Pr

epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 0
PEMDAS
Par
ent
hesi
s,Exponent
s,Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionandDi
vi
sion,
Addi
ti
onandSubt
ract
ion

23
10+(
1–(
9–7))+4×3 St
arti
nsi
dePar
ent
heses,
1–22)
10+( 3
+4×3 ThenuseExponent
3
10+(
1–4)+4×3 ThenSi
mpl
i
fyi
nsi
det
hepar
ent
hesi
s
3
10+(
-3)+4×3 UseExponentagai
n
10–27+4×3 ThenMul
ti
plyf
ir
st
10–27+12 Addi
ti
onandSubt
ract
ioncanbedonei
nanyor
der
-
5

DI
VISI
BILI
TYRULES

Di
vi
sibl
eby Cr
it
eri
a Exampl
e

2 Lastdi
giti
sev
en(
0,2,
4,6,
8) 7,
130;
117,
594

3 Sum ofi
tsdi
git
sisdi
vi
sibl
eby3 531,
102,414,
324
5+3+1+1+0+2+4+1+4+3+2+4
=30* di
v.by3

4 Twol
astdi
git
sar
ezerosorat
wo-
digi
tnumber 275,
000,
000,000;
di
vi
sibl
eby4 14,
352: 52* div.by4

5 Lastdi
giti
s0or5 1230;
12345

6 Di
vi
sibl
eby2andby3 31,152(ev
en)
3+1+1+5+2=12*di
v.by3

7 Doublet
helastdigit
,thensubtractresul
tfr
om 3178:
therestofthedigits 317-(8×2)=301
Repeatf
orlar
gernumber suntilresulti
satwo- *
nottwo-
digi
t;repeat
di
gitnumberdivisi
bleby7
30-(1x2)=28* div.by7

8 Threelastdigi
tsarezerosor 1,000,000;
1.* Ifhundreds-
digiti
sev en,l
asttwodigi
ts 745,272:
div
isi
bleby8 1.hundredsdi git
:2(even)
*Ifhundreds-di
giti
sodd, add4t olastt
wo
72* div.by8
di
git
sandsum shoul dbedi v
isi
bleby8
2.Lastt hreedigi
tsisanumber 2.Lastt hr
eedi gi
ts:272
div
isi
bleby8 272=8x34

9 Sum ofi
tsdi
git
sisdi
vi
sibl
eby9 315,720
3+1+5+7+2+0=18

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 1
 18*
div
.by9

10 Lastdi
giti
s0 275,
000,
000,
000

11 Al
ter
nat
elysubt
r actthenaddthedigi
tsfr
om L 1,
233,122;
toR;resultdiv
isi
bleby11. 11,154
Subtr
actlastdigitf
rom t
herest

12 Di
vi
sibl
eby3and4 903,900:
9+3+9=21*div
.by3
l
ast2digit
s:00*div
.by4

13 I
ter
ati
vel
yadd4t
imest
hel
astdi
gitt
other
est 168,
259;
90,
025

14 Di
vi
sibl
eby2and7 2,
478:
l
astdi
git
:8(even)*di
v.by2
247–( 2×8)=231
23–(2×1)=21* di
v.by7

15 Di
vi
sibl
eby3and5 341,955:
lastdi
git
:5* di
v.by5
3+4+1+9+5+5=27*div.by3

16 I
fthethousandsdigi
tisev en,takethel
astt
hree 9,
825,
968:
digi
ts. Thousandsdi
git
:5(odd)
I
fthethousandsdigitisodd,add8t othel
ast 968+8=976
t
hreedi gi
ts
Witht
he3- di
gitnumber ,mult
iplyhundr
edsdigi
t
by4,thenaddt helasttwodigit
s.

17 Subt
ract5t
imest
hel
astdi
gitf
rom 667,216:
t
her
est 66,
721–(6×5)=66,
691
*
div
.by17

18 Di
vi
sibl
eby2and9 2,000,
916;
l
astdi
git
:6( ev
en)*
div.by2
2+9+1+6=18 *di
v.by9

19 Addt
wicet
hel
astdi
gitt
other
est 3,110,699:
311,
069+( 9×2)=311,
087
*div.by19

20 Di
vi
sibl
eby10andt
het
ensdi
giti
sev
en 9,
870,
240;
46,
913,
560

25 Last2di
git
sis00ormul
ti
plesof25 275,
000,
000,
000;
12345675: 75*di
v.by25

50 Last2di
git
sis50or00 275,
000,
000,
000

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 2
RATI
OANDPROPORTI
ON

Rat
ioi
sacompar
isonoft
woquant
it
ies;
rat
ioofnumberat
onumberbwher
eb≠0i
sa/
bora:
b.
Pr
opor
ti
oni
sanequal
i
tyoft
wor
ati
osi
nthef
orm a:
b=c:
d.
Fori
nst
ance:
21:
56=3:
8
Theouternumber
saanddar ecal
l
edtheext
remes,
andthei
nnernumber
sbandcar
ecal
l
ed
themeans.Thepr
oductoft
heextr
emesisequal
tothepr
oductoft
hemeans.

Pr
inci
pleofVar
iat
ion

Di
rectVar
iat
i fyv
on.I ariesdirect
lyasxorifyi
spropor
tionalt
ox,then
y=kxory/x=k.Asyincreases,xalsoi
ncr
eases,
andvicev er
sa.

I
nver
seVar
iat
i fyv
on.I ari
esi
nver
sel
yasx,
theny=k/
x.Asyi
ncr
eases,
xdecr
eases.

JointVari
ati fyv
on.I ar
iesjointl
yasxandandz,t
heny=kxz.Asyi
ncr
eases,t
he
productofxandzal
soincreases.

CombinedVar
iat
ion.Ifyvar
iesdir
ect
lyasxandi
nver
sel
yasz,
theny=kx/z.
*
wher
eki scal
l heconst
edt antofvari
ati
on.

THEREALNUMBERSYSTEM

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 3
PROPERTI
ESOFREALNUMBERS

1. SuccessorPr
oper
ty:
If ∈ t
hen +1i
sthesucceedi
ngnat
ural
number
.
2.Cl
osur
ePr
oper
ty:AsetSi
scl
osedundert
heoper
ati
on*i
swhenev
eraandbar
einS,
a*
bisi
nS.Not
e:st
andsf
oranymat
hemat
ical
oper
ati
on.
3.Foral
lreal
number
saandb,
thesum a+bi
sauni
quer
eal
number
.
4.Foral
lreal
number
saandb,
thepr
oductabi
sauni
quer
eal
number
.
5.Commut
ati
vePr
oper
ti
esf
orAddi
ti
on and Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion:I
faand b r
epr
esentr
eal
number
s,t
hena+b=b+aanda×b=b×a.Theor
deri
nwhi
cht
wonat
ural
number
sar
e
addedormul
ti
pli
eddoesnotaf
fectt
hesum orpr
oduct
.
6.Associ
ati
vePr
oper
ti
esf
orAddi
ti
onandMul
ti
pli
cat
ion:I
fa,bandcr
epr
esentr
eal
number
s,t
hen(
a+b)+c=a+(b+c)and(
a×b)×c=a×(
b×c)
.
Nat
ural
number
smaybegr
oupedi
nanyor
derf
oraddi
ti
onandmul
ti
pli
cat
ion.
7.Di
str
ibut
ivePr
oper
tyofMul
ti
pli
cat
ionov
erAddi
ti
on:
Foranyr
eal
number
sa,
bandc,
a×(
b+c)=(
a×b)+(
a×c)
.
8.Di
str
ibut
ivePr
oper
tyofMul
ti
pli
cat
ionov
erSut
ract
ion:
Foranyr
eal
number
sa,
bandc,
a
×(
b–c)=(
a×b)–(
a×c)
.
9.Addi
ti
veandMul
ti
pli
cat
iveI
dent
it
yPr
oper
ti
es:I
far
epr
esent
sar
ealnumber
,thena+0
=0+1=aanda×1=1×a=a.Addi
ng0t
oanynat
ural
numbergi
vest
hesame
number
.Mul
ti
ply
inganat
ural
numberby1gi
vest
hesamenumber
.Zer
o(0)i
sthei
dent
it
y
el
ementf
oraddi
ti
on;
one(
1)f
ormul
ti
pli
cat
ion.
10.Zer
oPr
oper
ty:
Foral
la∈R,
a×0=0.
11.I
nver
sePr
oper
ti
esf
orAddi
ti
onandMul
ti
pli
cat
ion:I
far
epr
esent
sar
ealnumber
,a+(
−a)
=0anda×1a=1wher
ea≠0.
12.Pr
oper
ti
esofEqual
it
y:
a.Ref
lexi
vePr
oper
ty:
a=a
b. Sy
mmet
ri
cPr
oper
ty:
Ifa=b,
thenb=a.
c. Tr
ansi
ti
vePr
oper
ty:
Ifa=bandb=c,
thena=c.
d. Subst
it
uti
onPr
oper
ty:
Ifa=b,
thenamayber
epl
acedbyb.

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 4
SETS

UsingVennDiagrams
Example:
Onacer t
ainsur
veyof160st
udent
s,t
her
esul
tsar
easf
oll
ows:

85ar
eCivi
lEngi
neeringst
udent
s
72ar
efr
eshies,
and
45ar
efr
eshiestaki
ngupCivi
lEngi
neer
ing

1.Howmanyst
udent
sarenotbot
h?
2.Howmanyar
eCEstudent
sinhi
ghery
ear
s?

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 5
LetEbet
hesetofCEst
udent
s,At
hesetoff
reshi
esandUt
hesetofsur
vey
edst
udent
s.

U=160
E=85
A=72
E╭╮A=45

1.E–( E╭╮A):85–45=30( CEupper classmen)

A–( E╭╮A):72–45=27( Freshief
r om othercol
l
eges)
160–( 45+30+27)=58st udentsfrom othercoll
eges
2. Fr
om prev
ioussol
uti
on,
30st udent
s.

POLYNOMI
ALS
Apol
ynomi
ali
saf
ini
tesum oft
ermswher
etheexponent
sont
hev
ari
abl
esar
enon-
negat
ive
i
nteger
s.
cnxn+cn-1xn-1+…+c1x+c0
wher
eni
sanonnegat
ivei
nteger
,cni
sthel
eadi
ngcoef
fi
cientandc0i
saconst
ant
.
Degr
eeofat
erm -sum oft
heexponent
soft
hev
ari
abl
escont
ainedi
nthet
erm.
Degr
eeofPol
ynomi
al-t
hehi
ghestdegr
eeofal
li
tst
erms

Ty
pesofPol
ynomi
als
Monomi
al-Apol
ynomi
alwi
thonet
erm(
ie.5x2)
.
Bi
nomi
al-Apol
ynomi
alwi
tht
wot
erms(
ie.5x2+10x)
.
Tr
inomi
al-Apol
ynomi
alwi
tht
hreet
erms(
ie.5x2+10x-8)
.

POLYNOMI
ALOPERATI
ONS

Addi
ng/
Subt
ract
ingPol
ynomi
als

3x4-11x3+2x+29)-(
( 5x3-4x2+2x-16) Fi
rstcl
eart
hepar
ent
hesi
s
3x4-11x3+2x+29-5x3+4x2-2x+16 Thencombi
neandaddt
hel
i
ket
erms
3x4-16x3+4x2+45

Mul
ti
ply
ingPol
ynomi
als

● mult
ipl
yeachterminonepol
ynomi
albyeachtermintheot
herpol
ynomi
al
● addthoseanswer
stoget
her,
andsi
mpli
fyifneeded.

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 6
Productofamonomi
alandabi
nomi
al:Di
str
ibut
iveLaw
Example:
ab(
2a+1)=ab(
2a)+ab(
1)=2a
2b+ab

Pr
oductoft
wobi
nomi
als:FOI
L(Fi
rst
-Out
er-
Inner
-Last
)

Exampl 7x2+3x)(
e:( 2x-6)
F: Mul
ti
plyt
hef
ir
stt
erm ofeachbi
nomi
al 7x2)
( (2x)=14x3
O: Mul
ti
plyt
he1stt
ermi
n1stbi
nomi
aland
t
he2ndt
ermi
n2ndbi
nomi
al 7x2)
( (6)=42x2
-
I
: Mul
ti
plyt
he2ndt
ermi
n1stbi
nomi
aland
1stt
ermi
n2ndbi
nomi
al (
3x)
(2x)=6x2
L: Mul
ti
plyt
hel
astt
ermi
neachbi
nomi
al (
3x)
(-
6)=-
18x
Addal
lpr
oduct
s: 14x3+42x2+6x2+(
-18x)
Si
mpl
i
fy: 14x3+48x2-
18x

Pr
oductofabinomialandat
rinomial
(a+b)(
c+d+e)=ac+ad+ae+bc+bd+be
*Combi
neliketermsi
fther
eareany
.

Speci
alPr
oduct
sofPol
ynomi
als

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 7
Di
vi
dingPol
ynomi
als

LongDivisi
on
a.Arr
anget hetermsoft hedi
v i
dend(N)anddiv
isor
(D)i
ndecreasingpowers.I
facof f
ici
entofa
ter
mi szero,l
eav easpaceorpl ace0.
b.Div
idethefirstter
mi nNbyt hefir
stter
minDt ogetthef
irstterminthequoti
ent(
Q) .
c.Multi
plyDbyt hefirstt
erminQandwr i
tet
hisundert
hedividend,keepi
ngsimil
artermsin
onecolumn.
d.Subtr
actthisproductfrom N.
e.Repeatstepsunt i
lTheremainderhaslowerdegr
eethanthedi v
isor.

Sy
nthet
icDi
vi
sion

Synthet
icdi
vi
sionwhenev
ery
ouneedt
odi
vi
deapol
ynomi
alf
unct
ionbyal
i
nearf
act
oroft
he
for
m
x–c
Thismet hodreducesthepolynomi
alandt heli
nearf
act
orint
oasetofnumeri
cval
ues.Af
ter
thesev al
uesarepr ocessed,t
heresul
tingsetofnumericoutput
sisusedt
oconstr
uctt
he
polynomialquot
ientandthepoly
nomial
remainder.

Fi
rst
,setupthesynt
heticdiv
ision.
Listt
hecoeff
icentsofthepoly
nomialsast
hedi v
idend.
Replaceanymissingpowerwithzerocoef
fi
cient.

Br
ingt
hef
ir
stcoef
fi
cientdown.

Mul
ti
plythev
aluej
ustwri
tt
enatthebott
om rowbythedivi
sor
.
Thenwri
tet
heproductbel
owthesecondcoef
fi
cient
.

Addt
hecol
umncreatedi
ntheprevi
ousstep.
Wr
it
ethesum att
henextspaceatt
hebot
tom r
ow.

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 8
Repeatprocessunti
lthel
astcoef
fi
cient.
Thelastnumberatt
henumberr owiscal
l her
edt emai
nder
.

Exampl
e:4x3-5x-2t
obedi
vi
dedby2x-1

4 0 -
5 -
2 |
½
ㅠ 2 1 -2 ㅠ
_
____
___
___
_____
___
___
____
___
___
____
4 2 -
4 -
4 —>r
emai
nderㅠ

Remai
nderTheor
em
Ifrisaconstantandifapol
ynomial
f(x)i
sdivi
dedbyx–r,t
hentheremainderi
sf(
r).
I
fthepoly
nomialf(
x)isdivi
dedbyx–r ,
thentheresul
tcanbewr
it
teni
nt hefor
m
f
(x) =Q(
x)+ R
x–r x–r

I
ntheprev
iousexample,Q(
x)i
sthepol
ynomi
alofdegr
eeonelesst
hant
hedegr
eeoft
he
or
igi
nal
polynomial
f(x)
.Q(x)=4x2+2x–4andR=4.Theref
ore,
2
4x3-5x-2=4x+2x–4+ 4
2x–1 2x–1

Fact
orTheor
em.I
fci
sar
ootoft
heequat
ionf
(x)=0,
i.
e.f
(r)=0,
then(
x–r
)isaf
act
oroff
(x)
.
Conv
erseFact
orTheor
em.I
f(x–r
)isaf
act
oroff
(x)
,thenri
sar
ootoff
(x)
,orf
(r)=0.

Exampl
e:Const
ructt
hecubi
cequat
ionwhoser
oot
sar
egi
venas3,
-1,
and½.
ByFact
ort
heor
em,
ift
her
oot
sar
e3,
-1,
and½,
thent
hef
act
orsoft
heequat
ionar
e
(
x–3)
,(x+1)
,and(
x–½)
.Ther
efor
e,t
her
equi
redcubi
cequat
ioni
s
(
x–3)
(x+1)
(x–½)=0 or 2x3–5x2–4x+3=0

BI
NOMI
ALTHEOREM

Not
e:
1.Fi
rstt
erm oft
heexpansionisxnandl
astt
ermisyn
.
2.Thepowerofxdecreasesasthepowerofyincr
eases.
3.Thedegr
eeofeacht er
mi sn.

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 9
 4.Thenumberoft
ermsi
ntheexpansi
onisn+1.
*Coeff
ici
ent
soft
hethebi
nomi
alexpansi
onfor
mthePascalTr
iangl
e.

Exampl
e:
Fi
ndthe3r
dter
m oft
heexpansi 2a3–5b)
on( 4

n=4,
r=3 t
hen4(3)
(2a3)
2
(- 2
5b) = 6(
4)( a6b2 = 600a6b2
25)
2!

FACTORI
NGPOLYNOMI
ALS

Fact
oringapol
ynomi
alistheopposi
teprocessofmulti
plyi
ngpolynomi
als.Asi
mpl
erwayof
l
ookingatf
act
ori
ngpol
ynomial
isbytr
eat
ingi taspr
imef
actori
zat
ion.
6=2×3, or12=2×2×3.

Simpl
estCase:Remov ingCommonFact or
s
a(b+c)=ab+ac
Exampl
e: 2x2+4x
Noti
cethateacht er
m hasafact
orof2x,
sowecanr
ewr
it
eitas:
2
2x +4x=2x(x+2)

Dif
f er
enceofTwoSquar es
Ifyouseesomet hi
ngofthef orm a2-b2,y
oushouldremembert
heformula(
a+b)(a-b)=a2-b2
Exampl x2–4=(
e: x–2)(x+2)
Thisonlyhol
dsf oradif
ferenceoft wosquares.Ther
eisnowaytofact
orasum oftwosquar
es
2 2
suchasa +b i ntofact
orswi t
hreal number
s.

Tr
inomi
als(Quadr
atic)
Aquadr
ati
ctri
nomialhast
hef
orm ax2+bx+c.

I
fthecoef
fi
cientofx2i
s1,thenx2+bx+c=( x+m)(x+n)wherem andnmulti
plyt
ogi v
ecand
m andnaddtogiveb.
I
fnoint
egernandm satisf
ythesecondi
ti
ons,
wesaythatt
hepol
ynomial
isnotf
actorabl
e.

Fact
ori
ngbyGroupi
ng
2x(x+7)–3x–21
2x(x+7)+3(–x–7)
2x(x+7)–3(x+7)
(2x–3)(x+7)

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 10
FRACTI
ONS

Arati
onalexpressi
on,
orsi
mplyf
ract
ion,
isar
ati
ooft
woalgebr
aicexpr
essi
ons.
Afract
ionissaidtobeinsimpl
if
iedfor
mift
henumerat
oranddenominat
orhavenocommon
f
actorexcept±1.
ac=a;b≠0,c≠0
bc b

Ex: (x–y
)=1and (
x–y)=-
1
(
x–y) (y–x)

Mul
ti
ply
ingandDi
vi
dingFr
act
ions

a•c=ac wher
ebandd≠0
b d bd

a÷c=ad wher
ebandd≠0
b d bc

Ex: x2–1)÷(
( x+1)=(x2–1) =1
(
x–1) (
x-1)
(x+1)

Addi
ngandSubt
ract
ingFr
act
ions
a+b=(
a+b)
cc c

a+c=(ad+bc)
b d bd
Ex: 2x + 2 = 2x + 2 =2x–2 =2( x–1) =2
x–1 1–x x–1 - (x-1) x–1 x–1

Compl
exFr
act
ions

Acompl
exf
ract
ion i
saf
ract
ionwhosenumer
ator
,denomi
nat
or,
orbot
hcont
ainf
ract
ions.

Reduci
ngcomplexfract
ionst
olowestt
ermscanbedonebysi
mpl
i
fyi
ngt
henumer
atorand
denominat
orusi
ngLCDthenappl
y

a/b = a•d=ad wher

eb,
candd≠0
c/d b c bc
Exampl
e:
x–1 = x–1• 1 = 1
x x (x-
1)(
x+1) x(
x+1)
2
x–1

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 11
FRACTI
ONALEXPONENTSANDRADI
CALS

I
fm/
nisar
ati
onal
numberwi
thposi
ti
vei
ntegera,
then
am/n=n√am =(
n m
√a)

LawsonRadi
cal
s

n n
 (√a)=a ,a>0
 (√ab) = √an√b
n m n
,a,
b>0
n n n
 √(
a/b)= √a/√b ,a,
b>0
m n mn n m
 √(√a)= √a= √(√a)

Way
stoSi
mpl
if
yRadi
cal
s

1.Remov
eper
fectnt
hpower
s
2.Reducet
hei
ndext
othel
owestpossi
bleor
der
3.Rat
ional
i
zet
hedenomi
nat
oroft
her
adi
cand
*Somet
imes,
iti
smor
econv
eni
entt
ochanget
her
adi
candwi
thf
ract
ional
exponent
s.

Exampl
es:

6
64x12y
√( 18
26x12y
)=( 18
=2x2y
3

5 5 5 5
√(
-5/
32)=(√5)/(√-
32)=-√5/
2

EQUATI
ONS

Si
ngl
eVar i
abl
eEquati
ons
Anequat
ionisamathemat
ical
stat
ementdenot
ingequal
i
tybet
weent
woal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
ons.

Li
nearEquati
ons
Ali
nearequat
ioncanbewr
it
teni
nthef
orm ax+b=0.

Ot
herf
ormsofl
i
nearequat
ion
Ax+By+C=0 (
Gener
alFor
m)
Ax+By=C(
Gener
alFor
m)
x/
a+y
/b=1,wher
eai
sthex-
int
erceptandbi
sthey
-i
nter
cept
.(I
nter
ceptFor
m)

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 12
Rat
ionalEquat
ions
Rati
onalequat
ionsinvol
veatl
eastoner
ati
onal
ter
m whosenumer
atorordenomi
nat
ori
sa
poly
nomialexpressi
on.
Example:
(
x+3)
=(x+4)
(
x–2)(x–5)

Sol
uti
oncanst
artbymul
ti
ply
ingt
heLCDt
obot
hsi
desoft
heequat
ionORcr
oss-
mul
ti
ply
.
(
x+3)
(x–5)=(
x+4)
(x–2)
x2–5x+3x–15=x2–2x+4x–8
x2–2x–15=x2+2x–8
Combi
nel
i
ket
ermsandsi
mpl
i
fyt
heequat
iont
ogetx.
-
4x=7
x=-
7/4
Makesur
etoCHECKi
ftheobt
ainedsol
uti
onmakest
heor
igi
nal
equat
ionUNDEFI
NED.

Quadrat
icEquat
ions
Aquadrati
cequati
oncomesinthef
orm ofax2+bx+c=0.
Therootscanbesolv
edint
hreeways:

Fact
ori
ng
3x2=5+2x
3x2–2x+5=0
(x+1)(
3x–5)=0
x=- 1;x=5/
3

Compl
eti
ngt
heSquar
e

3x2+4x+4/ 3=0
x2+4x/3+4/9=0
2
x+4x/ 3+16/ 36=-
4/9+16/
36
2
(x+4/6)=( -
16+16)/36
2
√(x+4/6) =√0
x+4/6=0
x=-2/3

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 13
Quadr
ati
cFor
mul
a

Thedi
scriminantcandescr
ibet
henat
ureoft
hesol
uti
onofaquadr
ati
cequat
ion,
2
di
scr
iminant=b -4ac

o b2-4aci
saper
fectsquar
e≠0 t
wodi
sti
nctr
eal
sol
uti
ons
2
o b -4ac=0 oner
eal
sol
uti
on
2
o b -4ac>0 t
wodi
sti
ncti
rr
ati
onal
sol
uti
ons
2
o b -4ac<0 t
woi
magi
nar
ysol
uti
ons

Pr
oper
ti
esofRoot
s
Sum ofr
oot
s=-
b/a
Pr
oductofr
oot
s=c/a

I
NEQUALI
TIES
TwoKi
ndsofI
nequal
it
ies
1.Anabsol
utei
nequal
i
tyi
str
uef
oral
lreal
val
uesoft
hev
ari
abl
esi
nvol
ved.
a2>0 ( 2
a–b)>-
1 a2>0.
1
2.Acondi
ti
oni
nequal
i
tyi
str
ueonl
yforpar
ti
cul
arv
aluesoft
hev
ari
abl
einv
olv
ed.
x–1>1i
str
ueonl
ywhenx>2 √x>0i
str
uef
orx≥0
Tosol
veaninequal
ityi
nthesi
ngl
evar
iabl
exmeanst
ofi
ndt
hesol
uti
onsetort
hev
aluesofx
whi
chsat
isf
ytheinequal
it
y.

Thesenseofi
nequal
i
tyi
sREVERSEDi
fanegat
ivenumberi
sdi
vi
dedormul
ti
pli
edt
obot
hsi
des.

 I
fc>0,t
hen |x|
<ci
ff –c<x<c.
 I
fc<0,t
hen |
x|>ci
ff x<corx<–c.

Exampl
e:

Sol
ve|
x–2|
≤3.
|
x–2|
≤3 i
ff –3<|
x–2|<3 *
Addi
ng2t
obot
hsi
des
-
1<|x|<5

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 14
I
MAGI
NARYANDCOMPLEXNUMBERS

Thereisno realnumbert hatwhensquared r

esul
tsin anegat
ivenumber.Webegi
nthe
resol
uti
onoft
hisissuebydefi
ningt
hei
maginaryuni
t,i
,ast
hesquar
erootof−1.

Twot
hingst
oremember
: √–1=i and √ab=√a√b
Exampl
e: –√–98=–√(
98)
(-
1)=–√98√–1=√49√2√–1=7i
√2

Acomplexnumberist
hesum ofr
ealnumberandani
magi
nar
ynumberexpr
essedi
nthef
orma
+biwhereai
sthereal
par
tandbiist
heimaginar
ypar
t.
Ex: 2+3i

Oper
ati
onsonCompl
exNumber
s

Addi
ti
on/
Subt
ract
ion: (
2+3i
)+(
6–8i
)=2+6+3i
–8i=8–5i
2
Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion: (
1+i
)(
3–7i
)=3+3i
–7i
–7i=3–4i
+7=10–4i

FUNCTI
ONSANDRELATI
ONS
Ar
elat
ioni
sasetofi
nput
sandout
put
s,of
tenwr
it
tenasor
der
edpai
rs(
input
,out
put
).

Ty
pesofRel
ati
ons

One-
to-
one Many
-to-
one One-
to-
many

Af
unct
ioni
saspeci
alki
ndofr
elat
ioni
nwhi
cheachi
nputhasonl
yoneout
put
.
One-
to-
oneandmany
-to-
onear
etheonl
yrel
ati
onst
hatcanbecl
assi
fi
edasf
unct
ions.Usual
l
y
r
epr
esent
edbyt
heequat
iony=f
(x)wher
eyi
sthedependentv
ari eandxi
abl sthei
ndependent
v
ari
abl
e.
Domai
n— setofal
l
owabl
eval
uesf
orx
Range—setofcor
respondi
ngv
ali
esf
ory
.

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 15
VERTI
CALLI
NETEST
Agraphonthecoor
dinat
eplaner
epresent
syasaf
unct
ionofxi
fandonl
yifnov
ert
icall
ine
i
nter
sect
sthegr
aphatmor et
hanonepoint.

NOTFUNCTI
ON

LI
NEARFUNCTI
ON

Al
i
nearf
unct
ioncanbewr
it
teni
nthef
orm
f
(x)=mx+b
em andbar
wher efi
xednumber
s.

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 16
Poi
nt-
SlopeFor
mula
Theequati
onoft
hel
i
net
hrought
hepoi
nt(
x1,
y 1)wi
thsl
opem i
sgi
venby
y=mx+b
wher
e
b=y
1–mx1

Whent
oAppl
ythePoi
nt-
SlopeFor
mul
a
Applythepoint
-sl
opefor
mulatofi
ndt heequat
ionofal i
newhenev
eryouar
egiven
i
nformationaboutapointandtheslopeoftheline.Thefor
muladoesnotapplyi
fthesl
opei
s
undefi
ned(inthecaseofaver
ti
call
ine).

Example:
Theli
nethrough(
2,3)wi
thsl
ope4has =4and
b==y
1–mx1=3−(
4)(
2)=−5
Sot
heequat
ionoft
hel
i
nei
sy=4x–5.

Ver
ti
calLi
nes
Thepoint
-sl
opeformuladoesnotappl
ytover
ti
calli
nes,astheseli
neshav
eundef
ined
sl
ope.Forexample,t
hevert
ical
li
nethr
ough(2,−3)hasequationx=2.

Hor
izont
alLi
nes
Whentheslopeis0,thegraphoft
hel
i
nei
sahori
zont
all
i
ne.Forexampl
e,t
hehor
izont
all
i
ne
t
hrough(
5,6)hasequati
on
y=6

Par
all
elandPer
pendi
cul
arLi
nes
Par
all
ell
inesarel
inest
hatnevermeetnomat
terhowl
ongt
hel
i
nesar
eext
endedi
nbot
h
si
de.Par
allel
li
neshavethesameslope.

Equat
ionoft
hel
i
net
hatpassest
hrought
hepoint (
x0,
y0)andi
spar
all
elt
othel
i
ney=mx+b
is:
y−y
0=m (
x−x0)

Per
pendi
cul
arl
inesarel
inest
hatfor
msr i
ghtanglesatthei
rpoi
ntofint
ersect
ion.The
sl
opeofper
pendicul
arl
i
nesarenegati
vereci
procalofoneanot
her.

Equat
ionofthel
i
net
hatpassest
hroughthepoint (x0 ,y
0)andi
sper
pendi
cul
art
othel
i
ne
y=mx+bis:
y−y0=-1/
m( x−x0)

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 17
QUADRATI
CFUNCTI
ON

Aquadr
ati
cfunct
ionfi
saf
unct
ionoft
hef
orm
f
(x)=ax2+bx+c
wherea,bandcar er
ealnumbersanda≠zero.Thegr
aphofthequadr
ati
cfunct
ioni
scalleda
parabol
a,a"U"shapedcur
vethatmayopenupordowndependi
ngonthesi
gnofcoeff
ici
enta.
Examples:
f
(x)=−2x2+x−1
( )=x2+3x+2

Anyquadr
ati
cfunct
ioncanbewr
it
teni
nthest
andar
dfor
m
2
f
(x)=a(
x−ℎ)+k
wher
ehandkar
egi
veni
nter
msofcoef
fi
cient
sa,
bandc.
ℎ=−b/2a
b2/
k=c−( 4ac−b2)/4
4a)=(
Thepoi
nt(
ℎ, )gi
vest
hev
ert
exoft
hepar
abol
a.

I
NVERSEFUNCTI
ON
-1
Thei
nver
seoft
hef
unct
ionf
(x)i
sdenot
edbyf (x)
.Not
ethati
nver
sedoesnotmeanr
eci
procal
.
-1
Gi
venf
(x)
, t
hest epsf
orsol
vi
ngf (x)ar
easf
oll
ows:
1.Interchangexandy.
2.Solvef ory.

Exampl
e:
f
(x)=4–5x
y=4–5x => x=4–5y
y=(4–x)/5

EXPONENTSANDLOGARI
THMS

Def
ini
ti
onofLogar
it
hm
l
ogbN=x ifandonl
yif bx=N
(
b>0 and b≠1)

Exponent
ial m: 23=8
For Logar
it
hmi
cFor
m:l
og28=3
CommonLogari
thm –base10 *
usual
l
ynotwr
it
ten (
i.
e.l
og7=l
og107)
Nat
ural
Logar
ih–basee
t

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 18
 LawsofExponent
s LawsofLogar
it
hms

Exampl
es:

 l
og5125=x
53=5x,
thenx=3
 l
og6=l
og2(
3)=l
og2+l
og3
 l
og7/
5=l
og7–l
og5
 l og103=3l
og1000=l og10=3(
1)=3

Foranyr
eal
number
sx,
y,andb,b≠1,
if
bx=by,t
hen x=y
Sol
vi
ngl
ogar
it
hmi
cequat
ions

27x=9x–1=> 33x=32(x–1)=> 3x=2(

x–1)=> x=–2

l
ogx128–l
ogx4=5=> l
ogx(
128/ ogx32=5=> x5=32orx=2
4)=5=> l

l
og(
4x+2)
/(x–1)=10 => (
4x+2)
/(x–1)=10 => 4x+2=10–10orx=2

SEQUENCESANDSERI
ES

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 19
Ar
it
hmet
icSer
ies
Ifasequenceofv
aluesfoll
owsapat t
ernofaddi
ngafixedamountf
rom onet
ermtothenext,i
t
i
sr ef
erredtoasanar i
thmet i
csequence.Thef
ixedamountaddedtoeachtermisconstant
cal
ledthecommondi f
ference,d.

Exampl
e: 1,
8,15,
22,
29,
36,
… d=7

Tof
indanyt
erm ofanar
it
hmet
icsequence:

an=a1+(
n–1)d
wher
ea1 i
sthef
ir
stt
erm oft
hesequence,di
sthecommondi
ff
erence,ni
sthenumberoft
he
t
ermtof
ind.

Tof
indt
hesum ofacer
tai
nnumberoft
ermsofanar
it
hmet
icsequence:

Sn=½n(
a1–an)or
Sn=½n[
2a+(
n–1)d]
wher
eSni
sthesum ofnt
erms(
nthpar
ti
alsum)
,a1i
sthef
ir
stt
erm,
ani
sthent
hter
m.

Geomet
ri
cSer
ies
I
fasequenceofv al
uesf ol
l
owsapat ternofmul
ti
ply
ingafi
xedamount(
≠0)timeseacht
ermto
arr
iveatthef oll
owingt erm,itisreferr
edtoasageomet ri
csequence.Thefi
xednumber
multi
pli
edeachtimei sconstantcal
l
edt hecommonrati
o,r
.
Example: 2, 2/7,4/49,… r=1/7

Tof
indanyt
erm ofageomet
ri
csequence:
n-
1
an=a1·r
wher
ea1i
sthef
ir
stt
erm oft
hesequence,
rist
hecommonr
ati
o,ni
sthenumberoft
het
ermt
o
f
ind.

Tof
indt
hesum ofacer
tai
nnumberoft
ermsofageomet
ri
csequence:
n
Sn=a1(
1–r)/(
1–r
)
wher
eSni
sthesum ofnt
erms(
nthpar
ti
alsum)
,a1i
sthef
ir
stt
erm,
rist
hecommonr
ati
o.

Forani
nfi
nit
egeomet
ri
cser
ies,
thef
ormul
afort
hesum oft
ermsi
s

Sn=a1/(
1–r
)
Har
moni
cSer
ies

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 20
Aharmoni
cprogressi
onisasequenceofr
ealnumber
sfor
medbyt
aki
ngt
her
eci
procal
sofan
ar
it
hmeti
cprogr
ession.

Theharmoni
cseriesi
sanexampleofani
nfi
nit
eseri
esthatdoesnotconv
ergetoanyl
imit
.That
i
s,t
heparti
alsumsobtai
nedbyaddi
ngthesuccessi
vet
ermsgr owwit
houtli
mit
,or,
putanother
way,t
hesum tendstoi
nfi
nit
y.

SOLVI
NGWORDPROBLEMS

I
nsol
vi
ngwor
dpr
obl
ems,
thegener
alpr
ocedur
eisasf
oll
ows:

1.READt
hepr
obl
em.Det
ermi
net
hegi
venandwhati
stobef
ound.

2.REPRESENTt
heunknownwi
thav
ari
abl
eandev
ery
thi
ngel
sei
nter
msoft
hatv
ari
abl
e.

3.For
mul
atet
heRELATI
ONSHI
Pbet
weent
hequant
it
ies(
theequat
iont
obesol
ved)
.

4.Sol
vef
ort
heunknownbutDON'
TFORGETWHATI
SBEI
NGASKED.

NumberRel
ati
onPr
obl
ems

Ex: Thesum oft

wonumber
sis22.Thel
argernumberi
s4gr
eat
ert
hant
heot
her
.
Fi
ndthenumber
s.

Letxbet
hesmal
l
ernumberandt
hel
argernumberx+4.

x+(
x+4)=22 2x=18
2x+4=22 x=9

Ther
efor
e,t
henumber
sar
e9and13.

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 21
I
nvest
mentPr
obl
ems

Thesepr
obl
emsgener
all
yinv
olv
esi
nter
estondeposi
tedori
nvest
edmoney
.Makesur
eto
r
emembert
hef
ormul
afori
nter
est
:I=PRT=(
Pri
nci
pal
)(
Rat
e)(
Time)

Ex:Zoepl anstoi
nvestherPhp60,
000at5%and6%.Howmuchshoul
dshei
nvestat6%so
thathert
otali
nter
estperyeari
sPhp3200?

Letxbet
heamountt
obei
nvest
edat6%
0.
06x+0.
05(
60,
000–x)=3200
0.
06x+3000–0.
05x=3200
0.
01x=200
x=20,
000

Zoeshoul
dinv
estPhp20,
000at6%.

Mot
ionPr
obl
ems

Thef
ormul
ausedi
nthesepr
obl sD=
emsi RT/Di
stance=Rat
e×Ti
me

Ex:Acarl
eavesQCataspeedof50mi/
hr .Att
hesameti
meanothercarl
eav
esRizal
trav
ell
ing
40mi/
hri
nthesamehighway.I
fQCandRizalar
e45mil
esapar
t,howsoonwillt
hetwocars
meet
?

Rat
e Ti
me Di
stance
Carf
rom QC 40mph t 50t
Carf
rom Ri
zal 80mph t 40t

Letxbet
henumberofhour
sitt
akesf
ort
het
wocar
stomeet
.
50t+40t=45
90t=45
t=1/
2

Thet
wocar
swi
llmeeti
n30mi
ns.

Wor
kPr
obl
ems

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 22
Thegui
dingpr
inci
plei
nwor
kpr
obl
emsi
s

(
rat
eofwor
k)(
act
ualt
imet
ofi
nishwor
k)=amountofwor
kdone

Pr
obl
emsof
teni
nvol
vet
woormor
ewor
ker
swi
thdi
ff
erentr
atesofwor
k.I
nsuchcases,

Amountofwor
kdonebyA +Amountofwor
kdonebyA=Amountofwor
kdonet
oget
her

Ex: Acandoacertaintaski
n10days.Af
terhehasworked2days,Rhi
annoncametohel
phi
m
andtoget
hert
heyf
inishediti
n3days.I
nhowmanyday scanRhiannondotheworkal
one?

Ti
met
ofi
nishwor
k Wor
kdoneinoneday Ti
mespentwor
king
toget
her
A 10day
s 1/10 3days

Rhi
annon X 1/
x 3day
s

Wor
kdonebyAal
one+Wor
kdonet
oget
her=Compl
etej
ob
2(
1/10)+3(
1/10+1/
x)=1
2/
10+3/
10+3/
x=1
2x+3x+30=10x
30=5x
x=6

Rhi
annoncandot
hewor
kal
onei
n6day
s.

Mi
xtur
ePr
obl
ems

Thekeypoi
nti
nmi
xtur
epr
obl
emsi
seachmi
xtur
eint
ermsoft
hei
rcomponentpar
ts.

Ex: Howmuchwat ermustbeaddedt

o5gal
l
onsofa40%al
cohol
sol
uti
ont
oreducet
he
concent
rat
iont
o16%alcohol
?

0%al
cohol 40%al
cohol 16%al
cohol

100%wat
er 60%wat
er 84%al
cohol

xl
i
ter 5gal
l
ons 50+x

Thi
syi
eldst
woequat
ionsandi
tisi
mpor
tantt
oCHOOSETHESI
MPLERONE.So,
int
his

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 23
 case,
wechoosetheequati
onbasedonal
cohol
sol
uti
on:
0(
x)+0.4(
5)=(0.
16)(
5+x)
2=0.8+0.16x
1.
2=0.16x
x=7.
5

7.
5gal
lonofwat
ermustbeaddedt
oachi
eve16%al
coholsol
uti
on.

—END—

EXERCI
SES

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 24
 52•√9–3)÷(
1.( 7+8÷4)

2.4x–2y–5–2(
8x–7y
)–(
3x–4y–1)

3.Di
vde–2x2+3x3+6x–1by3x2+x+7.
i

4.Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi 64x3+27y
ng:( 6
16x2–24xy
)÷( 2 4
+9y)

5.Si
mpl
i
fy8√81x2y
46
z

6.Amani
nvest
s1/
3ofhi
scapi
tal
at3%andt
her
emai
nderat4%.Whati
shi
scapi
tal
ifhi
s
t
otal
incomei
sPhp44,
000?

7.Anaut
omobi
l
etr
avel
s200mi
l
esatt
hesamet
imet
hatat
ruckcant
rav
el150mi
l
es.I
fthe
aut
omobi
l
etr
avel
satar
ate15mi
l
esperhourf
ast
ert
hant
het
ruck,
findt
heav
erager
ateof
each.

2
8.Det
ermi
net
hev
alueofksucht
hat(
x–k)=3k+1hasequal
root
s.

9.Ev
aluat
e2l
og336–(
1/2)
(l
og381)–4l
og32.

10.Fi
ndS100f
ort
hear
it
hmet
icser
iesgi
vena1=3andd=3

ANSWERS

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 25
1.8

2.-
15x+16y–4
2
3.x–1+(
6/(
3x+x+7)
)

16x2–12xy
4.( 2 4
+9y)/( 22
4x–3y)

5. 4√9xy
23
z

6.Php1,
200,
000

7.Tr
uck:
45mph,
Aut
omobi
l
e:60mph

8.k=-
1/3

9.2

10.24,
850

Ref
erences

Concepci
on,
B.P.Jr
,et
.al
.Col
l
egeAl
gebr
aEdi
ti
on2012.YmasPubl
i
shi
ngHouse.
Mani
l
a.2009.

Sumo,CarmenT.,et
.al
.Mat
hfort
he21stCent
uryLear
ner
s.Pheoni
xPubl
i
shi
ngHouse,
I
nc.QuezonCi
ty.2015.

WTAMU.Col l
egeAlgebr
a.nd.3July2020.
<htt
ps:/
/www. wtamu.edu/
academic/
anns/
mps/
mat
h/mat
hlab/
col
_al
gebr
a/col
_al
g_t
ut37_sy
ndiv.
htm>

IPr
act
iceMath.RealNumber
.nd.4Jul
y2020.
<ht
tps:
//www.ipr
acti
cemat
h.com/l
ear
n/r
eal
number
>

CSUSM.Polynomi
als.nd.4July2020.
<ht
tps:
//www.
csusm. edu/
mathlab/
document
s/Speci
al%20Pol
ynomi
als.
pdf
>

Br
it
annica.Har
monicsequence.nd.10July2020.
<ht
tps:
//www.
bri
tanni
ca.com/science/
harmoni
c-sequence-
mat
hemat
ics>

Pr
epar
edby
:Janel
l
eD.Canoy 26