNING PROCESS
achieved a gain of 9.089 dB, (F/B) ratio of 11.6 dB and a return
loss of -22.8 dB required for on body and off body
applications. Variations with length of the reflector
Lr ɳ
Index Terms—Wearable, Microstrip yagi array, WLAN
(mm) (%)
INTRODUCTION
RECENT years have witnessed intensive research
activities in the field of wearable antennas due to their
potential in broad spectrum of applications such AS Satellite 61.5 94.35
communication [1], telemedicine [2], entertainment, GPS [3],
RFID [4].and WLAN[5]. A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a 60 94.78
wireless local area network that links two or more computers
or devices using spread-spectrum or OFDM modulation 59 94.82
technology based to enable communication between devices
in a limited area. This gives users the mobility to move 58 94.88
around within a broad coverage area and still be connected to
the network. . The Yagi arrays currently on the market , that 57 95.01

operate at the lower frequencies (under 10 GHz) are too

56.8 95.12
bulky and are unsuitable for compact integration with
microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs) and
56.5 95.55

56.4 95.87
RF circuitry due to their size. There have been many printed
Yagi antenna configurations that have been presented over
56.2 96.21
the last 15 years . The use of Yagi antenna designs in
microstrip technology was first proposed by Huang in 1989
56 96.48
which consists of four patches (one reflector, one driven
element, and two directors) that electromagnetically coupled
to one another to create a steering of the main beam to a peak Variations with spacing b/w the elements

at constant thickness=5mm
 > REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 2

Lr L Lc Lc’ Sr Substrate thickness Return loss

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (dB)

55.98 53.32 50.65 48.12 24.53 0.37 -11.7

55.99 53.34 50.45 48 22.12 0.46 -13.5

0.74 -19.8
55.91 53.38 50.36 47.67 20.67

0.92 -20.8
55.92 53.40 50.27 47.27 19.87

55.93 53.45 50.16 46.98 18.98

OPTIMIZED YAGI SCHEMATIC

55.94 53.57 50.07 46.12 16.53

55.95 53.68 49.98 45.98 14.76

55.96 53.74 49.91 45.42 12.98

Variation with thickness of reflector

at constant Lr=56 mm
Lr tr
(mm) (mm)

56 6

56 5

56 4

56 3
Specifications
Reflector length 56 mm
56 2

Driven element length 54.5 mm

Variations with substrate thickness Director 1 length 48 mm

> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 3

Director 2 length 42 mm

Reflector spacing 6 mm

DE-reflector spacing 6 mm

DE-director 1 spacing 5 mm

Director 1-director 2 spacing 5 mm

FAR-FIELD PATTERN @ 2.4 GHZ

Return loss(dB)

GAIN(DB) VS FREQUENCY(GHZ)
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 4

PARAMETERS VALUES Values

After optimization Before
optimization

GAIN 9.089 dB 5.139 dB

DIRECTIVITY 9.106 dBi 5.143 dBi

RETURN LOSS -22.8 dB -15.9 dB

FBR 11.6 dB 6.3 dB

TOTAL 98.68 % 97.38 %

EFFICIENCY
VSWR 1.4 1.4

-10 dB 20.9 MHz 10.9MHz

BANDWIDTH
.

CONCLUSIONS
1. As the reflector length decreases, the return loss and
gain increase but after a certain degree of decrement ,
2D Radiation pattern the results get constant.
2. The closer the elements ,the better the gain and the
return loss.Again,at a particular value of spacing,the
results stop to improve.
3. The antenna gain and return loss increase with the
decrease in the thickness of the reflector.The results
get constant at tr=2 mm.No such significant
improvement was attained by decreasing the
thickness of the other parasitic elements.
4. The results are improved by using a thicker
substrate.
.
. Acknowledgment
The preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgment” in
American English is without an “e” after the “g.” Use the
singular heading even if you have many acknowledgments.
Avoid expressions such as “One of us (S.B.A.) would like to
thank ... .” Instead, write “F. A. Author thanks ... .” Sponsor
and financial support acknowledgments are placed in the
unnumbered footnote on the first page, not here.

References
[1] Haider R. Khaleel ,Hussain M.Al-Rizzo,Daniel G.Rucker, and Taha
A.Elvi,”wearable Yagi Microstrip Antenna for Telemedicine
Applications”, IEEE Conference, 2010
[2] G. R. DeJean and M. M. Tentzeris, ‘‘A new high-gain microstrip Yagi
array antenna with a high front-to-back (F/B) ratio for WLAN and
Millimeter wave applications,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.55,
pp. 298--304, Feb. 2007.
VSWR PATTERN [3] B. Sanz-Izquierdo, F. Huang, and J. Batchelor, “Covert Dual Band
Wearable Button Antenna,” IET Electronics Letters, vol.42, No.12,
pp.668-670, Jun. 2006
[4] M. Tanaka, J. Jang, “Wearable Microstrip Antenna for Satellite
Communications” in Proc. 21st Intl.l Communications Satellite Systems
Conf., Yokohama, Japan, pp. 15-19, Apr. 2003
[1] D. Gray, J. Lu, and D. Thiel, ‘‘Electronically steerable Yagi—Uda
[2] Microstrip patch antenna array,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol
Results @ 2.4 GHz 46, pp. 605--608, May 1998
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 5

[3] . Eric A. Jones ,William T. Joines “Design of Yagi-Uda Antennas

Using Genetic Algorithms ”IEEE Transactions on antennas and
propogation,vol.45,no.9,Sept.1997
[4] Huang, ‘‘Planar microstrip Yagi array antenna,’’ in Proc. IEEE-APS
Symp., Jun. 1989, vol. 2, pp. 894—897

Antenna Theory (3rd edition), by C. Balanis, Wiley, 2005, ISBN

0-471-66782-X
• Antennas (3rd edition), by J. Kraus and R. Marhefka,
McGraw-Hill, 2001, ISBN 0-072-32103-2
• The ARRL Antenna Book (15th edition), ARRL, 1988, ISBN 0-
87259-207-5
• www.cst.com
• www.yagi-uda.com
• Antenna Theory antenna-theory.com