INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

OF TECHNOLOGY TWINTECH
(IUCTT)

ASSIGNMENT 02

Prepared for: Prof. Dr. Chandra Sekaran Muniratnam

Dean Twintech School of Business (TBS)
Course : Organization Behavior
Prepared By: Gulam Mahiuddin Murad
Student DBA TBS (IUCTT)
ID: IUC (SD)- 5/13 - 11382
Date: 04 April 2011

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 INDEX

i. Title Page P-1

ii. Title fly P-2
ii. Acknowledgement P-3
1. Answer to question no 1(a) P-4
Introduction P-4
Work Environment Affect P-4
Discussion P-6
Conclusion P-7
2. Answer to question no 1(b) P-8
Introduction P-8
The Four Dichotomies of the MBTI P-8
Distinguish between E & I Dichotomy P-9
Way of Measuring Personality by using MBTI P-10
Scoring P-12
Identifying the Factors determining personality P-12
3. References P-14

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 Acknowledgement

I am very much grateful to Prof. Dr. Chandra Sekaran Muniratnum, who is

our course Director and the Dean of Twintech School of Business (TBS),
for assigning the Assignment. By the 1st question of this assignment I have
got the opportunity to learn about the Ethical and Unethical Decision
Making Process in the context of Individual and Environmental Influences.
And by the 2nd question of this assignment now I can test the personality of
individuals by using MBTI.

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Question-1.
a) Unethical decision are more a function of an individual decision maker
and not the decision maker’s work environment. Discuss.
Answer
Introduction
“Ethical decisions are decisions that are both legally and morally accepted by
the larger community. Conversely, an unethical decision is either illegal or
morally unacceptable to the larger community (emphasis added, p. 367).”-
Jones’ (1991)

Hence, while some decisions may be considered unethical, they are not necessary illegal
and visa versa. It is important to make this distinction in such as computer environment,
because it is legal to copy from a web site that is not copyrighted, however, it may be
unethical to do so for a home work assignment. Furthermore, given the rapid changes in
technology, social norms and legality may not yet be well established or well
communicated; making it unclear whether a decision is unethical.

Moral intent and moral judgment are adopted from Rest’s (1986) ethical decision
making model. Rest’s identified four stages in the ethical decision-making process:
1) Recognize the moral issue (Does the situation have moral content?);
2) Make a moral judgment (Do you think the situation is ethical or unethical?);
3) Establish moral intent (What would you do in the situation?); and
4) Engage in moral behavior (The actual behavior).

Consistent with Rest’s definition, I referred to moral judgment as an 7 individual

decision on whether a situation is ethical or unethical. Moral intent is defined as what a
person says he or she would do in a given situation.

There is evidence that both individual differences (e.g., Machiavellianism, cognitive

moral development) and situational variables (e.g., organizational policy,
reinforcement) predict unethical behavior (Hegarty & Sims, 1978; Laczniak &
Inderrieden, 1987; Trevino & Youngblood, 1990).

Work Environment affect

In organizations, ethical decisions are made within a social context marked by hierarchy
(Darley, 2001). If a superior expresses a desire to make an unethical decision to a
subordinate, their relationship will influence the outcome (Milgram, 1974). According
to
Milgram, obedience to authority occurs when a subordinate feels that a superior has the
right to prescribe behavior because of his or her perceived legitimacy. Thus, it is
important to consider whether superiors will use their power to enact unethical decisions

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and whether subordinates feel that they should acquiesce. That means sometimes what
is Unethical for Individual is ethical for Organization.

Figure 1. Individual and Environmental Influences in Ethical Decision Making

From the above figure, it could be determine that Environmental Influences have much effect
on Individual Decision Making process, because from Ethical situation towards ethical
behavior the process is influenced by those of Individual Influence and Environmental
Influences.
Short Case Study as example of Work Environment Effect on UDM
Such as migrant people are not considered human being by some of local Malaysian,
millions of People from different countries are coming to Malaysia for different
purposes. Everybody is serving for Malaysia and for themselves also. But after a long
time stay 4 to 5 years (somebody staying 10-15 years) they got nothing (no reward)
from the government, No PR, NO IC, No Job opportunity, no business facilities even
though some of migrant people bears good moral and high educational background.
They think like Arab without being Arab. Not only this sometimes some of local
employer cheat with his worker and don’t want to pay salaries and if asking for salaries
they beat. This is an example of extreme UDM. This type of attitude practicing by some
of the local influence migrant people being dishonest and doing unethical work. In this
case, doing the right thing might be leads to the greatest financial, social, and personal
rewards in the long run.

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Discussion
Decision-making is about deliberately opting for one choice from two or more, proactively to
optimize a situation or outcome and not let it happen by default.
It is also about trying to minimize the element of chance or risk in life, by taking decisions and
actions that will influence the outcome in one’s favour.
Decision-making is:
• The selection of an option over others (which could include no action).
• Under conditions that are uncertain.
• Which exposes you to a risk.
• In order to reach a specified goal, objective or outcome.
There must be a choice and it must be taken proactively, otherwise it is merely an occurrence.
Without a solid moral foundation in which you ground your business, group or individual
dealings, you’re constructing a house on sand.
Unethical Decision Making (UDM) is a part of an individual’s life. People / Individuals family
environment is a fact to learn ethical Decision Making practice. People/ Individual learn from
mistakes, but sometime unethical manner developed inside Individuals guided him or to drives
to the wrong way. There are some Individuals found in the society that unethical things is seem
to ethical to them.Racial discrimination, inferior inflexibility, Jealousness to other, immorality,
Subversive activities, stealing nature, greediness, lack of self quality to achieve something good
are the ingredient of Unethical Decision Making process. Even though the individuals work
environment is well equipped and have a highly maintained compliance- it doesn’t matter.

The generally accepted notions of individual unethical practices are:

- Lack of self confidence.
- Jealous to others success.
- No moral education (Greediness, Stealing Nature, dishonesty, harmful act, lack of
Religious education – basically fearful to God).
- Accessibility of Non Halal things.
- Abuse of Internet access in University area by students.
- Revenge. (Lack of forgiveness power).

For business Individual unethical practices are:

- Greed to amass excessive profit.
- Unilaterally fixing exorbitant price looking to non-availability of competitors
(monopoly).
- Distortion of facts to mislead or confuse.
- Cheating the customers due to their innocence or ignorance.
- Extra charging customer with exorbitant fees.
- Selling inferior or coped products as the real thing (copyright infringed).
- Invasion of privacy and misused of trusts.
- Hi-jacking of confidential data for obtaining personal or professional gains.
- Lack of transparency and resistance to investigation.
- Fraudulent accounting practices.
- Unfair treatment of workers (Child labour, pro-longed working hours for the poor).
- Bribery.
- Sexual harassment.

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 - Racial discrimination.
- Lack of concern for the environment.
- Fast Decision Making. ( Lack of Time)
Conculation
Since unethical business practices do more harm than good to Individuals and Individuals
business, it is better to acknowledge the importance of ethical business decisions.
Unless Individuals are planning for a hit and run thing (which is unethical business practices
anyway), if Individuals wish to thrive long-term, you must adopt sound ethical business
decision-making practices.
Companies and business people who makes sound ethical business decision-making practices
will not only strive and out-run the competitors, but also create a healthy and wealthy
environment to the business stakeholders.
Companies and people who behave in a socially responsible manner are much more likely to
enjoy ultimate success than those whose actions are motivated solely by profits.
Knowing the difference between right and wrong and choosing what is right is the foundation
for ethical decision making.
In many cases, doing the right thing often leads to the greatest financial, social, and personal
rewards in the long run.
Even though businesses can often attain short-term gains by acting in an unethical fashion, such
behaviours tend to undermine the economy over time.
So, avoid unethical business practices, create values to the society, and add values to people’s
life in the right way.
“This is how wealth is produced in society: Individuals seek to meet their own needs by
meeting the needs and wants of others.” ~Steve Forbes.

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Question -1.
b) Myers-Briggs Type Indicators (MBTI) is to measure personality. How does it
typically measure personality and what factors determine personality?
Answer:
Introduction
The MBTI is one of the world’s most popular personality measures instrument. Based on the
work of psychologist Carl Jung, it captures the fundamental differences between people –
differences that may lie at the root of the misunderstandings and miscommunication we
experience every day.
Developed over 50 years ago by Katherine Briggs and Isabel Myers (Mother-Daughter), It
takes the form of a self-report questionnaire and helps people:
• explore their preferences for taking in information and making decisions
• identify where they prefer to focus their attention
• understand how they prefer to live their life
• clarify their preferred style of working and interacting with people.
The MBTI is used for a variety of purposes ranging from self-understanding and development
to team building, leadership development, coaching, education, career development,
organizational behavior, and group functioning psychotherapy with individuals and couples
relationship counseling and in multicultural settings.
It is essential to know and determine the factors inside personality measurement instrument. By
this we can identify anyone’s personality with the result of sensitivity in feelings, wideness in
thinking, ability to guess future and Strictness of judgment and can be able to advise better
solution. MBTI help us to:
• Provides a straightforward, affirmative path for personal development
• Offers a logical model of consistent human behaviour
• Emphasises the value of diversity
• Helps clarify the fit between people and their jobs
• Provides a way to improve communication
• Helps reduce conflict and stress by offering neutral language
• Gives ways to manages one’s self and develop interpersonal skills
• Provides insights for improving motivation
The Four Dichotomies of the MBTI
The four pairs of preferences or dichotomies are shown in Dichotomies
the table to the right. Extraversion (E) - (I) Introversion
Note that the terms used for each dichotomy have specific Sensing (S) - (N) Intuition
technical meanings relating to the MBTI which differ from Thinking (T) - (F) Feeling
their everyday usage. For example, people who prefer Judgment (J) - (P) Perception
judgment over perception are not necessarily more
judgmental or less perceptive. Nor does the MBTI instrument measure aptitude; it simply
indicates for one preference over another. Someone reporting a high score for extraversion over
introversion cannot be correctly described as more extraverted: they simply have a clear
preference.

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Distinguish between Extraversion and Introversion Dichotomy
The Extraversion–Introversion Dichotomy
(Attitudes or orientations of energy)
Extraversion (E) Introversion (I)
Directing energy mainly toward the Directing energy mainly toward
outer world of people and objects the inner world of experiences and ideas
The Sensing–Intuition Dichotomy
(Functions or processes of perception)
Sensing (S) Intuition (N)
Focusing mainly on what can be Focusing mainly on perceiving
perceived by the five senses patterns and interrelationships
The Thinking–Feeling Dichotomy
(Functions or processes of judgment)
Thinking (T) Feeling (F)
Basing conclusions on logical Basing conclusions on personal
analysis with a focus on objectivity or social values with a focus on
and detachment understanding and harmony
The Judging–Perceiving Dichotomy
(Attitudes or orientations to the outer world)
Judging (J) Perceiving (P)
Preferring the decisiveness and Preferring the flexibility and spontaneity
closure that results from dealing with that results from dealing with the outer
the outer world using one of the world using one of the perceiving
judging processes (T or F) processes (S or N)

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Way of Measuring Personality by using MBTI Type Test :
SL Question Ans SL Question Ans
1. At a party do you: 17. Writers should:
a. Interact with many, including a. “Say what they mean and mean what
strangers they say”
b. Interact with a few, known to you b. Express things more by use of analogy
2. Are you more: 18. Which appeals to you more:
a. Realistic than speculative a. Consistency of thought
b. Speculative than realistic b. Harmonious human relationships
3. Is it worse to: 19. Are you more comfortable in making:
a. Have your “head in the clouds” a. Logical judgments
b. Be “in a rut” b. Value judgments
4. Are you more impressed by: 20. Do you want things:
a. Principles a. Settled and decided
b. Emotions b. Unsettled and undecided
5. Are more drawn toward the: 21. Would you say you are more:
a. Convincing a. Serious and determined
b. Touching b. Easy-going
6. Do you prefer to work: 22. In phoning do you:
a. To deadlines a. Rarely question that it will all be said
b. Just “whenever” b. Rehearse what you’ll say
7. . Do you tend to choose: 23. Facts:
a. Rather carefully a. “Speak for themselves”
b. Somewhat impulsively b. Illustrate principles
8. At parties do you: 24. Are visionaries:
a. Stay late, with increasing energy a. somewhat annoying
b. Leave early with decreased energy b. rather fascinating
9. Are you more attracted to: 25. Are you more often:
a. Sensible people a. a cool-headed person
b. Imaginative people b. a warm-hearted person
10. Are you more interested in: 26. Is it worse to be:
a. What is actual a. unjust
b. What is possible b. merciless
11. In judging others are you more swayed 27. Should one usually let events occur:
by: a. by careful selection and choice
a. Laws than circumstances b. randomly and by chance
b. Circumstances than laws
12. In approaching others is your inclination 28. Do you feel better about:
to be somewhat: a. having purchased
a. Objective / b. Personal b. having the option to buy
13. Are you more: 29. In company do you:
a. Punctual / b. Leisurely a. initiate conversation
b. wait to be approached
14. Does it bother you more having things: 30. Common sense is:
a. Incomplete / b. Completed a. rarely questionable
b. frequently questionable
15. In your social groups do you: 31. Children often do not:
a. Keep abreast of other’s happenings a. make themselves useful enough
b. Get behind on the news b. exercise their fantasy enough
16. In doing ordinary things are you more 32. In making decisions do you feel
likely to: morecomfortable with:
a. Do it the usual way a. standards

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 b. Do it your own way b. feelings

SL Question Ans SL Question Ans

33. 33. Are you more: 49. Are you more comfortable:
a. firm than gentle a. after a decision
b. gentle than firm b. before a decision
34. 34. Which is more admirable: 50. 50. Do you:
a. the ability to organize and be a. speak easily and at length with
methodical strangers
b. the ability to adapt and make do b. find little to say to strangers
35. 35. Do you put more value on: 51. 51. Are you more likely to trust your:
a. infinite a. experience
b. open-minded b. hunch
36. 36. Does new and non-routine 52. 52. Do you feel:
interaction with others: a. more practical than ingenious
a. stimulate and energize you b. more ingenious than practical
b. tax your reserves
37. Are you more frequently: 53. 53. Which person is more to be
a. a practical sort of person complimented – one of:
b. a fanciful sort of person a. clear reason
b. strong feeling
38. Are you more likely to: 54. Are you inclined more to be:
a. see how others are useful a. fair-minded
b. see how others see b. sympathetic
39. Which is more satisfying: 55. 55. Is it preferable mostly to:
a. to discuss an issue thoroughly a. make sure things are arranged
b. to arrive at agreement on an issue b. just let things happen
40. Which rules you more: 56. In relationships should most things be:
a. your head a. re-negotiable
b. your heart b. random and circumstantial
41. Are you more comfortable with work 57. When the phone rings do you:
that is: a. hasten to get to it first
a. contracted / b. done on a casual basis b. hope someone else will answer
42. 42. Do you tend to look for: 58. 58. Do you prize more in yourself:
a. the orderly a. a strong sense of reality
b. whatever turns up b. a vivid imagination
43. 43. Do you prefer: 59. 59. Are you drawn more to:
a. many friends with brief contact a. fundamentals
b. a few friends with more lengthy b. overtones
contact
44. 44. Do you go more by: 60. 60. Which seems the greater error:
a. facts a. to be too passionate
b. principles b. to be too objective
45. 45. Are you more interested in: 61. 61. Do you see yourself as basically:
a. production and distribution a. hard-headed
b. design and research b. soft-hearted
46. 46. Which is more of a compliment: 62. Which situation appeals to you more:
a. “There is a very logical person.” a. the structured and scheduled
b. “There is a very sentimental person.” b. the unstructured and unscheduled
47. 47. Do you value in yourself more that 63. Are you a person that is more:
you are: a. routinized than whimsical
a. unwavering / b. devoted b. whimsical than routinized
48. 48. Do you more often prefer the 64. Are you more inclined to be:
a. final and unalterable statement a. easy to approach
b. tentative and preliminary statement b. somewhat reserved

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SL Question Ans SL Question Ans
65. In writings do you prefer: 68. Which is the greater fault:
a. the more literal a. being indiscriminate
b. the more figurative b. being critical
66. Is it harder for you to: 69. Do you prefer the:
a. identify with others a. planned event
b. utilize others b. unplanned event
67. Which do you wish more for yourself: 70. Do you tend to be more:
a. clarity of reason a. deliberate than spontaneous
b. strength of compassion b. spontaneous than deliberate

For determining the results have to follow the steps below:

1. Copy answers to this answer key carefully.
2. Count the number of checks in each of the A and B columns, and total at the bottom.
3. Copy the totals for Column 2 to the spaces below the totals for Column 3. Do the same for
Columns 4 and 6.
4. Add totals downwards to calculate totals.
5. Circle the letter with this highest score. This is the type.

Identifying the Factors determining personality:

The Four Dichotomies is the major instrument to locate the mesurement of personality factors.
According to Jung's typological model regards psychological type as similar to left or right
handedness: individuals are either born with, or develop, certain preferred ways of thinking and
acting. The MBTI sorts some of these psychological differences into four opposite pairs, or
dichotomies, with a resulting 16 possible psychological types (table 2). None of these types are
better or worse; however, Briggs and Myers theorized that individuals naturally prefer one
overall combination of type differences.

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In the same way that writing with the left hand is hard work for a right-hander, so people tend
to find using their opposite psychological preferences more difficult, even if they can become
more proficient (and therefore behaviorally flexible) with practice and development.
Table 2
Types Sensing Intuition (N)
Thinking Feeling Feeling Thinking
Introversion Judging ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ
Perceiving ISTP ISFP INFP INTP
Extraversion Judging ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ
Perceiving ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP
Combinations based on these four categories of type preferences result in 16 different
personality types as shown below.
Type Dynamic Name Tertiary Inferior
ISTJ Introverted Sensing with Feeling Extraverted Intuition
Extraverted Thinking
ISFJ Introverted Sensing with Thinking Extraverted Intuition
Extraverted Feeling
ESTP Extraverted Sensing with Feeling Introverted Intuition
Introverted Thinking
ESFP Extraverted Sensing with Thinking Introverted Intuition
Introverted Feeling
INTJ Introverted Intuition with Feeling Extraverted Sensing
Extraverted Thinking
INFJ Introverted Intuition with Thinking Extraverted Sensing
Extraverted Feeling
ENTP Extraverted Intuition with Feeling Introverted Sensing
Introverted Thinking
ENFP Extraverted Intuition with Thinking Introverted Sensing
Introverted Feeling
ISTP Introverted Thinking with Intuition Extraverted Feeling
Extraverted Sensing
INTP Introverted Thinking with Sensing Extraverted Feeling
Extraverted Intuition
ESTJ Extraverted Thinking with Intuition Introverted Feeling
Introverted Sensing
ENTJ Extraverted Thinking with Sensing Introverted Feeling
Introverted Intuition
ISFP Introverted Feeling with Intuition Extraverted Thinking
Extraverted Sensing
INFP Introverted Feeling with Sensing Extraverted Thinking
Extraverted Intuition
ESFJ Extraverted Feeling with Intuition Introverted Thinking
Introverted Sensing
ENFJ Extraverted Feeling with Sensing Introverted Thinking
Introverted Intuition

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