4/23/2011

Energy Management System

Evolution

Gerald B. Sheble, PhD, MBA

gsheble@quanta-technology.com
© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta Technology, LLC

Analog SC and AGC

• Supervisory Control
– Crews in field
– Telephone company analog select before operate
devices for breaker control
– Power line carrier
• AGC
– Analog controllers

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta

Page 2
Technology, LLC

1
 4/23/2011

SCADA/AGC – Digital (65-75)

• Vendors
– Autocon
– Leeds and Northrup
– GE
– ABB
• Common design
– Evolution of process control to remote location
– Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
– Dual redundant system with check to failover
© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta
Page 3
Technology, LLC

SCADA/AGC – Digital (68-72)

• Control Data Corporation
– Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
• All foreign vendors
– 16 bit words
– 64 kilobytes memory
– 250 kilobyte hard disk (platters)
– Dual redundant system with watchdog check to
failover

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta

Page 4
Technology, LLC

2
 4/23/2011

CDC Configuration 1700

Console

Console

Console

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta

Page 5
Technology, LLC

Birth of EMS
• System Control, Inc/Control Data Corporation
– Advanced applications beyond AGC
• Real –time
– State Estimator
– External State Estimator
– Contingency Screening
– Contingency Analysis
– Remedial Action (SCD/OPF)
• Study
– Dispatcher Power Flow
– Contingency Screening
– Contingency Analysis
– Remedial Action (SCD/OPF)

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta

Page 6
Technology, LLC

3
 4/23/2011

Algorithm Evolution
• State Estimator
– Nonlinear Weighted Least Squares Power Flow
Equations
– Line flow only (AEP)
– Voltage magnitude measurements
– Injection measurements (net injection)
– Zero injection measurements
– Transformer tap position (integer)
– Breakers (topology errors)
– Disconnects (topology errors)

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta

Page 7
Technology, LLC

Algorithm Evolution
• External State Estimator
– Power Flow (injections only)
– Nonlinear Weighted Least Squares Power Flow
Equations
– Voltage magnitude measurements
– Injection measurements (net injection)
– Zero injection measurements
– Transformer tap position (integer)

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta

Page 8
Technology, LLC

4
 4/23/2011

Algorithm Evolution
• Economic Dispatch
• Economy A Interchange
• Unit Commitment
• Economy B Interchange
• Transaction Evaluation

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta

Page 9
Technology, LLC

Major Hurdles
• Jointly owned units
• Jointly owned transmission lines
• Independent Power Producers
• De-regulation
• Market segmentation
– Day ahead
– Hourly balancing
– Demand following
© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta
Page 10
Technology, LLC

5
 4/23/2011

State Estimation
• Estimates the state of the system
– Voltage magnitude and angle
• Identifies bad data (measurements)
– Voltage magnitude
– Real power
– Reactive power
• Trends bias and error statistics
• Replace SCADA data with quality verified data
© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta
Page 11
Technology, LLC

Estimation Tuning I
• Transmission lines
– If measurements are calibrated then
• Line parameters are wrong
– If line parameters are wrong then
• Solution will not converge (solve)
– AEP and BPA did studies to correct line data
• Debs used same estimation algorithm to find line
parameters (IEEE paper, 1974)

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta

Page 12
Technology, LLC

6
 4/23/2011

Estimation Tuning II
• Transformers
– If measurements are calibrated then
• Tap or parameters are wrong
– If either parameters are wrong then
• Solution will not converge (solve)
– Fixed tap transformers may have tap on wrong
side (Wisconsin)

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta

Page 13
Technology, LLC

Estimation Tuning II
• CTs, PTs
– May be in another bus segment
– Often need to be calibrated
– Transducers may be wired incorrectly
• Dakota tie line to Montana at 69 kV was
reading in the reverse direction.
– Not a significant interchange for anyone to
suspect.
– Only a single interconnection reading site

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta

Page 14
Technology, LLC

7
 4/23/2011

SE Start Up
• Start at central substation
– Electric junction
– Swing bus
– Add transformers within substation
• Add neighboring substation
– Estimate solution across transmission line
– Add transformers within substation
• Continue until all substations are included
© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta
Page 15
Technology, LLC

SE Maintenance
• Maintain calibration of measurements
– Bias and bad data reports are starting point
– Equipment testing can be done when maintained
• Add equipment as system is expanded
– Addition is same as when SE is first started
• Add measurements as expansion occurs
– Phasor measurements are time sensitive
– Sampling ideally should be at same cycle.

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta

Page 16
Technology, LLC

8
 4/23/2011

SE Maintenance
• Maintain calibration of measurements
– Bias and bad data reports are starting point
– Equipment testing can be done when maintained
• Add equipment as system is expanded
– Addition is same as when SE is first started
• Add measurements as expansion occurs
– Phasor measurements are time sensitive
– Sampling ideally should be at same cycle.

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta

Page 17
Technology, LLC

External State Estimation

• Estimates the state of the external power system
– Voltage magnitude and angle
• No redundancy
– Injection data only (power flow)
• Real power
• Reactive power
– Voltage magnitude from internal state estimator
• Extends power system solution to non-
observable component
© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta
Page 18
Technology, LLC

9
 4/23/2011

Contingency Analysis
• Contingency Scenario Case (n-1)
– Single line outage for all lines
– Generation outage
– Demand outage
– Multiple line outages (right of way)

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta

Page 19
Technology, LLC

Common Architecture

Console

Console

Console

RTU RTU

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta

Page 20
Technology, LLC

10
 4/23/2011

Forecasted Architecture

Visualization

Traditional EMS

SCADA
Remedial PDAC
(DAC)
Action
System

PDC
RTU

PMD PMU RTU

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta
Page 21
Technology, LLC

Forecasted Architecture

Visualization

Traditional EMS

PDAC DAC

PDC
RTU

PMU PMU RTU

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta
Page 22
Technology, LLC

11
 4/23/2011

Forecasted Architecture
VMS
EMS

RAS PDAC

PDC

PMU PMU
© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta
Page 23
Technology, LLC

Forecasted Architecture
VMS
EMS

RAS PDAC

© 2011, All rights reserved, Quanta

Page 24
Technology, LLC

12