Unit -I
1. Draw the pin out A connection diagram of Quad 2-input NAND gate
2. What is the input loading/ fan-out value of the input and output of 54/74s (U.L.)
high / low
input: 1.25 / 1.25
output: 25 / 12.5
3. What is the range over which the DC and AC units can be applied in a Quad 2-
input NAND gate ?
DC limits: apply over operating temperature range
AC units: Apply at TA= +25C and Vcc=+5.0V
4. What are the various package types in which the Hex inverter is available ?
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TA= -55C to +125C
7. Draw the connection diagram of 54/7406{Hex inverter Buffer/ driver with open
collector, high voltage output}
54/74 54/74LS
Symbol Parameters Unit Conditions
Max Min Max Min
VT- Negative going 0.6 1.1 0.6 1.1 V Vcc=+5V
threshold Vcc=+5V
voltage
IPLH 22 22
Propagation
nsec
IPHL Delay 22` 22
9. Draw the pint out B connection diagram of Dual $-input NAND gate
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10. What are the absolute maximum ratings over operating, free air temperature range
for Dual 4 input positive NAND gate?
Inputs Outputs
@ tn @ tn+1
J K Q
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0 0 Qn
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 Qn’
The 121 features positive and negative level triggering inputs and complimentary
outputs. Input pin 5 directly activates the Schmitt circuit, which provides temperature
compensated level direction, increases immunity to positive going noise and assures
jitter free response to slowly rising triggers.
When triggering occurs, internal feed back latches the circuit, prevents re-triggering
while the input pulse is in progress and increases immunity to negative going noise.
Noise immunity is typically 1.2 V at input and 1.5V at Vcc.
Maximum duty cycle capability ranges from 67% with 2k resistor to 90% with a
40k resistor. Duty cycles beyond this range tend to reduce output pulse width.
Otherwise, output pulse width follows the relationship T w=0.69RxCx.
14. Write a short note on digital up/down counter with separate up/down clocks?
(54/74193,54LS/74LS193)
The ‘193 is up/down module – 16 binary counter. Separate counter and count
down clocks are used and in either counting mode, the circuits operate
synchronously. The output change state synchronous with the low to high
transitions on the clock inputs. Separate terminal count up and terminal count
down outputs are provided, which are used as the clocks for subsequent stage
without extra logic, thus simplifying multistage counter designs. Botht the parallel
load(PL) and the master reset(MR) inputs asynchronously override the clocks.
15. What are the 4 distinct modes of operation in the 4 bit bi-directional universal
shift registry?
The NE/SE 555 monolithic timing circuit is a high stable controller capable of
producing accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided
for triggering or resetting. For a stable operation as an oscillator, the free running
frequency and duty cycle are both accurately controlled with 2 external resistors
and 1 capacitor.
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17. What is frequency compensated operational amplifier?
18. Name the factors that makes the A741 ideal for use as a voltage follower.
High common mode voltage range and absence of latch up tendencies make the
A741 ideal for use as a voltage follower.
T package V package
In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by 1 external
resistor and capacitor. For a stable operation as an oscillator, the free running
frequency and duty cycle are both accurately controlled with 2 external resistors
and 1 capacitor.
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- Operates in both astable and monostable modes.
- Adjustable duty cycle.
- High current output can source or sink 200mA.
- Output can drive TTL.
- Temperature stability of 0.005% / C.
- Normally on and normally off output.
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Electronic Instrumentation-Unit III
1. Name the components of a time domain oscilloscope?
The time domain oscilloscope contains the following component blocks,
o Display device
o vertical amplifier
o Time base
o Horizontal amplifier
o Trigger or sync circuit
o Gate amplifier
o Power supply
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4. What is meant by Aluminising a CRT and explain its advantage?
Aluminizing a CRT is depositing a thin layer of aluminium on the non-
viewed side of the phospher screen . it has 3 major functions,its original function was to
build-up of charges on the phospher,which tends to slow down the electron and limit
brightness.also aluminizing serves to reduce light scatter when beam hits the
phosphor.with the aluminized layer,the light emitted back into the tube is reflected again
towards the viewer and thus increases the brightness.the aluminium layer acts as a heat
sink for the phospher and thus materially reduces the danger of phospher burning.
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If the input voltage is sampled at equal interval, this type of sampling is known as
coherent sampling.It is primarily used when the waveform must be preserved for visual
presentation or phase measurement
If the input voltage is sampled at irregular interval that have no relationship to any
of the frequency components of the input signal, this type of sampling is known as in-
coherent sampling. It is used in voltmeters due to meter sensitivity, accuracy and broad
frequency range of a sampling instrument.
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18. State the principle of Q-meter.
Principle of Q-meter is based on series resonance; the voltage drop across the coil
is Q times the applied voltage
At resonance XL = XC and
EL= I XL ;
EC= I XC ;
E=IR
Q = X L / R = X C / R = EC / E
19. State the principle of Lock-in amplifier?
The lock in amplifier is basically a band pass filter amplifier that
overcomes the Q limitations of conventional circuits.
Electronic Instrumentation-Unit IV
1.Explain the principle of ramp type DVM?
The operating principle isto measure the time taken by a linear ramp to
change the input level to ground level and viceversa.
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Ie: At each stage Vin is compared with the reference input.If Vin>Vref
then the control circuit set that particular bit and Vref jumps to half of the reference
voltage
If Vin<Vref then the control circuit will reset that particular bit,such a
kind of measurement is completed in 8-clock pulses.
Prescaling
Hetrodyne converter
Transfer oscillator
Automatic divider
6.State the advantage of dual slope integrating type DVM over ramp type DVM?
In ramp techniques,superimposed noise can cause large errors.In dual
ramp technique,noise is averaged out by the positive and negative ramps using the
process of integration.
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9.What is sample and Hold circuit?
Sample and hold circuit is one which is used to convert analog signal to
digita signal.
14.Define ‘Q’?
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17.What’s the principle of the ’Q’ meter and state its use?
The Q meter is an instrument designed to measure some electrical
properties of coils and capacitors.
Advantages:
Split-screen capability.
Pre-trigger capability
Display the stored data in amplitude Vs time period and X-Y
mode are possible.
Limitations:
Band-width limitations.
Electronic Instrumentation-Unit V
1. Classify the recorders used in instrumentation?
Recorders may be classified as
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Analog recorders
Digital recorders
Analog recorders classified as
Graphic recorders
Oscillographic recorders
Magnetic recorders
Digital recorders are classified as
Incremental recorders
Synchronous recorders
2. What are the basic components present in magnetic recorders?
Basic components of magnetic recorders are
Recording head
magnetic tape
Reproducing head
tape transport mechanism and
conditioning devices
3. State the principle of FM recording?
In the FM recording the carrier frequency fc is modulated by the input
signal. FM recording uses the variation of frequency to carry the required
information instead of varying the amplitude the modulated signal is then recorded
using the recording head in normal way the reproducing head reproduced signal is
passed through FM demodulator, low pass filter to get original signal
4. What are the advantages of digital data recording?
recorder and another amplifier in reproducer to condition signal
The digital data recorders have high accuracy
They are insensitive to speed of magnetic tape
The process of recording digitally coded number is simple it requires amplifier in
The information can be directly fed to computer for processing and control
nonlinearity and distroction problems do not exit
5 What are the advantages of LCD?
power consumed is of the order of few micro watt
The LCD The response time of LCD’ stypiccally range between 10 and 100ns
The has twisted numatic structure is that very small voltage, typically >10v, are
sufficient to align the molecules.
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Plotting stress strain curves, hysterics curve etc...
Electrical characteristics of material such as resistance Vs temperature
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(12) What is the principle of nixie tube?
Non planner display is the nixie tube it is a gaseous glow tube having a set of
electrode, each shaped in the form of digit. The selected electrodes are surrounded by a
gaseous discharge or glow when the digit it is selected the electrode are stacked one
behind the other and hence the various digit appear in different planes in the readout
13) Explain cold cathode display?
They are also known as neon gas discharge displays when a negative voltage is
applied to a gas, the gas molecules breakdown and discharge takes place
(14) State the primary function of magnetic recorders?
Used for a high frequency signal recording
in these recorders data is in a way that it can be reproduced in electrical form any
time
15. State the principle of magnetic Recorder?
The principle of magnetic tape recording in a way that it can be
reproduced in electrical form any time
The principle of magnetic tape recording is when a magnetic tape is
passed through a recording head the signal to be recorded appears as
some magnetic pattern on the tape this magnetic pattern is in accordance
with the variation of signal recording current . The recorded signal can be
reproduced back by passing the same tape through a reproducing head
where the voltage is induced corresponding to the magnetic pattern on the
tape.
(16) Define multiplexed display?
By time sharing the decoder used for driving the digital digits, it is possible to
considerably reduce the count of the components and interconnection in display system,
input in BCD form applied to latch &their output are fed to single BCD to seven segment
decoder at any instant how ever only one of the digit is displayed as selected by the
decoder output from the scan controller
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17) Difference between cold cathode &incandescent display?
Cold cathode display Incandescent display
Here cathode and anode They have 7 segment filaments
arrangement is used contain with in a single vacuum
envelope
Gas is used for discharge Instead of neon gas ,vacuum is
present
Display is in orange color Display is in any color accord to
our requirement
(18) Difference between X-Y & digital recorders?
Analog X-Y Digital X-Y
Servo motor is used Stepper motor is used
No different color outputs are obtain Record no of input simultaneously
with different color
Instantaneous relationship between It can record or draw grids axis
2 physical quantities can be
recorded
(19) Difference between LCD & LED?
LED LCD
It is a active device that generates It is a passive device that modified
light the light by scattering
PN junction diodes mode of In twisted neamutaic display the
galliumarsinide phospide LCD is sandwiched between 2 pies
of glass
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