To whom it may concern!

SOME USEFUL ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

1 The twin-T Bridge

The twin-T bridge shown in Fig. 1 is frequently used as a feedback element in
selective amplifiers, oscillators and for many other purposes. It consists of two T-circuits
connected in parallel. The analysis of this circuit is best carried out by transforming both
T into equivalent Π-connection and connecting them parallel as shown in Fig. 2, where

Fig. 1
Z A = 2(R + jωCR ) , (1)

1 1
Z ′A = 2 – , (2)
jωC ω 2 C 2 R

1
Z B = Z B′ = Z C = Z C′ = R + , (3)
jωC

Fig. 2 Fig. 3

1
(such transfiguration will be analysed in the article "Delta-star transformation").
Adding the impedances in Fig. 2 in parallel we get a new circuit shown in Fig. 3,
where
1 + jωCR
Z ′A′ = 2 R , (4)
1 – ω 2C 2 R 2

1 1
Z B′′ = Z C′′ = R+ , (5)
2 j ωC

The complex transmission coefficient is

U out (ω ) Z C′′ 1 – ω 2C 2 R 2
K (ω ) = = = . (6)
U inp (ω ) Z ′A′ + Z C′′ 1 – ω 2 C 2 R 2 + j4ωCR

The absolute value of the transmission coefficient is given by

U out (ω ) Z C′′ 1 – ω 2C 2 R 2
K (ω ) = = = =
U inp (ω ) Z ′A′ + Z C′′
(1 – ω C R )
2 2 2 2
+ (4ωCR )
2

2
ω
1– (7)
ω0
= .
2
2 2
ω ω
1– + 4
ω0 ω0

Fig. 4
where ω0 = 1/(RC). If the resistors and capacitors in Fig. 1 are fixed, the output voltage
is dependent on the frequency of the input voltage. The dependence of Uout( ω/ ω0) is
shown in Fig. 4. We see, that there is a single frequency

2
 1
ω0 = , (8a)
RC
1
f0 = , (8b)
2 RC
at which the output voltage is zero. In the vicinity of this frequency the circuit behaves
itself as a resonant circuit with relatively high Q-factor. The circuit is particularly useful
at low frequencies, where the equivalent RLC-circuit request large values of L and C.
Another way to analyse the twin-T bridge is using the method of node voltages.

2 The bridged T
If we remove the capacitor 2C in the circuit of Fig. 1, we get a new selective
element, commonly called the bridged T-filter, shown in Fig. 5. The analysis similar to
this used in preceding case leads to an equivalent Π-connection (see Fig. 3), with

Fig. 5

R + jωC
Z ′A′ = 2 , (9)
1 – ω C 2 R 2 + jωCR
2

1
Z ′B′ = Z C′′ = R + , (10)
jωC

The complex transmission coefficient is

K (ω ) =
U out (ω )
=
Z C′′
=
(ωCR )4 + (ωCR )2 + 1 + j2ωCR (ωCR )2 – 1 = [ ]
U inp (ω ) Z ′A′ + Z C′′ (ωCR )4 + 7(ωCR )2 + 1
4 2 2
ω ω ω ω
+ + 1 + j2 –1 (11)
ω0 ω0 ω0 ω0
= 4 2
.
ω ω
+7 +1
ω0 ω0

3
where
1
ω0 = , (12)
RC
From the expression (11) is obvious, that the output voltage is real if ω = ω0 =
= 1/(RC), and at this frequency approaches minimum, which is

1
U out .min = U inp . (13)
3

The dependence Uout(ω/ ω0) is shown in Fig. 4 (dashed curve).

3 Delta-star transformation
The passive three terminal network consisting of three impedances ZA, ZB and ZC as
shown in Fig. 1a, is said to form a delta (∆) – connection. The passive three terminal
network consisting of three impedances Z1, Z2 and Z3 as shown in Fig. 1b, is said to
form a star (9) – connection. The two circuits are equivalent if their respective input,
output and transfer impedance are equal.

Fig. 1
Assuming open circuit conditions, we get from Figs. 1a, 1b:
Impedance Delta Star
Z B (Z A + ZC )
Z1− 2 = = Z1 + Z 2
Z
ZC (Z A + Z B )
Z 2 −3 = = Z2 + Z3
Z
Z A (Z B + ZC )
Z 3−1 = = Z1 + Z 3
Z
where

4
 Z = Z A + Z B + ZC .

Rearranging the above equations gives

Z A Z B Z B ZC
Z1 + Z 2 = + , (1)
Z Z
Z B ZC ZC Z A
Z2 + Z3 = + , (2)
Z Z

ZC Z A Z A Z B
Z 3 + Z1 = + . (3)
Z Z
Substracting Eq. (2) from Eq. (1)
Z A Z B ZC Z A
Z1 – Z 3 = – , (4)
Z Z
Adding Eq. (3) and Eq. (4) gives
Z AZB
Z1 = , (4)
Z
similarly
Z B ZC
Z2 = , (6)
Z
and
ZC Z A
Z3 = . (7)
Z
The reverse transformation of “star network” into “delta” is best carried out by using
impedances replaced by admittances, and short circuiting one pair of corresponding
terminals in each network at a time. Thus from Figs. 1a, 1b we get:

Short - circuited
terminals Delta Star
Y2 (Y3 + Y1 )
1− 3 Y1− 2 = Y B + YC =
Y
Y1 (Y2 + Y3 )
2−3 Y1−3 = Y A + YB =
Y
Y3 (Y1 + Y2 )
1− 2 Y 2 −3 = YC + Y A =
Y
where
Y = Y1 + Y2 + Y3 .

Solving for “delta” impedances:

Y3Y1
YA = , (8)
Y
YY
YB = 1 2 , (9)
Y

5
 Y2Y3
YC = , (10)
Y
in terms of impedances
Z 3 Z1
Z A = Z 3 + Z1 + , (11)
Z2
ZZ
Z B = Z1 + Z 2 + 1 2 , (12)
Z3
Z Z
ZC = Z2 + Z3 + 2 3 . (13)
Z1
A.T.