World Wide Rice Production

Rice cultivation is the principal activity and source of income for millions of
households around the globe, and several countries of Asia and Africa are highly dependent
on rice as a source of foreign exchange earnings and government revenue. Rice is the second
largest produced cereal in the world. At the beginning of the 1990s, annual production was
around 350 million tons and by the end of the century it had reached 410 million tons.
Production is geographically concentrated in Western and Eastern Asia. Asia is the biggest
rice producer, accounting for 90% of the world's production and consumption of rice. China
and India, which account for more than one-third of global population supply over half of the
world's rice. Brazil is the most important non-Asian producer, followed by the United States.
Italy ranks first in Europe.

The world's major rice-producing countries - including the two most populous nations, China
and India - have emphasized the importance of continuing to develop new rice varieties to
guarantee Asia's food security and support the region's economic development.

Today, rice is grown and harvested on every continent except Antarctica, where conditions
make its growth impossible. The majority of all rice produced comes from India, China,
Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma, and Bangladesh. Asian farmers still account for 92-
percent of the world's total rice production. More than 550 million tons of rice is produced
annually around the globe. In the United States, farmers have been successfully harvesting
rice for more than 300 years. There are thousands of strains of rice today, including those
grown in the wild and those which are cultivated as a crop.

Forms of Processed Rice

Major Rice Producing Countries
Types and Forms of Rice

World Rice Production

World Rice Production (in '000 metric tonnes)
Country 1999/2000 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03
China 138,936 131,536 124,320 123,200
India 89,700 84,871 91,600 80,000
Indonesia 33,445 32,548 32,422 32,500
Bangladesh 23,066 25,086 25,500 26,000
Vietnam 20,926 20,473 20,670 20,500
Thailand 16,500 16,901 16,500 16,500
Burma 9,860 10,771 10,440 10,440
Philippines 7,772 8,135 8,450 8,300
Japan 8,350 8,636 8,242 8,200
Brazil 7,768 7,062 7,480 7,600
United States 6,502 5,941 6,764 6,457
 Korea, South 5,263 5,291 5,515 5,300
Egypt 3,787 3,965 3,575 3,800
Pakistan 5,156 4,700 3,740 3,500
EU 1,751 1,567 1,620 1,792
Taiwan 1,349 1,342 1,245 1,197
Australia 787 1,259 930 965
Others 28,282 27,270 27,575 28,156
WORLD TOTAL 409,200 397,354 396,588 384,407
Source: USDA, Foreign Agricultural Services (FAS).

World Rice Production 2009-2010

Rice is a grain belonging to the grass family. It is related to other grass plants
such as wheat, oats and barley which produce grain for food and are known as
cereals. Rice refers to two species (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima) of grass,
native to tropical and subtropical southeastern Asia and to Africa, which together
provide more than one-fifth of the calories consumed by humans. The plant,
which needs both warmth and moisture to grow, measures 2-6 feet tall and has
long, flat, pointy leaves and stalk-bearing flowers which produce the grain known
as rice. Rice is rich in genetic diversity, with thousands of varieties grown
throughout the world.

Throughout history rice has been one of man's most important foods. Today, this
unique grain helps sustain two-thirds of the world's population. It is life for
thousands of millions of people. It is deeply embedded in the cultural heritage of
their societies. About four-fifths of the world's rice is produced by small-scale
farmers and is consumed locally. Rice cultivation is the principal activity and
source of income for about 100 million households in Asia and Africa

August 3, 2010- According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the U.N.,
80% of the world rice production comes from 7 countries. However, if we talk about world
rice production 2009-2010, the figures below show the worldwide rice production by
countries- in fact, the top ten countries of world counted for their rice production.

Country Rice Production

China Mt: 166,417,000 (32.7%)

India Mt: 132,013,000 (26.0%)

Indonesia Mt: 52,078,832 (10.2%)

Bangladesh Mt: 38,060,000 (7.5%)

Vietnam Mt: 34,518,600 (6.8%)

Thailand Mt: 27,000,000 (5.3%)

Myanmar Mt: 24,640,000 (4.8%)

Philippines Mt: 14,031,000 (2.8%)

Brazil Mt: 10,198,900 (2.0%)

Japan Mt: 9,740,000 (1.9%)

There has been a major decline in world rice production since late 2007 due to many reasons
including climatic conditions in many top rice producing countries as well as policy decisions
regarding rice export by the governments of countries with considerable rice production.

Reasons for Low World Rice Production in 2009

Global rice prices started increasing in November 2009 after months of steadily declining
since reaching an all time high in May 2008. Problems related to rice supply in two major
rice producing countries- India and the Philippines- have been the primary reason for low
world production of rice and the reversal of price trend.
 Rice Martket
In September-October 2009, the Philippines got hit by two major typhoons causing damage
to rice crops on ground. Approximately one million tons of rice in storage also got damaged.
India too saw the worst drought since 1972 that reduced its 2009 Kharif (wet-season) crop by
at least 15 million tons from a total of 85 million tons in the previous kharif season. There
were also major floods in southern states of India Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Andhra
Pradesh, one of the major rice production state of India was affected first by drought and then
by flood. Thus, rice cultivation in India saw a real setback in 2009. As a result of low rice
production in the two major rice producing countries of world, the Philippines and India were
in the market to purchase rice than to sell rice.

Current World Rice Stocks

Despite a low world rice production in 2009, the current global rice stocks are much higher
than in 2007. In the last two years, rice stocks have increased by more than 16 million tons-
from 75 million tons in 2006 91.5 million tons in 2009. Most of these increase in world rice
stocks is accounted to China, India, Indonesia and Thailand. Therefore, the rice market
should be more stable now than in 2007.

World Rice Production in 2010

As of January 2010, planting of paddy crops was already well advanced in southern
hemisphere countries. In South America, however, the season opened negatively due to
drought or excessive rainfall that have delayed sowing of the main crops. It is also feared that
drought related to El Nino may decrease rice production in Indonesia. Australia is expected to
show an increase in rice production though its output would remain below the highs of the
early-2000s. The rice production outlook is uncertain in southern African countries in view of
the January and March cyclone period there.

World trade in rice in 2010 is predicted to recover slightly to 30.5 million tonnes. This
increase is supported by a strong import demand from Asian countries, especially the
Philippines. Purchases by Brazil and the United States might also rise, while deliveries to
African countries could diminish. The 2010 trade recovery would be sustained by increased
rice exports by Thailand which and also by China, Myanmar and Viet Nam, compensating for
reduced shipments from Cambodia, the United States and Uruguay. Indian stocks, however,
would not be available to the international market but will provide relief to the Indian
domestic rice market as the country doesn't need to turn to import in the near future.

As a result of the improved 2009 production estimates, the FAO forecast of world rice stocks
at the close of the marketing years ending in 2010 has been raised by 6 million tonnes to 123
million tonnes, representing a 1% drop from opening levels. Much of the contraction is
expected to be in the five major exporting countries, which, as a group, are predicted to close
the year with a 24% draw down to 24.5 million tonnes. Conversely, rice importing countries
like Indonesia and the Republic of Korea, are expected to build their inventories. Relative to
world consumption, global rice reserves appear ample and sufficient to cover roughly 27
percent of utilization in 2010.
Rice remains a staple food for the majority of the world's population. Rice is very nutritious.
This important carbohydrate is the staple food for more than two-thirds of the world's
population who rely on the nutritional benefits of rice which are many.
Rice Nutrition Chart
The following rice nutrition chart gives an idea about the basic nutritional value of three
types of rice- white rice, brown rice and parboiled rice. The nutrients components of white
and parboiled rice are those of unenriched rice which are different from enriched rice.
Enriched rice are given back vitamins B1, B3 and iron that are lost during processing of rice
but it lacks in some minerals like magnesium etc. that are present in brown rice.

Calories Carbohydrates(g Fat Fiber(g

Rice (1/4 Cup Raw) Protein (g)
(kcal) ) (g) )
White Rice (Unenriched) 169 36.98 0.31 0.60 3.30
Parboiled (Unenriched) 172 37.80 0.26 0.79 3.14
Brown Rice 171 35.72 1.35 1.62 3.64
Source: USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference

Rice Nutritional Benefits:

• Excellent source of carbohydrates: Rice is a great source of complex carbohydrates,
which is an important source of the fuel our bodies need.
• Good energy source: Carbohydrates are broken down to glucose, most of which is
used as energy for exercise and as essential fuel for the brain.
• Low fat, Low salt, No cholesterol: Rice is healthful for what it does not contain.
Rice has no fat, no cholesterol and is sodium free. Rice is an excellent food to include
in a balanced diet.
• A good source of vitamins and minerals such as thiamine, niacin, iron,
riboflavin, vitamin D, calcium, and fiber.
• Low sugar
• No gluten: Rice is gluten free. All rice is gluten free, making rice the essential choice
for people with gluten free dietary requirements.
• No additives and preservatives: Rice contains no additives or preservatives, making
it an excellent inclusion in a healthy and balanced diet.
• Contains resistant starch: Rice also contains resistant starch, which is the starch that
reaches the bowel undigested. This encourages the growth of beneficial bacteria,
keeping the bowel healthy.
• Non-allergenic
• Cancer prevention and diet: Whole grains (such as brown rice) contain high
amounts of insoluble fiber-the type of fiber some scientists believe may help protect
against a variety of cancers.
• Rice is a low-sodium food for those with hypertension.
• It is a fair source of protein containing all eight amino acids.

Production of Rice in India

From a nation dependent on food imports to feed its population, India today is self-sufficient
in grain production and also has a substantial reserve. The progress made by agriculture in the
last four decades has been one of the biggest success stories of free India. Agriculture and
allied activities constitute the single largest contributor to the Gross Domestic Product,
almost 33% of it. Agriculture is the means of livelihood of about two-thirds of the work force
in the country.

India is the world's second largest rice producer, followed by China. The production of rice in
India has shown an increasing trend which is evident from the Table given below:

YEAR PRODUCTION (in million tonnes)

1950-51 20.58
1960-61 34.58
1970-71 42.22
1980-81 53.63
1990-91 74.29
1997-98 82.54
1998-99 86.08
1999-00 89.68
2000-01 84.98
2001-02 93.08

The demand for rice in India is projected at 128 million tonnes for the year 2012 and will
require a production level of 3,000 kg/hectare significantly greater than the present average
yield of 1,930 kg/hectare. Government of India is targeting to achieve production of 129
million tonnes of rice by 2011-12 with the growth rate of 3.7% along with other foodgrains.

Statewise Production of Rice in India

Production (in million tonnes)
State 2000-01 1999-00
Uttar Pradesh 42.32 45.65
Punjab 25.32 25.20
Andhra Pradesh 14.53 13.70
West Bengal 13.83 14.92
Haryana 13.25 13.06
Bihar 12.06 14.39
Karnataka 10.95 9.86
Maharashtra 10.08 12.70
Rajasthan 10.04 10.68
Madhya Pradesh 8.93 21.27
Tamil Nadu 8.90 8.97
Orissa 4.98 5.62
Assam 4.17 4.04
 Gujarat 3.68 4.05
Chhatisgarh 3.65 -
Jharkhand 2.01 -
Uttaranchal 1.73 -
Others 5.49 2.71
Rice forms an integral part of the life of all Indians. The harvesting area of rice in India is the
largest in the world. Rice cultivation is found in all the states of India.

Let us browse though the wide varieties of rice available in all parts of the country with
their characteristics.

ASD-16 Rice ASD-17 Rice Gauri Rice

Gayatri Rice Hari Rice Heera Rice
HKR-120 Rice IET-10222 Rice IET-8548 Rice
Jaya Rice Kalyani-II Rice Kanak Rice
Karna Rice Kshira Rice Lalat Rice
Mahaveera Rice MDU-3 Rice Moti Rice
Narendra Dhan-118 Rice Padmini Rice Panvel-2 Rice
Pathara Rice Prasanna Rice Ratnagiri-1 Rice
Ratnagiri-2 Rice Seshu Rice Sonasali Rice
Sravani Rice Srinivas Rice Tara Rice
Vanaprabha Rice Vikas Rice Vikramarya Rice
Vivek Dhan-62 Rice VL Dhan-163 Rice

Basmati Rice in India

Basmati Rice, a variety of long grain rice with a fine texture, is the world's best rice that one
can use for cooking and the leading aromatic fine quality rice in the world trade. Basmati rice
means the "queen of fragrance" or the perfumed one. This type of rice has been grown in the
foothills of the Himalayas for thousands of years. In India, Basmati rice is characterized by
extra long, superfine slender grains having a length to breadth ratio of more than 3.5, sweet
taste, soft texture, delicate curvature and an extra elongation with least breadth-wise swelling
on cooking. This highly aromatic rice is India's gift to the whole world.

Find out everything you could possibly know about Basmati rice in India under the
following heads:

History of Basmati Rice

Characteristics of Basmati Rice
Agronomic Features of Basmati Rice
Areas Producing Basmati Rice in India
The Basmati Patent
Production of Basmati Rice in India
Export of Basmati Rice from India
Basmati Rice Brands of India
Varieties of Basmati Rice
India in World Basmati Rice Industry

Rice Varieties in East India

It is said that the roots of rice lie in East India. Research studies show that the indica variety
of rice was first domesticated in south of the Himalayas within a region spanning eastern
India, Myanmar and Thailand.

Today, the Eastern part of India is of special importance with regard to food security in India.
About 30 million tonnes of the total 82 million tonnes, that is more than one-third of rice
produced in India in 1998/99, were contributed by East Indian States.

Almost all the states in East India cultivate rice but there are four major states. They
are :

• West Bengal
• Bihar
• Orissa
• Assam

Let us browse through various varieties of rice cultivated in East India with their
important characteristics.

Ajaya Rice Amulya Rice Anjali Rice

Annada Rice Birsa Dhan-101 Rice Birsa Dhan-201 Rice
Birsa Dhan-202 Rice Birsa Gora-102 Rice Boro Rice
BR-34 Rice Chelarai Rice CNM Rice
Dharitri Rice Golak Rice IET-1136 Rice
IET-2233 Rice IR-20 Rice IR-36 Rice
Jaladhi-1 Rice Jaladhi-2 Rice Janki Rice
Jayamati Rice Ketaki joha Rice Konark Rice
Kunti Rice Lachit rice Lakhimi Rice
Laxmi Rice Luit Rice Monoharsali Rice
Patna Rice Phou-oibi Rice Punsi Rice
Rajendra Dhan Rice Ratna Rice Salivahana Rice
Saraswati Rice Sita Rice Sneha Rice
Sugandha Rice Tulsi Rice Uydyagiri Rice
Rice Varieties in North India
Rice forms an integral part of the life of all Indians. The main states covering rice cultivation
in North India are

• Punjab
• Haryana
• Uttar Pradesh
• Jammu and Kashmir
• Himachal Pradesh

Let us now browse through some rice varieties with their characteristics available in
this part of the country:

Aditya Rice Barkat Rice Cauveri Rice

Chakia-59 Rice China Rice Cross-116 Rice
Dhan Narendra-1 Rice Giza-14 Rice Govind Rice
Himalaya Rice Indian Basmati Rice IR-579 Rice
Jalmagan Rice Jhona-349 Rice Karishma Rice
Malviya Dhan-36 Rice N-8 Rice Narendra-80 Rice
PR 106 Rice PR-103 Rice PR-4141 Rice
Prasad Rice Pusa-169 Rice Saket-4 Rice
Taichung Native-1 Rice Tawi Rice Type-21 Rice
Type-3 Rice USAR-1 Rice VL Dhan Rice
VLK-Dhan-39 Rice

Rice Varieties in South India

Rice is the staple food of all Indians. Infact in India rice is worshipped. Harvest festival or
Sankranthi is all about celebrating rice in India. Particularly in South India, rice plays an
important role. It is the main grain cultivated in this region and it is a nourishing food that
people subsist on every day of their life. It is no wonder that there is a festival dedicated to
the almighty rice. Equally worshipped are the cow, the man's best partner and the elements
earth, sun and water, who make, growing and cultivating of rice possible.

We describe in the following pages some of the famous varieties of rice available in
Southern part of our country with their characteristics :

ADT (R) 46 ADT-37 Rice ADT-38 Rice

ADT-39 Rice Amrut Rice Annapurna-28 Rice
Chengalpattu Sirumani Rice Improved White Ponni Rice Jagannath Rice
Kadaikazhuthan Rice Kaliyan Samba Rice Kallimadaiyan Rice
Kallundai Rice Kappa Samba Rice Karnataka Hill Paddy-5 Rice
Kattu Kuthalam Rice Kaum Rice Kothmala-Golukulu Rice
Krishna Anjana Rice Kudaivazhai Rice Kullakkar Rice
Kuzhiyadichan Rice Lakshmi Kajal Rice Nagarjuna Rice
Neelan Samba Rice Phalguna Rice Pitchavari Rice
Prakash Rice Pusa-44 Rice Ravi Rice
Rohini Rice Sabari Rice Sadakar Rice
Samba Mahsuri Rice Samba Mosanam Rice Samba Rice
Seeraga Samba Rice Sivappu kuruvikar Rice Sona Masuri Rice
Thangam Samba Rice Thooyamallee Rice
Rice Productivity Analysis in India

Introduction

Rice is the most important cereal food crop of India. It occupies about 23.3% of gross
cropped area of the country. It plays vital role in the national food grain supply. Rice
contributes 43% of total food grain production and 46% of the total cereal production of the
country. Rice is the staple food of more than 60% of the world's population especially for
most of the people of South-East Asia. Among the rice growing countries in the world, India
has the largest area under rice crop and ranks second in production next to China.

The productivity of rice in India is higher than Thailand, Pakistan, Bangladesh and
Nepal but much below the productivity in Japan, China, Korea, U.S.A. and Indonesia.
Average rice productivity in India during 1999-2000 was 1986 kg/ha, which is about 23%
below the world average productivity of 2563 kg/ha during the same year.

There is considerable increase in productivity of rice in India during the recent past. The
productivity of rice which was 668 kg/ha in 1950-51 has reached to 2,066 kg/ha during 2001-
02. The increase in productivity of Rice is about 209% and this increase is due to introduction
of high yielding rice varieties responsive to high dose of fertilizers coupled with improved
package of practices evolved by Agricultural Scientists for various regions. In fact, there is
considerable increase in productivity of rice in the country but there are still certain areas,
where rice productivity is low and very low. Rice productivity in such areas fluctuates
significantly from region to region due to various factors such as soil type, soil fertility,
rainfall pattern, flood, water logging, climatic conditions etc.

These are various factors, which affect the rice crop resulting in low productivity.
Therefore, an attempt has been made in this analysis to determine a particular factor /factors
responsible for low productivity of rice in certain area. In this process area, production and
yield/productivity data for the year 1998-99, 1999-2000 and 2000-01 has been pooled
together to arrive at triennium average of area, production and productivity per hectare. In the
analysis triennium average data as mentioned above has been used.

In the process of analysis, first the productivity has been classified into various groups
and then various rice growing zones have been identified along with States/Union-Territories
falling in a particular zone and their percentage share in area and production of rice in the
country. The productivity/yield of each zone has also been worked out for the purpose of
analysis. Thus, analysis has been further carried out State-wise and District-wise for all rice
growing areas. Reasons for low productivity have also been determined with the possible
suggestions to improve the productivity of rice in different rice growing eco-systems of the
country.

Rice production in India has increased during the last 51 years by nearly 441% or 4.4
times from 20.58 million tonnes in 1950 to nearly 91.05 million tonnes during 2001-02. The
status paper is expected to serve as a reference document for agricultural scientists and
workers, planners, traders, govt. organizations and other related departments.

Classification of Productivity Group

Rice is grown under varying eco-system on a variety of soils under varying climatic and
hydrological conditions ranging from waterlogged and poorly drained situations. Besides,
rice is also grown under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Therefore, based on the productivity
levels of rice, where it is grown under different eco-systems and climatic conditions,
productivity status has been classified into the following groups for the purpose of analysis :

• High Productivity Group ( Yield > 2500 kg/ha )

• Medium Productivity Group ( Yield 2000-2500 kg/ha )
• Medium-Low Productivity Group ( Yield 1500-2000 kg/ha )
• Low Productivity Group ( Yield 1000-1500 kg/ha )
• Very Low Productivity Group ( Yield < 1000 kg/ha )

Detailed explanation of these productivity groups has been provided below.

High Productivity Group

Rice is grown in 534 districts in the country spread over 30 States and Union Territories.
The area, Production and Productivity of all rice growing districts in the country from
1998-99 to 2000-01 have been pooled together to arrive at triennium average. In this
analysis the triennium average in respect of area, production and productivity have been
used. Under high productivity group 110 districts are falling and the productivity of
these districts is more than 2,500 kg/ha. The total area of rice in 110 districts, under high
productivity group during the triennium ending 2001 was 12.06 million ha, which was
26.9% of total area under rice in the country.

Thus, rice area under high productivity group in the country constitute major share as
compared to other productivity groups. Triennium average production of rice was 37.42
million tonnes in 110 districts falling under high productivity group, which was 42.8%
of all India total production of rice. The Districts falling under the high productivity
group accounts for the major production as compared to other productivity groups. In
fact , the average yield per unit area of high productivity districts during the triennium
ending 2001 has been worked out to 3,103 kg/ha, which was 59% higher than the
national average productivity of 1,947 kg/ha during the same period.

Medium Productivity Group

 A total of 81 districts of various states are falling under medium productivity group. The
districts having productivity in the range of 2000-2500 kg/ha are falling under medium
productivity group. The average area under rice in medium productivity group covering
81 districts of various states during triennium ending 2001 was 7.77 million ha., which
was 17.3% of total area under rice in the country. The average production of 17.45
million tonnes of rice has been recorded from 81 districts of medium productivity group.
The production of medium productivity group accounts for 20% of national total
average production of rice. The medium productivity group ranks second from
production point of view, after high productivity group. Triennium average productivity
of medium productivity group covering 81 districts of various states has been worked
out to 2,246 kg/ha as against the national average productivity of 1,947 kg/ha. Thus, the
average productivity of medium productivity groups was 15% higher than the national
average productivity during triennium ending 2001.

Medium-Low Productivity Group

Medium-low productivity group is comprising of 94 districts of various states of the

country. The productivity of this group ranges from 1500-2000 kg/ha. Triennium
average rice area of 94 districts of medium-low productivity group was 7.54 million
hectares, which was 16.8% of national total average area under rice. The average
production of 13.38 million tonnes was recorded under medium-low productivity group
during triennium ending 2001, which was 15.3% of average national production of rice
during the same period. Triennium average productivity of this group has been worked
out to 1,775 kg/ha, which was below the average national productivity of rice during the
same period.

Low Productivity Group

Maximum number of districts are falling under low productivity group, out of 534 rice
growing districts of the country, 155 districts are having low productivity ranging from
1,000-1,500 kg/ha. Triennium average area under rice in 155 districts of low
productivity was 11.58 million hectares, which was 25.8% of total area under rice in the
country. In fact, area-wise low productivity group ranks second after high productivity
group but being the yield per unit area low, total production of this group is less
compared to area. Triennium average production of 14.22 million tonnes has been
recorded in this group, which was 16.3% of average national production of rice during
the same period. Triennium average productivity of this group has been worked out to
1,228 kg/ha, which was much below the average national productivity of rice during the
same period.

Very-Low Productivity Group

Very low productivity group comprises of 94 districts of various states and triennium
average of area under rice in this group was 5.93 million hectares, which was 13.2% of
national average area under rice. Among all productivity group, very low productivity
group constitute the lowest area under rice. Similarly, total production of rice in this
group is also the lowest. Triennium average production of rice in this group was
recorded 4.90 million tonnes, which was 5.6% of national average production of rice in
the country. Triennium average productivity of this group has been worked out to 826
 kg/ha, which was more than 50% less as compared to the national average productivity
of rice during the same period.

Triennium average (1998-2001) of area, production and productivity along with number
of districts under different productivity groups are given in Table-1 and state-wise number of
districts based on various productivity groups during triennium ending 2001 are given in
Table-2. No. of districts under different productivity group and percentage share of area and
production are depicted in Pie Diagram No. 1, 2 & 3 respectively.

Table-1 Triennium Average (1998-1999 to 2000-2001) of Area, Production and Productivity along
: with number of districts under different productivity groups

SL Productivity Number Area Percent Production Percent of Productivity

Groups of (Million Ha.) of All in Million All India (Kg/Ha.)
Districts India Tonnes Production
 Rice
Area
High Productivity
1. 110 12.06 26.9% 37.42 42.8% 3,103
(> 2,500 Kg/Ha)
Medium Productivity
2. (> 2,000-2,500 Kg/H 81 7.77 17.3% 17.45 20.0% 2,246
a)
Medium-Low
Productivity
3. 94 7.54 16.8% 13.38 15.3% 1,775
(> 1,500-2,000
Kg/Ha)
Low Productivity
4. 155 11.58 25.8% 14.22 16.3% 1,228
(1,000-1,500 Kg/Ha)
Very-Low Productivi
5. ty 94 5.93 13.2% 4.90 5.6% 826
(< 1,000 Kg/Ha)
TOTAL 534 44.78 100.0% 86.88 100.0% 1,940

Table-2 : State-wise no. of Districts based on Productivity Level during Triennium ending 2000-01

Medium-
Medium Low
Total High Low Very Low
Productivit Productivit
Rice Productivit productivit Productivit
State/ y Districts y Districts
SL Growin y Districts y Districts y Districts
Union Territories (2,000- (1,000-
g (> 2,500 (1,500- (< 1,000
2,500 1,500
Districts Kg/Ha.) 2,000 Kg/Ha.)
Kg/Ha.) Kg/ha.)
Kg/Ha.)
1. Andhra Pradesh 22 14 5 2 1 -
Arunachal Prades
2. 13 - - 1 6 6
h
3. Assam 23 - - 11 11 1

4. Bihar 37 1 4 4 25 3

5. Jharkhand 18 - - 1 10 7

6. Goa 2 2 - - - -

7. Gujrat 14 1 - 3 5 5

8. Haryana 18 7 7 2 2 -
Himachal Prades
9. 10 - 1 2 7 -
h
Jammu & Kashm
10. 12 4 1 5 1 1
ir
11. Karnataka 27 14 5 6 1 1

12. Kerala 14 3 5 5 1 -

13. Madhya Pradesh 41 - 2 2 6 31

14. Chhattisgarh 16 - - 1 9 6

15. Maharashtra 32 - 5 1 11 15

16. Manipur 9 4 - - 5 -

17. Meghalaya 7 - 1 4 2 -

18. Mizoram 5 - 1 3 1 -

19. Nagaland 7 - - 2 5 -

20. Orissa 30 - - 3 17 10

21. Punjab 17 17 - - - -

22. Rajasthan 18 - 1 1 11 5

23. Sikkim 4 - - 1 3 -

24. Tamil Nadu 28 27 - - 1 -

25. Tripura 4 - 2 2 - -

26. Uttar Pradesh 70 7 29 26 5 3

27. Uttranchal 13 1 3 2 7 -

28. West Bengal 18 4 9 3 2 -

29. A&N Islands 2 1 - 1 - -

30. Pondicherry 3 3 - - - -

TOTAL 534 110 81 94 155 94

Regional Variations of Rice Productivity

Rice is grown from Kashmir to Kanyakumari and Amritsar to Nagaland almost in every
district with variations in area of cultivation. The entire country has been divided into five
rice growing zones. These zones are mentioned below along with the states falling in each
zone.

Name of the Zon Name of the Zon

SL Name of the States SL Name of the States
e e
1. Southern Andhra Pradesh 4. Eastern Bihar
 Karnataka Jharkhand
Kerala Madhya Pradesh
Tamil Nadu Chhattisgarh
Zone Zone
Pondicherry Orissa
Andman & Uttar Pradesh
Nicobar Islands West Bengal
Haryana Assam
Himachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh
Northern
2. Jammu & Kashmir Manipur
Zone
Punjab North-Eastern Meghalaya
Uttranchal 5.
Zone Mizoram
Goa Nagaland
Western Gujrat Sikkim
3.
Zone Maharashtra Tripura
Rajasthan

There is is significant variation in the productivity of rice between rice growing regions
in the country. Area, production and yield of rice per hectare during the year 1998-99 to
2000-2001 have been pooled together to arrive at triennium average and triennium average
thus worked out for area, production and yield/ha have been used for analysis of regional
variation of rice productivity in this chapter.

Southern Region

In southern region, rice is the most important crop and it is grown in this region more
than one crop in a year. Four states viz. (1) Andhra Pradesh (2) Karnataka (3) Tamil Nadu
and (4) Kerala and two Union Territory viz. (1) Pondicherry and (2) Andaman & Nicobar
Islands are coming in this region. The cultivation of rice is spread over in 96 districts of
southern region. Average area under rice in Southern region was 8.21 million hectares during
the triennium ending 2001, which was 18.3% of national triennium average area of 44.88
million hectares during the triennium ending 2001. The average total production of rice in the
states of Southern region was 23.82 million tonnes, which was 27.2% of average national
production of rice i.e., 87.37 million tonnes. The productivity of rice in Southern region is the
highest as compared to other regions. The average productivity of rice for three years (1998-
99 to 2000-01) has been worked out to 2901 kg/ha in Southern region, which was 49% higher
than the average productivity of 1947 kg/ha for whole country.

Northern Region

Northern region is comprising of five states viz. (1) Haryana (2) Himachal Pradesh (3)
Jammu & Kashmir (4) Punjab and (5) Uttranchal. In these states, rice is cultivated in 70
districts. Average area under rice in these districts during triennium ending 2001 was 4.31
million hectares, which was 9.6% of national average area of 44.88 million hectares during
the same year. Average production of rice in Northern region during the triennium ending
2001 was 12.47 million tonnes. The share of the Northern region in total production of rice in
the country was 14.3% during the triennium ending 2001. The productivity of rice in the
Northern region during the triennium ending 2001 was 2893 kg/ha, which was 48.6% higher
than the national productivity of rice. The productivity of rice in Northern region is slightly
lower than the productivity of Southern region.

Western Region

There are four states in the Western region viz. (1) Goa (2) Gujarat (3) Maharastra and
(4) Rajasthan. Rice cultivation is spread over in 66 districts of four states. Area under rice in
this region is lowest as compared to other regions of the country. Average area under rice in
Western region was 2.39 million hectares during triennium ending 2001, which was 5.3% of
total area under rice during the same year. The share of Western region in the total production
of rice is the lowest as compared to other rice growing regions. Total production of 3.46
million tonnes of rice was recorded during the triennium ending 2001, which was 4.0% of the
national average production of 87.37 million tonnes of rice. The productivity of rice in this
region is the lowest. During the triennium ending 2001, the productivity of 1448 kg /ha was
achieved as against the national productivity of 1947 kg/ha.

Eastern Region

Eastern region comprises of seven states viz. (1) Bihar (2) Jharkhand (3) Madhya
Pradesh (4) Chhattisgarh (5) Orissa (6) Uttar Pradesh and (7) West Bengal and this region
was growing rice in 230 districts on large area. Rice is one of the main crops of this region
and in Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa more than one crop of rice is cultivated in a year.
Average area under rice during triennium ending 2001 was 26.52 million hectares, which was
59.1% of national average area of 44.88 million hectares. From production point of view,
Eastern region contributes the highest production in the country. During the triennium ending
2001, average total production of 42.37 million tonnes was recorded, which was 48.5% of
national average production of rice. Area and production of rice in Eastern region are the
highest as compared to other rice growing regions of the country, but the productivity is
much lower than the national average productivity of 1947 kg/ha. During the triennium
ending 2001, the productivity of 1598 kg/ha was recorded.

The lower productivity of this region is attributed to various reasons such as every year
occurrence of flood or drought, lack of irrigation facilities, incidence of insect/pests etc.
Thus, the total production of rice is affected significantly due to low productivity.

North-Eastern Region

Eight states viz. (1) Assam (2) Arunachal Pradesh (3) Manipur (4) Meghalaya (5)
Mizoram (6) Nagaland (7) Sikkim and (8) Tripura are coming under North-Eastern region. In
these states, rice is grown in 72 districts. Area under rice in this region during triennium
ending 2001 was 3.45 million hectares, which accounted for 7.7% of total area under rice in
the country during the same year. This region receives very heavy rainfall and rice is grown
under rainfed condition. In this region, Assam state is growing more than one crop in a year.
Average total production of rice in this region during triennium ending 2001 was 5.25 million
tonnes, which was 6.0% of national average production of rice . The Productivity of rice in
this region was 1522 kg/ha during triennium ending 2001, which was much below the
national average productivity of 1947 kg/ha.

Regional variations of rice productivity during triennium ending 2001 are given in
Table-3 and region-wise percentage share of area and production is depicted in Bar Diagram
below.

Table-3 : Regional Variations of Rice Productivity during Triennium ending 2000-01

Percent
Number Productio Percent of
Area of All Productivit
States/Union Territorie of n in All India
SL (Million Ha. India y
s District Million Productio
) Rice (Kg/Ha.)
s Tonnes n
Area
Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Kerela,
1. Tamil Nadu, 96 8.21 18.3% 23.82 27.2% 2,901
A&N Islands, and
Pondicherry
Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh,
2. 70 4.31 9.6% 12.47 14.3% 2,893
Jammu & Kashmir,
Punjab and Uttranchal
Goa, Maharashtra,
3. 66 2.39 5.3% 3.46 4.0% 1,448
Rajasthan and Gujrat
4. Bihar, Jharkhand, 230 26.52 59.1% 42.37 48.5% 1,598
Madhya Pradesh,
Orissa, Chhattisgarh,
 Uttar Pradesh and
West Bengal
Assam, Arunachal
Pradesh, Manipur,
5. Tripura, Meghalaya, 72 3.45 7.7% 5.25 6.0% 1,522
Mizoram, Nagaland
and Sikkim
100.0
TOTAL 534 44.88 87.37 100.0% 1,947
%
State-wise Analysis of
Rice Productivity

This chapter focuses on the analysis of state-wise rice productivity. Number of districts
growing rice in every State/Union Territory have been taken together and then
classified/divided as per different productivity groups for the purpose of productivity analysis
at State level. Three years area and production, that is, 1998-99 to 2000-2001 of individual
district as per productivity group have been pooled together to arrive at triennium average of
area and production of rice and then triennium average production has been divided by
triennium average area to get triennium average productivity. Triennium average productivity
thus worked out has been used for the productivity analysis in this chapter.

Analysis of individual states have been organized under the following links :

Zones States/Union Territories

Southern Andhra Pradesh | A&N Islands | Karnataka | Kerala | Tamil Nadu | Pondicherry
Northern Haryana | Himachal Pradesh | Jammu & Kashmir | Punjab | Uttranchal
Western Goa | Gujrat | Maharashtra | Rajasthan
Bihar | Jharkhand | Madhya Pradesh | Chhattisgarh | Orissa | Uttar Pradesh | West Ben
Eastern
gal
North- Assam | Arunachal Pradesh | Manipur | Meghalaya | Mizoram | Nagaland | Sikkim | Tr
Eastern ipura
District-wise Analysis of Rice Productivity

In previous chapter, rice productivity has been discussed/analyzed at State level and in
that chapter area, production and productivity of those districts falling under different five
productivity groups have been pooled together to arrive at average of area, production and
productivity for different productivity groups.

In this chapter district-wise productivity data under different productivity groups have
been used for district-wise productivity analysis as given below:-

Andhra Pradesh
 West Godavari district is having the highest productivity (3,322 kg/ha.) and
Vishakhapatnam district is having the lowest productivity (1,430 kg/ha). Rice Productivity of
20 districts are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and two districts are
having productivity below average productivity of the country.

Arunachal Pradesh

East Siang district is having the highest productivity (1,644 kg/ha) and U/Subansiri
district is having the lowest productivity (628 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all 13 districts are
below the national average productivity of 1,947 kg/ha.

Assam

Cachar district is having the highest productivity (1,953 kg/ha) and Bongaigaon district
is having the lowest productivity (994 kg/ha). Rice productivity of only one district is higher
than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 22 districts are having productivity below
the average productivity of the country.

Bihar

Rohtas district is having the highest productivity (2,597 kg/ha) and Khagaria district is
having the lowest productivity (611 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 6 districts are higher than the
national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 31 districts are having productivity below the
average productivity of the country.

Goa

North Goa is having the highest productivity (2,550 kg/ha) and South Goa is having the
lowest productivity (2,531 kg/ha). Rice productivity of both the districts are higher than the
average productivity of the country.

Gujrat

Gandhinagar district is having the highest productivity (2,603 kg/ha) and Baroda is
having the lowest productivity (615 kg/ha). Rice productivity of only one district is higher
than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 13 districts are having productivity below
the average productivity of the country.

Haryana

Kurukshetra district is having the highest productivity (2,896 kg/ha) and Rohtak is
having the lowest productivity (1,434 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 14 districts are higher than
the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 4 districts are having productivity below the
average productivity of the country.

Himachal Pradesh
 Una district is having the highest productivity (2,115 kg/ha) and Shimla district is
having the lowest productivity (1,107 kg/ha). Rice productivity of only one district is higher
than the national productivity and 9 districts are having productivity below the average
productivity of the country.

Jammu & Kashmir

Anantnag district is having the highest productivity (3,418 kg/ha) and Doda district is
having the lowest productivity (992 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 5 districts are higher than the
national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 7 districts are having productivity below the average
productivity of the country.

Karnataka

Koppal district is having the highest productivity (3,462 kg/ha) and Bidar district is
having the lowest productivity (637 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 20 districts are higher than
the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 7 districts are having productivity below the
average productivity of the country.

Kerala

Pathanamthitta district is having the highest productivity (2,718 kg/ha) and Kozhikode
district is having the lowest productivity (1,308 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 9 districts are
higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 5 districts are having productivity
below the average productivity of the country.

Madhya Pradesh

Gwalior district is having the highest productivity (2,255 kg/ha) and Khargone district is
having the lowest productivity (373 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 2 districts are higher than the
national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 39 districts are having productivity below the
average productivity of the country.

Maharashtra

Sangli district is having the highest productivity (2,393 kg/ha) and Nondurbar district is
having the lowest productivity (336 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 5 districts are higher than the
national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 27 districts are having productivity below the
average productivity of the country.

Manipur

East Imphal district is having the highest productivity (3,197 kg/ha) and Churchandrapur
district is having the lowest productivity (1,000 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 4 districts are
higher than the national productivity and 5 districts are having productivity below the average
productivity of the country.
Meghalaya

Ribhoi district is having the highest productivity (2,042 kg/ha) and South Garo Hills
district is having the lowest productivity (1,110 kg/ha ). Rice productivity of Ribhoi district is
higher than the national productivity and 6 districts are having productivity below the average
productivity of the country.

Mizoram

East Aizawal district is having the highest productivity (2,017 kg/ha) and Chimtuipui
district is having the lowest productivity (1,422 kg/ha). Rice productivity of only one district
(Chimtuipui) is higher than the national productivity and 4 districts are having productivity
below the average productivity of the country.

Nagaland

Phek district is having the highest productivity (1,571 kg/ha) and Zunhebato district is
having the lowest productivity (1,349 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all the district are below
the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha.

Orissa

Gajapati district is having the highest productivity (1,735 kg/ha) and Nawapara district
is having the lowest productivity (727 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all the districts are below
the national productivity of a1,947 kg/ha.

Punjab

Fatehgarh district is having the highest productivity (3,707 kg/ha) and Gurudaspur
district is having the lowest productivity (2,769 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all the district are
higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha.

Rajasthan

Hanumangarh district is having the highest productivity (2,330 kg/ha) and Dungarpur
district is having the lowest productivity (285 kg/ha) and also the lowest productivity in the
country. Rice productivity of only one district (Hanumangarh) is higher than the national
productivity and 17 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the
country.

Sikkim

East Sikkim district is having the highest productivity (1,538 kg/ha) and West Sikkim
district is having the lowest productivity (1,278 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all 4 district are
below the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha.
Tamil Nadu

Dindigul district is having the highest productivity (4,911 kg/ha) and Ramnathpuram
district is having the lowest productivity (1,430 kg/ha). Dindigul district is also having the
highest productivity in the country. Rice productivity of 27 districts are higher than the
national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and Ramnathpuram the only one district is having the
productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Tripura

West Tripura district is having the highest productivity (2,154 kg/ha) and Dhalia district
is having the lowest productivity (1,766 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 3 districts are higher
than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and one district is having the productivity below
the average productivity of the country.

Uttar Pradesh

Bijnaur district is having the highest productivity (2,792 kg/ha) and Jhansi district is
having the lowest productivity (800 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 38 districts are higher than
the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 32 districts are having the productivity below the
average productivity of the country.

West Bengal

Burdwan district is having the highest productivity (2,842 kg/ha) and Darjeeling district
is having the lowest productivity (1,353 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 13 districts are higher
than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 5 districts are having productivity below the
average productivity of the country.

Jharkhand

Sahebganj district is having the highest productivity (1,585 kg/ha) and West Singhbhum
district is having the lowest productivity (645 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all 18 districts are
below the average productivity of the country.

Chhattisgarh

Dhamtari district is having the highest productivity (1,674 kg/ha) and Kabardha district
is having the lowest productivity (884 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all district are below the
average productivity of the country.

Uttranchal

Udham Singh Nagar district is having the highest productivity (2,776 kg/ha) and Almora
district is having the lowest productivity (1,040 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 4 districts are
higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 9 districts are having productivity
below the average productivity of the country.
Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Andaman district is having higher productivity (2,709 kg/ha) than Nicobar district
(2,000 kg/ha). Productivity of both the districts are higher than the national average
productivity of 1,947 kg/ha.

Pondicherry

Pondicherry district is having the highest productivity (3,452 kg/ha) and Yaman district
is having the lowest productivity (2,962 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all 3 districts are higher
than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha.