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c
 (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning) refers to technology of indoor or automotive

environmental comfort. HVAC system design is a major sub discipline of mechanical engineering, based
on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and transfer

    


x Heat flows naturally from a hot to a colder body. In refrigeration system the opposite
must occur.heat flows from a cold to a hotter body.
x phis is achieved by using a substance called a refrigerant, which absorbs heat and hence
boils or evaporates at a low pressure to form a gas.
x phis gas is then compressed to a higher pressure, such that it transfers the heat it has
gained to ambient air or water and turns back (condenses) into a liquid.
x In this way heat is absorbed, orremoved, from a low temperature source and
transferred to a higher temperature source.

 oal: po develop an automotive air-conditioning system that is smaller and lighter than with
conventional technology.

phe Challenge: phe system must be capable of keeping a temperature of 22ȗC inside a  
  , with an outside temperature of 40ȗC. Also, the system must be an efficient
heating system, keeping an internal temperature of 15ȗC with an outside temperature of 0ȗC.
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 H.V.A.C ʹ ceating, entilation and
ir onditioning system

 phe HVAC regulates:

D ?oom pemperature

D Humidity

D Air Quality

D Air Flow

As a result, the refrigerant condenses into a high pressure liquid.

 electing efficient air conditioning based on your climate.

 electing the proper type of and efficiency heating system for your climate


 
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! 

A  , or  , is a gas compressor used for forced induction of an internal combustion
engine. A form of supercharger, the turbocharger increases the pressure of air entering the engine to
create more power. A turbocharger has the compressor powered by a turbine which is driven by the
engine's own exhaust gases rather than direct mechanical drive.

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phe first production turbocharged automobile engines came from eneral Motors in 1962. phe Y-
bodyOldsmobile CutlassJetfire was fitted with a arrett Ai?esearch turbocharger and the Chevrolet
Corvair Monza pyder

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phe turbocharger has four main components. phe turbine (almost always a radial turbine) and
impeller/compressor

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A wastegate is the most common mechanical speed control system, and is often further augmented by
an electronic or manual boost controller. phe main function of a wastegate is to allow some of the
exhaust to bypass the turbine when the set intake pressure is achieved.

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purbocharged engines operating at wide open throttle and high rpm require a large volume of air to
flow between the turbo and the inlet of the engine. When the throttle is closed compressed air will flow
to the throttle valve without an exit


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pturbochargers are driven by exhaust gases, they actually using emissions produced by the engine that
would otherwise just go to waste in the atmosphere.

uperchargers depend on the engine to produce the power they need to add the extra boost, but
turbochargers are strictly exhaust driven. phe extra boost that a turbocharger provides is therefore
calculated without any loss to drive the charger itself.

Efficiency. phe turbine wheel and a shaft connecting it to the engine are all the hardware that a
turbocharger uses. A supercharger, on the other hand, needs pulleys, belts, and gears to run. phe
amount of friction created by this extra material and the added weight may make a difference in
performance.

A turbocharger will produce more power at lower ? Ms than a supercharger. A regulator built inside the
charger opens the waste gate, which gets rid of any extra pressure and enhances the performance.
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In 1960, Martin ope and co-workers at New York University developed ohmic dark-injecting electrode
contacts to organic crystals.phey further described the necessary energetic requirements (work
functions) for hole and electron injecting electrode contacts. phese contacts are the basis of charge
injection in all modern OLED devices. ope's group also first observed direct current (DC)
electroluminescence under vacuum on a pure single crystal of anthracene and on anthracene crystals
& 


x During operation, a voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is positive with
respect to the cathode. A current of electrons flows through the device from cathode to anode,
x as electrons are injected into the LUMO of the organic layer at the cathode and withdrawn from
the HOMO at the anode.
x phis latter process may also be described as the injection of electron holes into the HOMO.
Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and they recombine
forming an exciton, a bound state of the electron and hole.
x phis happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are generally
more mobile than electrons. phe decay of this excited state results in a relaxation of the energy
levels of the electron, accompanied by emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible
region



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An AB generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and slippery
surfaces for many drivers; however, on loose surfaces like gravel or snow-covered pavement, an AB can
significantly increase braking distance, although still improving vehicle control.

CONCE p

A typical AB includes a central electronic control unit (ECU), four wheel speed sensors, and at least two
hydraulic valves within the brake hydraulics.

phe ECU constantly monitors the rotational speed of each wheel; if it detects a wheel rotating
significantly slower than the others, a condition indicative of impending wheel lock, it actuates the
valves to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel,

?educing the braking force on that wheel; the wheel then turns faster. Conversely, if the ECU detects a
wheel turning significantly faster than the others, brake hydraulic pressure to the wheel is increased so
the braking force is reapplied, slowing down the wheel. phis process is repeated continuously and can
be detected by the driver via brake pedal pulsation. ome anti-lock system can apply or release braking
pressure 16 times per second



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phe anti-lock braking system needs some way of knowing when a wheel is about to lock up. phe
speed sensors, which are located at each wheel, or in some cases in the differential, provide this
information.



phere is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the AB. On some systems, the
valve has three positions:

O In position one, the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right through to
the brake.
 O In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake from the master cylinder. phis
prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the brake pedal harder.
O In position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from the brake.

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ince the valve is able to release pressure from the brakes, there has to be some way to put that
pressure back. phat is what the pump does; when a valve reduces the pressure in a line, the
pump is there to get the pressure back up.

  

phe controller is an ECU type unit in the car which receives information from each individual
wheel speed sensor, in turn if a wheel loses traction the signal is sent to the controller, the
controller will then limit the brakeforce (EBD) and activate the AB modulator which actuates th


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phe advantages of AB brakes (anti-lock braking system), are just as the meaning of their acronym implies, they
eliminate or greatly reduce the possibility of brake lock up and therefore provide a better chance of steering out of
trouble.

Conventional hydraulic brakes work by using a cylinder (actuator), which squeezes brake calipers together around
the wheel's rotor when the brake petal is depressed. Under these conditions the wheels may lock up and the tires
run the risk of losing their grip. When tires lose their grip of the road, there is a good chance that the car may go
into an uncontrolled spin.

phis is why drivers in older vehicles have been taught in the past to pump brakes when on icy roads. AB brakes
were designed to combat the problem of tire lock up and uncontrolled spins.

Anti-lock brakes do just this by using a computer processor to monitor and control the application of the brakes. At
braking, the processor monitors rpm and braking pressure on each of the vehicle's wheels.

\
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