Week 11

Biological Treatment for

Domestic Wastewater

Lucky Caesar Direstiyani

(luckycaesar@eng.ui.ac.id)

Mikrobiologi Lingkungan| Semester Genap 2020/2021

Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Indonesia

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Sub-CPMK 5
• Mampu menjelaskan pertumbuhan mikroorganisme dalam proses
pengolahan air limbah domestik (ELO 1 – C2)

Pokok Bahasan/Indikator:
• Kualitas biologis air limbah domestik
• Metode pengolahan air limbah domestik secara
biologis
• Beragam teknologi dalam instalasi pengolahan air
limbah domestik di Indonesia

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 Kondisi Sungai di Indonesia
Kondisi Sungai di Indonesia 2013 0.03% Sumber
1.56% Pencemar di 5 Sungai Besar
Tercemar Berat Tercemar Sedang 1.34%
(Total Sampling Point 411) 0.27%
Tercemar Ringan Tidak2015
Tercemar Musi, Citarum, Ciliwung, Brantas, Barito
Sumber: MenLHK,
7.24% 0.03% 1.56%
1.34%
1.73% 0.49% 0.27%
Domestik (Rumah Tangga)
7.24% Peternakan

15.54%
Pertanian
Domestik (Rumah Tang
Industri Besar
Peternakan
22.52% Hotel
15.54% Pertanian
54.69% Rumah Sakit Industri Besar
TPA Hotel
54.69% Industri Kecil Rumah Sakit
19.33% TPA
75.26% Sumber: MenLHK, 2015
Industri Kecil
19.33%

Tercemar Berat Tercemar Sedang

Tercemar Ringan Tidak Tercemar 3
 Air Limbah Domestik Berdasarkan Sumbernya

Grey water Vs Black water

Air limbah yang berasal dari Air limbah yang berasal dari WC
kegiatan mencuci dan mandi yang dan umumnya ditampung dalam
langsung dibuang ke saluran septic tank
drainase maupun perairan umum.
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 Mengapa Air Limbah Domestik Harus Diolah?
Sehat

Terolah dengan baik

Mencegah
Air Limbah Domestik pencemaran air
- Air bekas mandi dan cuci
- Buangan tinja manusia (WC)
- Air dari perkantoran, ruang Menimbulkan Penyakit
karyawan, dll
Terolah dengan tidak baik
Menyebabkan polusi air
permukan dan air tanah

Asian Development Bank (ADB) :

• Pencemaran air tanah dan sungai berpotensi merugikan • Bagi keluarga Indonesia, pencemaran tersebut
negara Rp. 45 triliun/tahun atau 2.2 % dari pendapatan menyebabkan pendapatan setiap rumah tangga
kotor nasional berkurang Rp. 100 ribu/bulan.

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W11 - 06 Mei 2021 6
 • Kasus infeksi di masyarakat
• Status sosial dan ekonomi penduduk
• Jangka waktu
• Konsumsi air per kapita

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 Pengolahan Biologis
Air Limbah Domestik

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Primary Treatment:
Pengolahan Fisik

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DAF: Alternative of conventional
primary sedimentation processes

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 Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah

Jenis
Proses Biologis dengan Biakan
Tersuspensi (Suspended Growth)
Penjelasan
• Sistem pengolahan dengan mikoorganisme untuk
menguraikan polutan dalam air
• Mikroorganisme yang digunakan dengan biakan
tersuspensi

Proses Biologis dengan Biakan Melekat • Proses pengolahan dengan mikoorganisme yang
(Attached Growth) dibiakkan pada suatu media sehingga tumbuh
melekat pada permukaan media
• Proses ini juga disebut dengan proses biofilm

Sumber: W11 - 062012

Purba, Mei 2021 11
 Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah
•Standard Activated Sludge
Extended Aeration
Oxidation Ditch
Suspended Growth
Step Aeration
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)

Pengolahan Sequencing Batch reactor (SBR)

Secara Biologis Trickling Filter
Membrane Biofilm reactor (MBR)
Sumber: Purba, 2012
Moving Bed Biofim Reactor (MBBR)
Attached Growth
Rotating Biological Contacter
Aerobic/Anaerobic Biofilter

W11 - 06 Mei 2021 Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactor (MABR) 12

 Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah
Aerobic Treatment
• Proses lebih cepat (dengan O2)
Vs
• Memerlukan energi yang besar
• Biaya OM lebih tinggi
• Produksi lumpur tinggi
• Bisa degradasi nutrient (N dan P)
• Mengolah polutan organik konsentrasi
low-medium (<1000 ppm)
Sumber: W11 - 062012
Purba, Mei 2021
Anaerobic Treatment
• Proses lebih lambat (proses fermentasi)
• Kebutuhan energi lebih sedikit
• Biaya investasi tinggi, biaya OM rendah
• Produksi lumpur relatif rendah
• Produksi energi (by product)
• Efektif dalam mengolah polutan organik
konsentrasi medium-high(>4000 ppm)
13
 Secondary Treatment: Activated Sludge

Aeration Tank Effluent sudah

Air limbah terolah
masuk

Pembuangan
lumpur

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Secondary Treatment: Activated Sludge

Sumber: Said, 2017

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Secondary Treatment: Activated Sludge
The detention time in the aeration basin varies from
4 to 8 hours.

• The content of the aeration tank is referred to as

the mixed-liquor suspended solids (MLSS).

• The organic part of the MLSS is called the mixed-

liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS)
–> nonmicrobial organic matter as well as dead
and living microorganisms and cell debris.

The activated sludge process must be controlled

 proper ratio of substrate (organic load) to Apa yang terjadi jika F/M tinggi
microorganisms or food-to-microorganism ratio (F/M) dan F/M terlalu rendah?

(Bonus Point +10)

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Secondary Treatment: Activated Sludge

Parameter penting yang mengontrol pengoperasian proses

lumpur aktif adalah:
- Organic loading rate (OLR)
- Konsentrasi oksigen terlarut
- Kontrol dan pengoperasian tangki pengendapan akhir.
A high SVI (150 ml/g) indicates bulking conditions

Untuk operasi rutin, pengendapan lumpur ditentukan dengan Filamentous bacteria are able to predominate
menggunakan indeks volume lumpur (SVI) under conditions of low dissolved oxygen, low
F/M, low nutrient and high sulfide levels.

Filamentous bacteria can be controlled by:

Treating the return sludge with chlorine or
hydrogen peroxide

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Secondary Treatment:
Nitrogen Removal with Modified Activated Sludge System

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Secondary Treatment:
Phosphorus Removal with Modified Activated Sludge System

Anaerobic phase  inorganic phosphorus is released from the cells as a result of polyphosphate hydrolysis.

Removal efficiency is high when the BOD/phosphorus ratio exceeds 10 (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003).

Aerobic phase  soluble phosphorus is taken up by bacteria, which synthesize polyphosphates, using the energy
released from BOD oxidation.
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Secondary Treatment: The Bardenpho Process
Advanced modification of nutrient removal in a multistage biological reactor

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Secondary Treatment: Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR)

Kelebihan MBR:
• Limbah berkualitas baik
• Lahan yang dibutuhkan kecil
• Memperkecil volume reaktor
• Produksi lumpur bersih.

Kekurangan MBR:
• Biaya operasi yang tinggi
• Membrane fouling

Biaya operasi dapat dikurangi

dengan mengintegrasikan microbial fuel
cell (MFC) dan MBR

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 Secondary Treatment:
Trickling Filter
BOD removal: approximately 85% for low-rate filters
(U.S. EPA, 1977).

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 IPAL Setempat: Anaerobik-Aerobik Biofilter

Sumber: Said, 2017

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 IPAL Setempat: Biofilter Anaerob-Aerob
Sumber: JICA, 1990

4.5 gBOD/m3.hari

13 gBOD/m3.hari
13 gBOD/m3.hari

27 gBOD/m3.hari

27 gBOD/m3.hari
27 gBOD/m3.hari
Total 40 gBOD/m3.hari
4 gBOD/m3.hari [10%]
TOTAL 40 gBOD/m3.hari 31.5 gBOD/m3.hari [77.5%]

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 IPAL Setempat – Toilet Umum: Biodigester
Sumber: Said, 2017

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 IPAL Setempat: Sistem ABR
Sumber: Said, 2017

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 IPAL Setempat: Sistem Anaerobik Biofilter
Sumber: Said, 2017

WWTP Komunal
(Sanimas) Ds. Ploso, Jombang

WWTP Komunal WWTP Komunal

(Sanimas)
W11 Ds. Tlekung, Batu
- 06 Mei 2021 (Sanimas) Ds. Tunggorono, Jombang 27
 IPAL: Sistem Kombinasi ABR – Biofilter Aerobik/Anerobik
(Skala Laboratorium)
Sumber: Direstiyani, 2016

Anaerobik –Anaerobik: COD 89%, BOD 95%, TSS 91%

W11 - 06 Mei 2021 Anaerobik –Aerobik: COD 94%, BOD 98%, TSS 96% 28
 IPAL: Oxidation Ditch
Jababeka, Kapasitas 18.000 m3/hari

PRIMARY FINAL
SEDIMENTATION TANK SEDIMENTATION TANK

Sumber: Said, 2017

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 IPAL:Oxidation Ditch
Jababeka, Kapasitas 18.000 m3/hari
FINAL SEDIMENTATION TANK

TREATED
EFFLUENT

PRIMARY
OXIDATION DITCH
SEDIMENTATION TANK

Sumber: Said, 2017

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RECYCLE SLUDGE
 IPAL: Biofilter Anaerobik – Aerobik
Sumber: Said, 2017

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 IPAL :Biofilter Anaerobik – Aerobik dan MBR

Sumber: Said, 2017

Inlet Biofilter
Anaerobic-Aerobic Biofilter Effluent
MEMBRANE BIO REACTOR (MBR)
MBR
W11 - 06 Mei 2021 Effluent32
 Pulo Brayan WWTP – Medan
Sumber: Said, 2017

UASB Reactor

Effluent disalurkan ke sungai Kera.

Eff. COD 50-75 mgCOD/L
Eff. BOD 40 – 55 mgBOD/L

Aerated Lagoon
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 Suwung WWTP – Denpasar
Sumber: Said, 2017

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 IPAL Individu - Tangki Septik

Prinsip Tangki Septik

1.Berupa Bak Penampung untuk
memisahkan antara padatan dan
cairan.

Berupa Ruang Rembesan

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 IPAL Individu - Tangki Septik

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Pathogen Removal in Wastewater Treatment

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Land Application of Wastewater

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 Land Application of Wastewater

Also know as soil aquifer treatment (SAT) or rapid infiltration extraction (RIX)

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Wetland System: Further Wastewater Treatment

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Wetland System: Further Wastewater Treatment

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Wetland System: Further Wastewater Treatment

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Sludge Processing:
Aerobic/Anaerobic Digestion (Class B Biosolids)
Advantages Anaerobic Digestion
• No oxygen requirement,
• Reduced mass of biosolids due to
low energy yields of anaerobic
metabolism
• Methane produced
• Enhanced degradation of
xenobiotic compounds

Disadvantages
• Slower than aerobic digestion
• More sensitive to toxic

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Sludge Processing:
Produce Class A Biosolids

Composting consists of mixing sludge with a bulking agent that normally has a high C:N ratio.
There are three main types of composting systems:

The aerated static pile process typically consists of:

• Mixing dewatered digested sludge with wood chips.
• Aeration was carried out with blowers (21-day of composting
period)
• Temperatures increase to the mesophilic range (20-40oC) 
microbial degradation occurs via bacteria and fungi.
• Temperatures subsequently increase to 40-80oC 
microbial populations dominated by thermophilic (heat tolerant)
and spore-forming organisms.

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Sludge Processing:
Produce Class A Biosolids

Composting consists of mixing sludge with a bulking agent that normally has a high C:N ratio.
There are three main types of composting systems:

The windrow process

• The sludge and bulking agent are laid out in long rows of
dimensions: 2m x 33mx 380 m
• Aeration for windrows is provided by turning the
windrows several times a week

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Sludge Processing:
Produce Class A Biosolids

Composting consists of mixing sludge with a bulking agent that normally has a high C:N ratio.
There are three main types of composting systems:

In enclosed systems:
• The composting is conducted in steel vessels of size 10-
15 m high by 3-4 m diameter.
• Aeration via blowers and temperature of the
composting are carefully controlled.

Costs of enclosed systems are higher.

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Sludge Processing:
Produce Class A Biosolids

Lime & Heat Treatment

Lime stabilization involves the addition of lime as Ca(OH)2 or CaO, such that the pH of digested
sludge is equal to or greater than 12 for at least 2 hours.

 Liming is very effective at inactivating bacterial and viral pathogens, but less so for parasites.
 Reduces odors and can result in a Class A biosolid product.

Heat treatment involves heating sludge under pressure to temperatures up to 260oC for 30 minutes.
 This process kills microbial pathogens and parasites, and also further dewaters the sludge.

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Sludge Processing:
Produce Class A
Biosolids
The Cambi Thermal
Hydrolysis Process
• As pretreatment of anaerobic
digestion
• Increase the microbial
degradation of organic volatile
solids and the amount of biogas
obtained

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 POST-TEST
Sabtu, 8 Mei 2021
14.00 – 14.20 WIB

Materi W11:
Penjelasan Kuliah dan Materi ppt

Tipe Soal: MCQ dan SAQ

(10-20 soal)

24/02/2021 30
Resume Assignment
• Membuat resume Chapter 25, Buku Referensi 1

(Ian L.P., Charles P.G., Terry J.G. 2015. Environmental

Microbiology, 3rd ed. Elsevier. Amsterdam)

• Resume maksimal 3 halaman A4

• Tulis tangan, rapi, dan bisa dibaca dengan jelas
• Resume difoto/discan kemudian diunggah di
EMAS sesuai kelas masing-masing
• Maksimal pengumpulan resume sebelum
perkuliahan minggu depan
Kamis 16 Mei 2021, maksimal 15.00 WIB
Thank you ~
Lucky Caesar Direstiyani (luckycaesar@eng. ui.ac.id)
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