Term paper

On

Submitted to submitted by

Mr.S.C.Dogra Manjit Paul

Roll.no:RR1903A23
Reg.no:10902965
Class: RR1903
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Through my gratitude towards my supporters yet we like to add a few

hearts full for the people who were part of this case study in numerous
ways. People who gave understanding support right project ideas were
conceived.

First we want to thank Mr. S.C.Dogra, Lecturer RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY, lovely professional university, phagwara for
assigning this term paper & we also want to give hands full gratitude to
him for his help & guidance. We would like to thank all the faculty of
lovely school of business for having faith in us, & for their kind
inspiration and helping us whenever asked.

Last but not least, we expand us heartiest gratefulness all people who
have given us best wishes & all help that we needed for the completion of
the term paper.

MANJEET PAUL

CONTENTS
 Executive summary
 introduction
 objective of the study
 hypothesis
 review of literature
 research design
 research methodology
 analysis
 findings
 limitations
 summary
 references

EXECUTIVE SUMMERY
 This research has been done with new perception of people that social
networking creates new dimensions for relationship.
This research has taken one emerging issue that rise in use of social
network induces to rise in divorce cases. Here we do first exploratory
and then descriptive research. We have taken sample size of 25 people.
In which we found the correlation between social networking and rise in
divorce cases. This research also through light on reasons why people
want to use these social networking.

INTRODUCTION
I Manito Paul, student of RR1903, reg.no 10902965 have researched on
the term paper 'social networking creates new dimensions for
relationship'.
Now a day’s online social networks have become genuinely significant
new phenomena in human communication and interaction patterns and
may have a profound impact in the way people communicate and
connect with each other. In past, people have no such type of
communication approach. But now in every minute strength on social
networking sites is increasing.
People find it efficient way to interact with others online than offline
partners. It is possible that it may tend to increase in divorce cases. So
here I tried to spread light with meticulous research that whether this
thing is right or not.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

'social networking creates new dimensions for relationship' is very

interesting and becoming hot topic now a days that spread light on what
actually these social networking sites are breeding. With the help of my
meticulous research, I tried to find how these increasing famous and
widely spreading social networking are modifying our existing
relationship and making new dimensions for it.

Management dilemma: is defined as what symptoms cause

management concern and what environment stimuli raise management
interest.
“Growth of social networking tends to increase in divorce cases.”
Management question: it tries to explain what symptoms cause
management concern.
"What are the reasons that social networking becoming cause of rise in
divorce cases?"
Sub-management question:
"Are people are feeling sense of satisfaction and belongingness from
online partners than offline?"
Research question: it tries to explain "what plausible courses of action
are available to management to correct the problem or take advantage
of the opportunity, which should be considered."
 "Do people spend their most of free time on social networking".
 "Does mutual understand and knowledge sharing is growing more
through social networking?”
 "Do there are chances of breeding of jealousy through social
networking sites?"
 "Does social networking lead to misunderstanding and violence?"

HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis is defined as declarative statement about the relationship
between two or more variables. It is of tentative nature which may be
accepted and rejected after thorough analysis of problem. From the
management dilemma, hypothesis postulated to be,
"Growth of social networking tends to increase in divorce cases."

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 Feeling the Sense of Community in Social Networking Usage

This article tries to presents a theoretical model combining key

constructs from the SOC (sense of community) framework and the
information systems usage/success models to evaluate social
networking usage .In recent years, social networking systems have
become quite popular, and have been established for a variety of
purposes. However, it is still not well understood if sense of
community (SOC) contributes to an individual user's continued
usage of these systems... We surveyed users from popular social
networking sites to test the validity of the research model.
Results:
1. Indicate that while user satisfaction is still the most salient
determinant for system usage, SOC also plays a
significant role in the user's online social interaction
process. Besides its direct influence on usage, SOC also
indirectly influences usage through user satisfaction.
2. In addition, it shows that SOC is a multidimensional construct
that should be measured using several components. It also
demonstrates that the quality of the information contained
 in the communities has a significant impact on SOC, but
system quality does not seem to influence it. Theoretical
and practical implications of the study are discussed
 A theoretical model of intentional social action in online
social networks

this research studies that the decision to use an online social network is
conceptualized as intentional social action and the relative impact of
the three modes of social influence processes (compliance,
internalization, and identification) on intentional social action to use
(collective intention) is examined.
Sample size: Facebook users (sample size = 389)
Result:
1. An empirical study of found that collective intention to use a
social networking site is determined by both subjective norm
and social identity.
2. Further, social identity is found to be a second-order latent
construct comprised of cognitive, evaluative, and affective
(first-order) components.

 Reducing Problems of Sociability in Online Communities:

Integrating Online Communication With Offline Interaction

Social network researchers have claimed that relations offline affect

relations online; however, it is unclear which characteristics of
online interaction are affected by the existence of offline relations.
This article examines whether a mixture of virtual and real-life interaction
- in contrast to purely virtual interaction - among some members of
knowledge-sharing online communities reduces the prevalence of
problems that the whole community faces.
Sample size: This research had used survey data from 26 online
communities that are part of a virtual organization that hosts
communities for teachers.
Results:
Typical problems of sociability that increase risk of failure in
knowledge sharing include a lack of trust between members,
free rider behavior, and a lack of stable membership.
The findings provide evidence for the existence of more trust
and less free riding in mixed communities but not for greater
membership stability.
Results contribute to knowledge of how offline networks influence
online relations; namely, offline networks reduce problems of
sociability, thereby facilitating online knowledge sharing.
 Moreover, the results modify earlier claims about the integration
of online communication with offline interaction by showing
that complete integration is unnecessary.

 Online discussion group sustainability: Investigating the

interplay between structural dynamics and social dynamics
over time

Online discussion groups have become an increasingly popular way

to create social networks where individuals congregate electronically
to share advice and ideas.
In order to better understand sustainability, the authors propose that
research needs to go beyond examining quantitative changes in the
structural dynamics of online discussion groups (such as membership
size and message volume) and include investigation of the social
dynamics characterizing the underlying qualities of the interactions
among members. Research goes with a mixed-methods approach to
provide qualitative and empirical support for their theory by
investigating the dynamics of one successful online discussion
group over a five-year period.
Result each online discussion group is a product of its structural
and social dynamics in combination.

 MUTUAL ADMIRATION CLUBS

This research studies a theory of group formation based on the

motive to seek informed opinion. Because an individual evaluates
whether others are informed or not using his own priors, he identifies
people with similar beliefs to be more informed than those with
different beliefs.
Result
The result is an equilibrium in which like-minded individuals self-
select into distinct groups, with members of each group believing
that their own group is superior.

 Conflict and identity shape shifting in an online financial

community

This research offers a critical interpretive perspective that focuses on the

link between identity shape shifting behaviors and the power
relations within an online financial community.
Research challenges traditional explorations of online communities
that have relied upon assumptions of trust and social cohesion. In
the analysis presented here, conflict becomes more than just
dysfunctional communication and provides an alternative set of
unifying principles and rationales for understanding social interaction and
identity shape shifting within an online community. A model is advanced
that describes the systematic techniques of hostility and aggression
in technologically enabled communities that take the form of
contemporary tribalism.
Result
1. It is argued that this tribe-like conflict embodies important rituals
essential for maintaining and defining the contradictory social roles
sometimes found in online environments.
2. The analysis reveals how conflict between positions of power can
help to align the values and ideals of an online community. With
this study we seek to motivate a re-examination of the design and
governance of online communities.

 Social networkers: Measuring and examining individual

differences in propensity(jukhav) to connect with others

The research examined individual differences in people's propensity to

connect with others (PCO). A measure of PCO, with components for
making friends (strong ties), making acquaintances (weak ties), and
joining others (bridging ties), was developed and tested in two
studies involving 144 undergraduates and 197 health-care
employees.
Result
1. PCO and its components were significantly positively associated
with social network characteristics (including size, betweenness
centrality, and brokerage) and indicators of personal adjustment
including support received, attainment, well-being, influence, and
suggestion-making.
2. PCO had effects beyond those of major personality traits, and
PCO components displayed distinctive relationships with work
network characteristics.

 Social networking breeds jealousy in relationship

Research is analyzing that social networking is certainly the perfect way
to re-connect with old friends and make new ones. But the social
networking site also turns you green with jealousy when you find your
boyfriend’s friends list includes his ex-girlfriends.
Sample size: 100 people using facebook
Result:
 Social networking sites are addictive.
 . These social networking gives you easy
opportunity to reconnect with others to reconnect
with ex’s.

 Tweets can spell trouble in divorce cases

This article is taken from times of India which alerts that social
networking can become reason to divorce. Your status message
on social networking websites can even be used as secondary
evidence in court cases.
There is a case where a lady explained, "Her husband used to give
her excuses that he was going out on business tours. But instead
he would meet friends and socialize. Finally, he was caught when
on one of his 'so called' business tours, he tweeted: 'Having a great
time with friends over beer, I am in town, come over and join me.”

RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design constitutes the blueprint for collection, measurement,

and analysis of data. It is plan and structure of investigation so
conceived as to obtain answers to research questions.

Degree of research question crystallization

We have used both exploratory and formal study.
Exploratory study is used when researcher lacks a clear idea about the
problem. Formal study is descriptive study which begins with a
hypothesis or research question and involves precise procedures and
data source specifications. Goal of descriptive study test the hypothesis
or answer the research question posed.
“In starting we have tried to find what actually social networking causes
to Indian relationships. Then we made more formalized research with
descriptive analysis. Where we form questionnaire to ask the factors
behind rise in divorce cases and use of social networking.”
In this we try to find the correlation between attraction towards social
networking and rise in divorce cases.

Method of data collection

I have used communication study for collection of data, in
communication study researcher questions the subjects and collect their
responses by personal or impersonal means.
We have used self-administered questionnaire sent to sample.
Sampling technique

Sampling is defined as that by selecting some of elements in a

population; we draw conclusions about the entire population.

Sample size sample size is 25 people So that we can trace the answers
of management question in better way.

Population element is the individual participant or object on which the

measurement is taken. This research’s’ population element is married
/unmarried and divorced people of age group below25-35above who are
internet users.

Sampling location my sampling location is jalandhar city of Punjab

where I choose model town as my best place to analyze people’s
perception toward social networking.

Researcher control of variables I have used ex post facto designing

which investigator have no control over the variables in the sense of
being manipulate them. They can only report what has happened and
what is happening. In the same way in this research we have control
only on the selection of subject according to strict sampling procedures
and by statistical manipulation of findings.

Purpose of the study

Main purpose of the study is to find the reasons between rises in divorce
cases with rise in social networking. We have tried to find the correlation
between divorce cases and social networking.

Time dimension
This research used cross sectional study which carried out once and
represent a snapshot of one point in time.
“This research has been taken on 20 April, 2010 at 10:30 pm in model
town jalandhar, Punjab.”

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology comprises of two words research and methodology.

Research is a process of defining and redefining problems formulating the

different hypothesis with suggested solutions by collecting, summarizing,
organizing and evaluating different data’s by thus reaching on solutions with
careful testing. Research is common means which refer to search for
knowledge and methodology is defined as a particular procedure or set of
procedures used in finding the answers of problem or problems.

This research is based on first hand and second hand data.

Primary data: is the original research which is actually being done.

For the actual research I have made questionnaire for 25 people married and
divorced of age group 25-35 in model town, jalandhar, Punjab.

In this basically I have collected second hand data.

Secondary data: secondary literature is also being used which studies are made
by others for their own purposes. For this we have used articles from
www.proquest.com, www.ssrn.com and also from times of India, books,
journal.
ANALYSIS
Here results of questionnaire are evaluated in SPSS and results are
shown with the help of graphs.
 Visit of social networking(SN) sites without goal/purpose

This graph depicts the craze of people to use social networking site is such that
they are now become addicted to use social networking sites. People whether
they are married or unmarried is madly used to these sites. They use these sites
whether they have any purpose or goal in their mind.
“this graph indirectly tries to through light on issue that how these sites are
becoming necessity of people that they want to make themselves attached with
these sites out any purpose, so it may distract them to pay attention to their
personal relationships.”
  no. of hours spend on SN sites by people

This graph reveals that people who are using SN sites for 13 hrs or more
are divorcee people and married people use it for 9-12 hrs and
unmarried used it to less extent than married and divorced people.
“This indicate married and divorced people’s more belongingness to SN
sites.”
  when respondents use SN sites with respect to their marital status

Graph gives very meaningful information of people who got divorced now and
also from married and unmarried people that is their time to use these sites
becomes headache for their personal relationship.
This graph explains that people who got divorced now used social networking
sites in evening. This is the tie when person is free from work and he/she is in
home. So they have better time to interact and share their world with each other
but if they are spending this precious time with their online friends then this is
obvious that distances become farther between their partner and this may be the
reason of their divorced. This same case is also looks same with married and
unmarried people that they are using net after work or at work.
“This shows their craze for these social networking sites which can indulge
them in trouble in their personal life slowly.”
  Ignorance of responsibility towards their partner with respect to no.
of hours spent on SN site.

This graph through light on very confidential information about people’s

behavior which can become reason of rise in divorce case. Graph above
illustrates that people who use net for more than 9-12 and for 13 hrs or more
hide from their partners they are attached to any SN site which indicates that
they are somehow have misunderstandings and lack of trust, lack of mutual
understanding, lack of communication which indulge them in virtual world and
keeps them apart from their partners.
“So average hours of SN site’s usage can indicate their kind of relationship with
their partner.”
Crosstabs

Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

marital status of respondents

* when respondents use 20 100.0% 0 .0% 20 100.0%
social networking sites

Cross processing summary indicates that all people were present at the time of questionnaire
distribution.

marital status of respondents * when respondents use social networking sites Cross tabulation

Count

when respondents use social networking sites

before going to
work at work after work evening Total

marital status of respondents married 1 1 3 0 5

unmarried 0 2 1 0 3

divorced 4 0 0 8 12

Total 5 3 4 8 20
Cross tabulation indicates that people who are married use social networking
sites when they are at work.
Unmarried people use SN sites when they are at work and also after work.
Divorced people use these social networking sites mostly in evenings.
“This cross tabulation reveals that usage of social networking site may be the
reason of people to be divorced”

CORRELATION
Correlations

avg hours of
social
age of networking
respondents sites(s) per day

age of respondents Pearson Correlation 1 .464*

Sig. (2-tailed) .039

N 20 20

avg hours of social Pearson Correlation .464* 1

networking sites(s) per day
Sig. (2-tailed) .039

N 20 20

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Correlation between age of respondents and average hours of SN sites(S) per

day is .464 which is positive.
It indicates that type of age people exhibit have significant effect on SN sites
usage.
“It shows that this age group people have different characteristics which
through them in problems like divorce.”
  Responsibility toward their partner with respect to marital status

Graph illustrate that married people sometimes ignored their responsibility

toward their partners and some time they don’t and people who are divorcee
now mostly ignored their responsibility towards their partner, also people who
are unmarried don’t ignore their responsibility.
“This indicates that reason of ignorance of responsibility towards their partners
may become the reason of divorce for divorcees.”
  Reason to use SN sites

This graph clearly indicate that people who use SN sites for 5-8 hrs want to be
in relationship and be socialize.
People who use SN for 9-12 hrs also want to in relationship and share their
loneliness. People who use it for13 hrs or more want to be socializing, share
their loneliness and want to in relationship. They want to share their loneliness.
“This concludes that people who use these SN sites for more time want to share
their loneliness and relationship. It reveals that people are not satisfy or happy
with their personal life.”
  Persons with whom respondents speak most

This graph want to explain that divorced people want to be most with
close friends and with their ex spouse (i.e. ex-girlfriend or boyfriend).
People who are married engaged with their family and co-workers.
Unmarried people normally chat with their family and friend.
“all in all this graph want to tell that reason to be divorcee may be with
their interaction with their close friends and ex-girlfriends or ex-
boyfriends.”
 Crosstabs

Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

marital status of respondents

* with whom respondents 20 100.0% 0 .0% 20 100.0%
speak most

marital status of respondents * with whom respondents speak most Cross tabulation

Count

with whom respondents speak most Total

close friends co-workers family friends strangers ex-spouse

marital status of respondents married 0 1 1 1 1 1 5

unmarried 2 0 1 0 0 0 3

divorced 6 0 0 0 3 3 12

Total 8 1 2 1 4 4 20

Cross tabulation here tries to indicate that

 People who are married are mostly on SN sites with their co-workers,
family, friend, stranger or ex-girl friend or boyfriends.
 Unmarried people mostly talk on SN sites with their close friends.
 Divorced people mostly with their close friend, strangers and ex-boy/girl
friends.
“This cross tabulation reveals that cross tabulation indicates that reason of
divorce for divorced people may be the reason of their more interaction with
their close friend and strangers.”

Findings
 People feel more sense of satisfaction when they are in social
 networking than in real life
 People have craze and kind of addiction for these SN sites.
 More sense of satisfaction by knowledge sharing on social
networking
 Best use free time to spend it in social networking than with their
partners.
 More probability of obtaining likeminded people which give then
feeling of strength and strength to community building
 Best way to extract what is in your mind whether it is positive or
negative through social networking than to share it with real
partner
 More secret sharing with offline partners than real partners.
 People on these sites are in contact with their ex-girl/boy friends
Which normally rarely happen.

 People want to join mostly these sites for sharing their loneliness
and building relationship with strangers.
 People ignore their responsibility towards their partner with use of
these sites.
 People spend lot of their free time on these sites which make them
apart from their personal life.

Limitations

 Limited sample size: sample size only contains 25 people. So

results may vary as we increase sample size.
 Bias in respondent’s answers: the respondent’s answers can
also change under the influence of other respondents.
 Unwillingness of respondents: respondents are unwilling to fill
the questionnaire.
 Personal questions: this research is based on very sensitive
issue i.e. rise in divorce cases. This research also includes
divorced people, to that why they divorced. Some personal
questions are also asked which respondents may unwilling to
answer.
 Restricted research: as I am a student so I have not surveyed on
different locations.
Summary

The research on rise in divorce case as there is rise in SN sites reveals

that people’s attraction to these sites becomes their addiction. In today’s
speedy and competitive world everyone is busy with their own work. It
induces lack of mutual understanding, communication which makes then
to adhere with these sites. In today’s world people want attention. They
want to share their knowledge, loneliness, information, experience. They
want to show that what they are saying is correct. This may be the
reason that they entered in virtual world where they connected with
many social networking communities/ groups to search likeminded
people who also think same as they think. So rise in growth of social
networking sites pointing that people are distracting from their personal
relationships and feel more sense of satisfaction with these SN sites.
“So rise in growth of social networking site is also the reason of rise in
divorce cases. This indicates that hypothesis which we have taken is
correct.”

References

 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1285778
 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1535519
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