A Technical Paper Presentation

On

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

CH.V.N.S.SWATHI A.S.R.NEELIMA

ROLL NO: 08A21A1208 ROLL NO: 08A21A1213

III/IV B.TECH III/IV B.TECH

T.MAHA LAKSHMI

ROLL NO:08A21A1251

EMAIL:swathich91@gmail.com

Neelima.aki@@gmail.com

PH NO: 9440148621, 9908410699

Department of Information Technology

Swarnandhra College Of Engineering And Technology

Narasapur,W.G.(DT)

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ABSTRACT:
Artificial intelligence, area of computer science
focusing on creating machines that can
engage on behaviors that humans consider
intelligent The term was coined in 1956 by John
McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.This work introduces to various
branches of AI, its applications and its
advantages. Expert systems, an application of
AI describe how we can use it to solve real
practical problems. A Legal counseling system
(legal expert system) intends to provide
intelligent support to legal professionals. It is
an attempt to predict the most probable
outcome of a case according to statutory as well as
real world knowledge of the legal domain. This
paper contains a detailed discussion on artificial
intelligence-based case analysis of theft cases in a
real world perspective.
1. INTRODUCTION:
Artificial intelligence can be viewed from a
variety of perspectives:
From the perspective of intelligence:
‘Artificial intelligence’ is making machines
"intelligent" -- acting as we would expect people to
act.
From a research perspective:
‘Artificial intelligence’ is the study of how to
make computers do things which, at the moment,
people do better"
From a business perspective:
‘Artificial intelligence’ is a set of very powerful
tools, and methodologies for using those tools to
solve business problems. From a programming
perspective:
‘Artificial intelligence’ includes the study of
symbolic programming, problem solving, and
search.
2. VARIOUS BRANCHES OF
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:
1. Logical Artificial Intelligence: What a
program knows about the world in general the
facts of the specific situation in which it must
act and its goals are all represented by
sentences of some mathematical logical
language. The program decides what to do by
inferring that certain actions are appropriate
for achieving its goals.
2. Search: As programs examine large numbers
of possibilities as moves in a chess game or
inferences by a theorem proving program.
3. Pattern recognition: When a program makes
observations of some kind, it is often
programmed to compare what it sees with a
pattern. For example, a vision program may try
to match a pattern of eyes and nose in a scene
in order to find a face. Other patterns, example
natural language text, in chess position etc.
4. Representation: Facts about the world have to
be represented in some way.
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5. Inferences: From some facts others can be
inferred.
6. Common Sense Knowledge and Reasoning:
This is the area in which Artificial Intelligence is
farthest from human level. Example, the CYE
system contains a large but spotty collection of
common sense facts.
7. Learning from Experience:
The approach of Artificial Intelligence based on
connectionism and neural networks specialized in
that.
8. Planning: Planning programs start with general
facts about the world, facts about the particular
situation and the statement of a goal. From these
they generate a strategy for achieving the goal.
9. Epistemology: This is a study of the kinds of
knowledge that are required for solving problems
in the world.
10. Heuristics: A heuristic is a technique that
improves the efficiency of a search process, the
possibility by sacrificing the claims
completeness.
How does Artificial Intelligence
work?
 
Technology:
 
Over the past five decades, AI research has
mostly been focusing on solving specific
problems. Numerous solutions have been
devised and improved to do so efficiently and
reliably. This explains why the field of Artificial
Intelligence is split into many branches.
Some of the branches have been explained
below:
 Planning:
Planning programs start with general
facts about the world (especially facts about the
effects of actions), facts about the particular
situation and a statement of a goal. From these,
they generate a strategy for achieving the goal.
In the most common cases, the strategy is just
the sequence of actions.
 Pattern recognition:
The main focus in AI today is getting a
computer to recognize, make senses and
recreate in what it sees and hears.
The two major divisions of pattern
recognition are machine vision and
sound.
Pattern-Recognition-Vision:
It's goal is to get a computer to recognize
pictures so that it can recognize objects in its
of
surroundings that would be helpful in robotics.
Pattern-Recognition-Sound:
It wants to achieve a similar goal but is a
primary concern with companies that want to
produce a new means in which a person
interacts with a computer by talking.
Ontology:
Ontology is the study of what objects are and
what are they made of. It is the study of kinds
of things that exist. In AI, the programs and
sentences deal with various kinds of objects,
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and we study what these kinds are and what 2. 2. A robot must follow the instructions
their basic properties are. given to it by a human being without
violating Rule 1
3. 3. A robot must protect itself as long as
such protection does not violate Rules 1
Robotics:
and 2.
 

Artificial life:

Artificial life is a field of scientific study

that attempts to model living biological systems
through complex algorithms. Scientists use
these models to test and experiment with a
multitude of factors on the behaviour of the
systems.
       

                                                                                        Artificial life: From robot dreams to reality

                                                        It is a diverse field of research, but a common

Robotics is the study of how to design, build, theme is testing out the fundamental principles

use, and work with robots. Robots are of life by building detailed working models. One

mechanical devices that can move and react to of the most ambitious goals of artificial-life

sensory input giving them some degree of research is the construction of living systems

autonomous control. out of non-living parts.  Artificial life is a

blanket term used to refer to human attempts
Robots are widely used in the industrial sector
at setting up systems with lifelike properties all
performing high-precision jobs such as painting
biological organisms possess, such as self-
and wielding. They are used in laboratories for
reproduction, homeostasis, adaptability,
repetitive tasks in chemistry and biology, and in
mutational variation, optimization of external
situations, which would be dangerous for
states, and so on.
humans such as cleaning toxic waste or defusing
bombs. Epistemology:

Three laws of robotics: Epistemology is a study of knowledge

that are required for solving problems in the
1. A robot may not injure or harm a
world. 
human being or allow a human being to
come to harm.

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3. AI PROBLEMS:
 Formal Tasks (mathematics, games).
 Mundane tasks (perception, robotics,
natural language, common sense
reasoning).
 Expert tasks (financial analysis,
medical diagnostics, engineering,
scientific analysis, and other areas).
Natural language processing includes
understanding and generation, as well as other
4. APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL
tasks such as multilingual translation. By
INTELLIGENCE
combining understanding and generation
From airport tarmacs to online job banks to systems, it is possible to attack the problem of
medical labs, artificial intelligence is machine translation, by which we understand text
everywhere. Applications of Artificial written in one language and then generate it in
Intelligence have enhanced productivity in another language.
business, science, Engineering and Military.
5. EXPERT SYSTEMS:
1. Game playing: You can buy machines that can
Expert systems are meant to solve real
play master level chess for a few $100/-
problems which normally would require a
specialized human expert. In other words,
these are systems which provide expert quality
advice, diagnosis and recommendations given
real world problems.

2. Speech Recognition: It is possible to instruct

some computers using speech. Thus United
Airlines has replaced its keyboard tree for flight
information by a system using speech recognition One of the first expert system was Mycin in

of flight numbers and city names.
3. Understanding Natural Language:
1974 which diagnosed bacterial infections of
blood and suggested treatments. Expert
systems are constructed by obtaining the
knowledge from a human expert and coding it
into a form that a computer may apply to
similar problems. This reliance on the

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knowledge of a human domain expert for the
system's problem solving strategies is a major
feature of expert system.
6. PROPOSED LEGAL SYSTEMS:
The proposed system depicted in figure is a
legal counseling system that accepts the
current fact situation of the case from a legal
practitioner and interactively proceeds to
analyze the case based on statute and real
world information. Processing of a case in a
real world perspective demands interactive
case analysis. This system aims at predicting When the user interacts with the system, the
the most probable judgment. It has to process shell collects the case details through a
the following three types of legal information question-answering session. The shell used the
regarding a case. C-lattice instances to accommodate the details
(a) Technical information consists of of the real world information of the present

particulars of sections of the relevant act case. Evidence estimator & D-lattice filler gets

invoked in dealing with the case, i.e. the technical information of the present case from

ingredients and evidence level at which each the shell, and prepares the D-lattice instance

of the ingredients has been established. This representing the case in view of the relevant

information regarding a specific case can be section. Case strength evaluator evaluates the

represented as an instance of the section's corresponding D-lattice instance to measure the

decision lattice (D-lattice). strength of a given case in accordance with the

statute.
(b) Non-technical information or the real
world information of the case, such as the
details of how and why the crime was
The discretion module accommodates the
committed can be represented as instances of
experience-based real world knowledge of legal
the corresponding commonsense lattices (C-
professionals as non-technical heuristics.
lattice).
Credibility evaluator applies these heuristics on
(c) Formal general information regarding the
the C-lattice instances of the case to determine
sentential details of each section is represented
the credibility of the case. Decision maker
as a sentencing lattice (S-lattice) and it is of
suggests a decision on whether the accused has
static nature.
to be convicted or not based on the combined
effect of strength and credibility of the case.

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The judgment of a case includes the decision will be meted out to the accused in accordance
whether to convict or not as well as the with the sentential norms contained in the
sentence to be undergone by the accused if relevant S-lattice. According to the norms
necessary. If a decision to convict the accused is provided by the S-lattice and the severity of the
taken, the decision-maker enables the present case, sentencing will be made by the
sentencing module. Severity evaluator sentencing module.
processes the C-lattice instances of the present
case to get a severity measure of the crime
committed. Based on this measure, punishment

7. ADVANTAGES OF EXPERT b. Primacy effects (early information

SYSTEMS: dominates the judgment).
1. Permanence - Expert systems do not 5. Documentation - An expert system can
forget, but human experts may provide permanent documentation of the
2. Reproducibility - Many copies of an decision process
expert system can be made, but training new 6. Completeness - An expert system can
human experts is time-consuming and review all the transactions, a human expert
expensive can only review a sample
3. Efficiency - can increase throughput and 7. Timeliness - Fraud and/or errors can be
decrease personnel costs prevented. Information is available sooner
a. Although expert systems are expensive to for decision making.
build and maintain, they are  Future of AI Technology:
inexpensive to operate
 
b. Development and maintenance costs can
be spread over many users
c. The overall cost can be quite reasonable
when compared to expensive and scarce
human experts
4. Consistency - With expert systems
similar transactions handled in the same
way. The system will make comparable
recommendations for like situations.
Humans are influenced by
a. Recent effects (most recent information Artificial Intelligence and robotics are likely
having a disproportionate impact on to creep into our lives without us really
judgment) noticing. However, AI has spawned some

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useful applications like expert systems and
game AI, but the truly pervasive use of AI is
still to come as more research and improved
technology surfaces in the future. Here are a
few applied innovations that AI promises in
the future and the technologies behind them
CONCLUSION:
Computer-based legal systems have to progress
a long way to aid legal reasoning rather than
legal information retrieval. The existing legal
consultation systems are aimed at certain
specific civil cases and a few of these systems
attempt criminal cases. The distinctive features
of criminal cases as against civil cases are the
increased effectiveness of non-technical
matters in reaching the judgment. In this paper
a model of a judgment prediction system has
been proposed. This model aims at analyzing a
specific criminal case through technical as well
as non-technical perspectives and accordingly
suggests the judgment

REFERENCES

 Developments in Applied Artificial

Intelligence edited by Ali Moonis, Paul
Chung, Chris Hinde.
 Artificial Intelligence and Expert
Systems for Engineers
by C S Krishnamoorthy
 www.google.com
 www.howstuffworks.com