SAP V: Endokrinologi

Hormon-hormon Reproduksi:
Apa yang dimaksud hormon?
*Hormone: Suatu Produk unsur kimia
yang dihasilkan oleh kelenjar khusus
kemudian dialirkan kedalam aliran
darah atau limpa menuju organ target
tertentu guna mengadakan pengaruh
tertentu pada organ tersebut.
Hormon Pheromon Kairomon
Kaitan hormon dengan reproduksi
1) Primary Hormones
-Berhubungan langsung dengan aspek
reproduction: Spermatogenesis,
ovulation, sexual behavior, fertilization,
implantation, maintenance of gestation,
parturition, lactation and maternal
behavior
2) Hormon-hormon Metabolik
-Hormone yg mempertahankan
fungsi tubuh dalam keadaan
normal ( Homeostasis)
- Sebagai contoh: insulin, thyroid
hormones, vasopressin, growth
hormone, glucagon, etc.
Klasifikasi Hormones
- Structur kimia
1. Proteins
2. Steroids
3. Fatty Acids
- Effek terhadap reproduction
1. Primary
2. Secondary
Hormon Reproductive diproduksi
di:
1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary
3. Gonads (testes dan ovarium)
4. Uterus
5. Placenta
Fungsi hormon Reproduksi:

1. Merangsang keluarnya hormon-hormon lain

2. Mempengaruhi fungsi Gonad
3. Activator sexual (steroids)
4. Mempertahankan kebuntingan
5. Melisis fungsi corpus Luteum
Sumber hormon reproduksi Primary
*Hypothalamus -Oxytocin
-Releasing hormones
LH-RH / GnRH
-Prolactin Inhibiting
Factor (PIF)
*Anterior Pituitary -FSH
-LH
-Prolactin
Gonadotropins
gonad- primary sex organ
- testes or ovary
tropin - means stimulating
gonad stimulating

Gonadal - produced by the gonads

Androgens, estrogens and
progestogens
 Gonads-
Testes- Androgens*
Ovaries- Estrogens*
Progestogens*
Relaxin-protein
Activin-protein
Inhibin-protein
*steroid
Placenta - Estrogens(s)
Progesterone(s)
Growth Hormone(p)
human Chorionic
Gonadtropin(hCG)(p)
Uterus - Prostaglandins
Pregnant Mares Serum
Gonadotropin (PMSG)(p)

s-steroid p-protein
 Gonadotropins
Berat Molekul
LH- 25-32,000
FSH- 32-37,000
Fungsi:
1. Pertumbuhan follicle di ovarium
2. Pematangan oocytes dlm follikel
3. Sekresi Estrogen dari follikel
4. Ovulasi pada Follikel de Graaf
5. Pengembangan CL
6. Sekresi hormon Progesteron dari CL
7. Regulasi supply darah ke ovarium
 Hormon-hormon yg digunakan pada
perkembangan Follikel

 FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) dan LH

(luteinizing hormone)

 FSH
 Berfungsi untuk pembentukan follikel.
Bekerja pada sel-sel granulosa guna
mengaktifkan enzym yg merubah androgens
menjadi estrogen
 LH
 Mengatur produksi androgen dlm sel theca
 Bekerja langsung pada sel granulosa follikel
yang sudah matang guna memulai proses
ovulasi
 Memulai produksi progesteron pada CL
Brief summary of some important
hormones
Hormone Source Target Action
GnRH (gonadotropin Hypothalamus Anterior Stimulates release of FSH
releasing hormone) pituitary and LH
FSH (follicle Anterior Follicle Follicle development, E2
stimulating hormone) pituitary (granulosa) production
LH (luteinizing Anterior Follicle E2 & P4 production,
hormone) pituitary luteinization
Estrogen (E2) Follicle Ovum Overall maturation of
(granulosa) reproductive tract & ovum
Progesterone (P4) Follicle Uterus Endometrial development,
(granulosa) inhibits follicular cycle
Prostaglandin Uterus CL Induces luteal regression
F2 (PGF2)
 luteolysis
Primates (rhesus monkey, human) LH
E P
menses menses
luteolysis
Domestic animals (sheep, pig) LH
E P

Rodents Mate luteolysis

(rat, hamster)
LH LH LH P
pseudopregnancy
E E E

Reflex ovulators Mate ± luteolysis

(rabbit, ferret)
LH P
pseudopregnancy
E E E

Canines (dog, wolf) P no luteolysis

LH pseudopregnancy
E

Day -14 0 +14

Prolactin (LTH)
1. Menstimulasi sekresi susu dan
tingkah laku keibuan
2. Menjaga fungsi CL
Hormon yg dihasilkan Pituitary Posterior
Oxytocin- reproductive hormone

Vasopression- general hormone

1. Both are small polypeptides- 1000
2. Comprised of 8 amino acids
3. Both are produced in the hypothalamus
and stored in posterior pituitary
a. Supraoptic nuclei
b. Paraventricular nuclei
Oxytocin
1. Dihasilkan atas respon terhadap
ransangan saraf
-Auditory nerves
-Optic nerves
-Peripheral nerves
2. Merangsang terjadinya kontraksi -
Alveolus : kelenjar yg memproduksi susu
Kontraksi otot myoepithelial yg
menyebabkan susu keluar
- Uterus:
1. Contracts myometrial muscle
- causes sperm transport
- causes fetal expulsion
2. Contracts myometrium only
after it has been sensitized by
estrogen
- prevents loss of conceptus
Vasopression
1. Controls blood pressure
2. Controls urine volume
 Corpus Luteum (CL)
 After ovulation, follicle collapses and
transforms to the CL under LH stimulation
 Reorganization of follicle structure
 membrane between granulosa and theca
cells degrades
 granulosa cells transform to large lutein cells

 theca cells form smaller lutein cells

 Luteinization
 Large luteal cells
 rich in mitochondria and lutein (carotenoid,
antioxidant)
 produce more progesterone than small
luteal cells, but fewer LH-R

 Small luteal cells

 produce progesterone and androgens
 more LH-R, therefore more responsive to
LH stimulation
Other hormones secreted by
CL...
 Inhibin- secreted in higher primates to
promote progesterone production
 Oxytocin - stimulates prostaglandin
production
 Estrogens
 secreted by large luteal cells in higher
primates (including human)
 small amounts in most animals
 Why is the CL important?
 The main hormone produced -
progesterone
 Progesterone necessary for maintaining
zygote
 Many causes of infertility linked to CL
(luteal insufficiency)
Why study the CL?
 Temporary endocrine organ

 Defined life span

 programmed for death
 aging studies
 further reading: Biology of Reproduction
(journal found in Davis library)
How GnRH Products Work Factrel 
Cystorelin 

 Use GnRH products to synchronize ovulation

 GnRH naturally causes a “surge” of LH

GnRH Pituitary LH ovulation

15 18 21
Day of estrous cycle
How GnRH Products Work Factrel 
Cystorelin 

 Use GnRH products to synchronize ovulation

 GnRH naturally causes a “surge” of LH
Injection of GnRH

1 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Day of estrous cycle
How GnRH Products Work Factrel 
Cystorelin 

 Dominant follicle present on the ovary will

ovulate in response to the induced LH “surge”
Injection of GnRH

ovulation
ovulation
LH

1 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Day of estrous cycle
Hypophyseal Hormones - (FSH+LH)
Hypophysis or pituitary gland
1. Implant fresh A.P. Tissue-causes
immediate growth and maturation of
ovaries and testes.
2. Gonads of immature rats failed to
develop after AP removal
3. Gonads of mature animals regressed or
atrophied after AP removal
Clearly indicated the pituitary gland
secretions were essential for proper
function of gonads.
Estrous Cycle
 Follicles grow and regress in a wave-like
manner during the follicular phase

Recruitment Selection Dominance

Estrous Cycle
 Follicular waves
 Generally range in length from 7-12 days
 Usually 2 or 3 waves during a single estrous cycle

estrus estrus
1st Follicular Wave 2nd Follicular Wave 3rd Follicular Wave

P
4

1 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Day of estrous cycle
Estrous Cycle
• Corpus luteum is established from the
remaining cells of ovulated follicle

Luteal phase
estrus estrus

1 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Day of estrous cycle
Estrous Cycle
 Two major phases of development
1) Luteal Development
2) Follicular Development
estrus estrus
O O
v v
u u
l l
a a
t t
i Follicular i
o o
n Development n

1 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Day of estrous cycle
.
 Activation/maturation of hypothalamus

Corticotrophin releasing factor

Pituitary

FETUS
ACTH

Cortisol

Progesteron Oestrogen

PLACENTA PGF-2o
Release of inhibition

Myometrial Contraction Abdominal straining

Pressure of fetus
On cervix & vagina

Oxytocin Ferguson’s reflex

UTERUS
47
Birahi Birahi Birahi
IB IB IB

Bunting
Birahi Bunting
(embryo)
IB

Birahi
IB

48
Review
Endocrine System
The integrator that ties everything together-
communicator
Endocrine Glands: a specialized tissue, which
releases its product into the circulatory
system (blood and lymph)
Exocrine Glands- have duct that transport
secretions from one duct to another.
What type of gland are testis and/or ovary?
-Explain its Exocrine and Endocrine function