Seminar on
³MICROMACHINING´c
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Bachelor of Engineering
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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RANGASWMY.P
USN: 4PA08ME401
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INDEX
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. BULK MICROMACHINING
3.1. LIMITATIONS
4. SURFACE MICROMACHINING
4.1. LIMITATIONS
6. LASER MICROMACHINING
6.1. SYNCHRONISED IMAGE SCANNING
6.2. BOW TIE SCANNING
6.3. MASK PROJECTION TECHNIQUE
8. CONCLUSION
9. REFERENCES
1. ABSTRACT
2.1 MICROMANUFACTURING
Micro manufacturing is the set of design and fabrication tools that precisely
machine and form structures and elements at a scale below the limits of our human
perceptive faculties.
The methods commonly used for the fabrication of micro elements are almost as
varied as their applications, but generally fall within two distinct categories:
Bulk micromachining.
Surface micromachining.
3. BULK MICROMACHINING
½c Bulk micromachining is a subtractive process, the term is applied to a
variety of etching procedures, where the required structures are developed
using the etching agents that selectively remove material.
½c Etching produces concave, pyramidal or other faceted holes, depending on
which face of the crystal is exposed to the chemicals.
½c This technique has come to be known as bulk micromachining because the
chemical that pits deeply into the silicon produces structures that use the
entire mass of the chip.
Etches dope extrinsic regions i.e. n+ and p+, more than intrinsic regions. In etching
prior to the expose of substrate to the etching agent, a mask is used which is placed
over the substrate material to obtain proper etched regions.
Most commonly used masks against this isotropic etch are:
½ Nitrides (Si3N4)
½ Noble metals
½ SiO2 (if HF ratio is low and for short etches)
4. SURFACE MICROMACHINING
>> Sacrificial layers -- which separate the structural layers and are dissolved in the
final stage of device fabrication.
Surface micromachining involves depositing, removing, and patterning thin films
on a substrate.
Injection molding of microscopic parts can be carried out with a process. The
process can be used for the manufacture of high-aspect-ratio
6. LASER MICROMACHINING
Over many years such processes have become well established as production
techniques with improvements limited mostly to enhancements in laser drive
technology rather than changes to the basic mask projection, beam handling and
motion control techniques.
Pulsed laser micromachining techniques using mask projection methods are now
widely used for the creation of miniature structures in both massive and thin
substrates.
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7. THE FUTURE- TRANSITION FROM MICROMACHINING TO
NANOMACHINING
´c Nano is the buzzword of the moment, which demands refinement in
micromachining resulting in evolution of nanomachining.
´c Thus the transition from Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) to
Nano-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (NEMS) will take place.
´c The smallest features that have been fabricated using lithography are only a
few tenths of a nanometer in dimension.
´c Nanomachining has been used by a number of groups to fabricate quantum
devices such as single-electron transistors (SETs) and metal-oxide junctions.
8. CONCLUSION
Micro engineering not only provides a new manufacturing route for existing
products, but also, importantly, allows the creation of completely new products and
new markets providing large volumes of low cost sensors to the automotive
industry, and low volume high performance, small and light weight sensors to
aerospace and defense.
³Laser Processing in Manufacturing´, Crafer, R.C. and Oakley, (Chapman and Hall).