Magistra: Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu

Pendidikan
Volume 7 - Nomor 2, Juli 2020, (125-136)
Available online at http://ejournal.unmus.ac.id/index.php/magistra

Improving Students' Speaking Ability by Using Procedural Text

Ranta Butarbutar
Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan– Universitas Musamus
e-mail: ranta@unmus.ac.id

Angla Florensia Sauhenda

Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia,
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan - Universitas Musamus
e-mail: anglasau@unmus.ac.id
Received: 2nd Mey 2020; Revised: 10th July 2020; Accepted: 16th January 2021

Abstrak: Berbicara bahasa Inggris merupakan keterampilan yang harus dimiliki generasi muda dalam
revolusi industri 4.0 karena digunakan sebagai alat komunikasi dalam ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi.
Kemampuan berbicara siswa dapat ditingkatkan melalui berbagai media, seperti teks prosedural. Investigasi
penggunaan teks prosedural untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berbicara adalah tujuan utama dari penelitian ini.
Untuk memperoleh data digunakan tes yang dilakukan pada pratindakan, sedangkan observasi digunakan pada
saat aksi. Terakhir, hasil penelitian tindakan ini ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan siswa dengan komponen
berbicara; kefasihan, diksi, intonasi, dan struktur kalimat atau tata bahasa yang digunakan. Selain itu, penelitian
ini membuktikan bahwa keterampilan lisan dapat meningkatkan keterampilan teks tertulis, sebaliknya
keterampilan lisan dan tulisan dapat diintegrasikan.
Kata Kunci: peningkatan; berbicara; teks prosedural.

Abstract: Speaking English is a skill that should be having of young generation in the revolution
industry 4.0 due to its uses as a communication tool in science and technology. Students’ ability in speaking can
improve through various media, such as procedural text. Investigating using procedural text to improve speaking
ability is the main objectives of this study. To acquire data, it used a test done in the pre-action, while observation
used during the whilst-action. Finally, this action research indicated students’ improving with the speaking
components; fluency, diction, intonation, sentence structure, or grammar. The study implies integrating oral and
written skills can teach simultaneously. Also, combining procedural text with technology is the recommendation
for the future study.
Keywords: improving; speaking; procedural text.

How to Cite: Butarbutar, R., & Sauhenda, A.F. (2020). Improving Students' Speaking Ability by Using Procedural Text.
Magistra; Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, 7(2), 125-136.

to speak in public and make presentations and our

INTRODUCTION
Speaking is necessary for everyone; daily activities as social people. Because writing

whether we realize it or not, we can interact one alone is not strong enough to say so speaking is

to another by speaking or communication. We are essential need to express and can strengthen the

starting from the profession's demands to be able meaning of simple writing.

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 Magistra: Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, 7 (2), Juli 2020-126
Comparatively, speaking is the activity to
produce information which is done by a human
being. It also can be done in two ways of
communication; to ourselves and others.
Additionally, speaking defines as an oral
interaction that aims to deliver a message or
information. Furthermore, speaking also calls as
a skill rather than an ability as part of English
language skills. In line to be achieved speaking
skill needs more than regular practices. A person
who recognized has speaking skill or competence
identifies through fluency; clearly, the intended
message can be comprehended by others.
Pertaining the definition, function, and the
importance speaking, numerous students in
English Foreign Language (EFL) classroom.
Correspondingly, speaking English needs
to be taught and developed at the students in the
higher education such as Musamus University. In
case (Ngcobo, 2014); (Marca Wolfensberger,
2015);(Bizerril et al., 2018); (Ambrósio et al.,
2019); (Murotova et al., 2020); (Bruggeman et al.,
2021) declare communicative competence need
to develop in the college level. For this reason,
students at the university as the front liner growth
of education agents are expected to be a critical
thinker, innovator, problem solver, and agent of
good changing. In order to have good
communicative skills speaking ability is required.
However, students' speaking ability at Musamus
University is out of the expectation. Several
factors, such as 1) Conventional teaching
methods. It is undeniable that some lecturers
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taught students still using classic or monotonous
style; lecturing. The lecturing process flows as
usual lecturer comes to the classroom,
crosschecks the attendance list, and allows
students to present. At the first meeting, the
lecturer and students agreed with the lecturing
contract, divided them into some groups, and
gave each group topic. Furthermore, starting from
the second class meeting by student's group
presentation, question and answer session, and
the last one draw conclusion. This lecturing
method occurs until the of the semester.
However, this method is not adequate to improve
students' speaking ability, so this research comes
to order another way, procedural text as a solution
intensively. 2) The limitations of the book as a
learning tool. The availability of books as a
source of learning in this school is also a cause of
students' ability to speak less optimally. Students
only come with notebooks and stationery, while
the teacher only owns textbooks. So, when the
English teacher sometimes gets extra assignments
and can't give class lessons, sometimes the
teacher only gives assignments to do at home. But
what adds to the problem is that they don't have
books to read at home, which adds to the
increasingly complex issues. 3) Environment;
There are two environments that affect student
achievement, including the speaking ability. First
is the school environment, where they are getting
material. The second is the family environment.
Students as participants of this research come
from various family background environment.
 Magistra: Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, 7 (2), Juli 2020-127
On the other hand, there is no one student who
comes from familiar using English at their family.
Equally important, (Harmer, 2007)
contributed that speaking action in the classroom
is the simulation or role-play. This study
investigated students' speaking with a simulation
of procedural text given. In other words, written
text to improve orally. On the contrary, previous
research (Fisher & Frey, 2018) argue to develop
students' oral communication by reading and
writing skills. In the same fashion, (Ranta
Butarbutar, 2019) declared that productive skill
such as reading could be effectively enhanced by
WhatsApp application in the digital era.
Enormous method already conducted and
proven by few researchers to improve student’s
speaking ability such as (Al-Sobhi & Preece,
2018); (Namaziandost et al., 2018); (Rao, 2019);
(Diyora & Diloza, 2020). They clarify that
student’s speaking ability in the classroom is
crucial to develop by using various media i.e.
video, flashcards, storytelling, and integrating
with technology. However, the the study aiming
offers oral and written come together in the real
classroom.
This study's specific purpose is to
improve students' ability to speak English by
using procedural text media that are packaged in
the form of flashcards. This research is very
urgent to be implemented immediately because in
the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 such as the
current ability to communicate in English is
needed to compete in the international area.
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In accordance with (Harmer, 2008) states
teaching English for students can integrate four
skills by paying attention of student’s
characteristic in the classroom. Besides,
(Namaziandost et al., 2018) note that writing
process can affect student’s speaking developing.
They add writing and speaking as skill need for
communication to express meaning; writing for
written and speaking for oral. Pertaining to
correlation between speaking and writing as well,
the study conducted procedural text as a
contextual media to improve student’s ability. For
this reason, procedural text can help them by
construct procedure or stages to do something. In
addition, almost students as participants of the
study have ever done something with following
its procedures. As such, for daily routine for
preparing breakfast, making tea or operating
television. Apparently, while students are
preparing procedures in doing something
simultaneously they force to speak out. In other
words, procedural text can activate encouraging
to speak up.
However, teacher educators in the
classroom have a little bit recognizing that
procedural text effective use to encourage and
improve speaking ability. In case the study
suggests procedural text as a structured way to
build-up communicative skills. Another prior
study confirmed by (Ur, 1996) a conventional
strategy; student-centered learning sometimes
can accommodate large opportunities for drilling
speaking. She adds important thing to be
 Magistra: Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, 7 (2), Juli 2020-128
remember to help encourage student speaking is
relevant topics, interesting, and authentic
materials. As a consequence, procedural text
provides chance student to simulate of how to
make and how to operate something have been
prepared before (Aleksandrzak, 2011) and
(Malicka et al., 2019).
METHOD
This study aims to improve student's
speaking ability and conducted in two cycles.
While working on procedural text to improve,
students' speaking needs analysis to reflect the
actions planned and then revised in the next cycle.
Regarding student results, scores compared
between pre-action and post-action. Besides, for
making sure results comparison, researcher also
used an observation sheet to note of any students'
changing, so that no one data is missing out. All
in all, whole results analyzed utilizing a
qualitative descriptive and then displayed by
graphical chart to make it easy understand more
comprehensive. In order to collect data, the study
involved students at the higher education level,
department of English education, speaking course
exactly. Participants were thirty students
consisted of ten males and twenty females.
Research Procedures
Regarding student speaking
improvement, the researcher provided various
procedural texts. But before conduct real action,
they had to speak any topics as they interest. It
addressing to measure their first speaking ability.
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First, researcher provided short procedural
picture namely how to make a cup of coffee.
Therefore, researcher have participants to explain
based on the picture. Second, participants asked
for preparing procedural text entitled favorite
food and drinks. Third, in this stage participants
asked for preparing procedural text entitled
student’s local culture. Students feel free to
choose a topic refers to their local culture. And
forth, participants asked for preparing procedural
text entitled how to operate something such as
mobile application. Sum up, all data gathered
analyzed with descriptively, drawn conclusion
and displayed by chart.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Data finding research reveals improving
speaking students’ ability starting from pre-
action, cycle I, cycle II, and post-action. It
evidences from improving speaking in the
classroom needs unique principles, and this study
categorizes them into two points as follows:
Improving Speaking Ability Referring
Student’s Interest
(Thituyetanh, 2015) argues, to involve or
draw students' attention while learning, teachers
should use the experience to help them build
inspiration for the topic. She deeply confirmed
that student could not develop an idea in the
unreal world or imagination. Identically, this
study's research has the student shared
theiopinion, experience, knowledge, or family in
the unlimited topic. Speaking as productive skills
 Magistra: Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, 7 (2), Juli 2020-129

naturally occurred while they tried to speak up
their chosen subject by doing this principle. As a
matter of fact, in the first meeting or called pre-
action, five students categorized into good diction
and pronunciation, ten students categorized into
good intonation.
Similarly, newest study (Octaberlina &
Asrifan, 2021) confirm that students can develop
speaking ability empowered by many interesting
things such as humor. By reading humor text
student motivated, inspired, and have more
encourages to speak (Parmawati, 2018); (Ehsan et
al., 2019); (Amiryousefi, 2019); (Yang et al.,
2020); (Peterson et al., 2021). All in all, previous
study assert speaking ability can be encouraged
and motivated of students’ interesting in doing.
Based on their experience, student also foster
learning independently, boost self-esteem, and
self-learning awareness.
More detailed can be drawn following table:
As has been noted, table 1 shows strongly enough
to begin from draws pre-action to post-action;
there was an increase in students' results in each
speaking element. Firstly, they given the
opportunity to choose a free topic based on their
interests. It was aiming to see their speaking
ability purely without any media. Furthermore,
their ability showed increasingly due to the media
shown; procedural delivered. In the Whilst-
Activity, they have given various procedures to
make something randomly, the result show; three
students fluency explained with using diction
well. In light of (Harmer, 2007) emphasized in
teaching speaking skill in the classroom can be
playing role or simulation. This simulation means
they explained steps or procedures to refer to the
text provided. Similarly, (Hinkel, 2018) noted
developing students' English by integrated skills;
reading and speaking. Besides, whilst doing the
action, ten students categorized into average level

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with diction and intonation element. Data proved perspective, they knew how to make it but got a
that they had difficulties. problem to share due to vocabulary limitation.
Improving Speaking ability using Procedural Three of them got a problem with the
text ‘pronunciation’ element such as, “pour”, should
How is it implementing? Procedural text [pôr], “put” should [po͝ot], detailed as shows as
is a kind of text that informs procedures, steps, or the following figure:
how to make something. This study delivered Figure 1. Student’s speaking progress
three types of a procedural text. First, procedure
text close to daily routine; how to make coffee. In
Improving Speaking
this action, students showed a picture of a cup of
coffee. This picture aimed to stimuli their
cognitive for memorizing and reasoning what the
steps to make it while they were doing or even
their mother at home. Accordingly, the speaking
ability can improve by giving clues or instruction
closed to the student’s personality, natural thing,
and objectives as confirmed by (Kaniadewi et al.,
2017). Second, whilst the action, students, 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

allowed to choose the text of favorite foods and Intonation Pronunciation

drinks. Every student indeed has favorite foods Diction Sentence Structure

and drinks; it means they had tried it even if they

ever made it by themselves. Thus, students can
accomplish speaking well caused by having Integrating Writing and Speaking (Written

materials in their cognitive; information saved. and Oral)

Although it may be true, students used bilingual In line with the theory (Chuming et al.,

while they had limited vocabulary to express 2000); (Usó Juan & Martínez Flor, 2008);

ideas. Third, procedural text about student’s (Harmer, 2008); (Swain, 2011); (Weshah &

traditional food. Tomok, 2011) (Rajab, 2013); (Rao, 2019) state

Coupled with Post-Activity, student’ that in order to get better communicative ability

speaking ability gradually increased by reporting can be starting from writing text firstly. Based on

procedures to make something. For instance, in their result finding that train student to improve

the first action, the researcher has participants writing kinds of text is significant to improve

speak up “how to make a cup of coffee”. In their their speaking and vice versa.

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 Magistra: Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, 7 (2), Juli 2020-131
Another study come from (Brandl, 2008);
(Lasagabaster, 2008); (Anekjumnongporn, 2021)
asserts that by integrating reading, writing
mediated video can develop communication
ability. Hence, the study conducted procedural
text for written communication device. Also, time
used for explaining procedure sequences
apparently speaking ability constructs
simultaneously. Afterward, the study notes
participants’ pronunciation raises significantly in
post-action session (figure 1) due to preparing it
in written text previously. Gradually followed of
speaking elements; sentences structure,
intonation, and diction. In other words, speaking
ability can encourage by what they had read.
Similarly, (Wamnebo et al., 2018) assert
speaking ability can support by descriptive text.
Descriptive text allows student to describe many
things orally, and at that same time their speaking
is challenging. Sum up, written text both
descriptive and procedural text come together
help student ability orally. Supporting students
develop their speaking ability beside using
procedural text manually also can be mediated
technology video as initial study was conducted
by (Kaniadewi et al., 2017).
In order to get better speaking elements
such as, pronunciation, intonation, diction, and
sentence structure can improve stage by stage as
preparing its sequences as well. Moreover, the
way of speaking is easier and more adequately
whilst student emphasizes instructional ordering
numbers or sequences i.e. first, second, third, etc.,
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or finally. The speaking ability is seen more
interesting and challenging. In other words,
procedural text can be used by teacher as
speaking strategy. Interestingly procedural text is
more attract student’s attention whether integrate
with digital technology, allows auto-learning
(Usó Juan & Martínez Flor, 2008); (Razmjoo &
Ghasemi, 2011); (Pawlak, 2018); (Vihalemm et
al., 2019); (Hadley et al., 2020); (Fagan et al.,
2021); (Hadi et al., 2021). They agree teacher
educators can apply various strategies to mediate
student’s speaking ability from modest way up to
more complex method. Shortly, the study
declares get better as written text at the same time
get better speaking ability, but the more exercise
is needed. In advanced, procedural text is
effective to produce words and sentences in the
target language (Ur, 1996); (Aleksandrzak,
2011); (Harmer, 2007); (Harmer, 2007); (Malicka
et al., 2019).
CONCLUSION
Finally, this research confirms that
written procedural text can improve speaking
ability orally. Some empirically proven simply
procedural text chosen is the text related to
students' prior experience, favorites, or traditional
food and drink. Indeed, procedural text using
simple present tense that period is not too difficult
for them. Previously, (Kaniadewi et al., 2017)
investigate speaking student ability can improve
by reporting procedural text. Their experiment
emphasized when students saying steps or
 Magistra: Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, 7 (2), Juli 2020-132

making something, at that same time, speaking order to get better speaking ability, procedural
ability is encouraged simultaneously. text mediated by various technologies is a
The procedural texts chosen and used in recommendation for future study.
this study emphasized procedural text improved
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
student-written ability and orally. This study
My deepest gratitude addressed to the
implied that as an educator or everyone who
Rector and Head of LP2M University of
wants to improve speaking ability, not always
Musamus for their guidance and available
using the newest technology rather than simply,
suggestions. This project was fund by the
contextual, and locally. As a previous academic
Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher
(R Butarbutar et al., 2019) message to improve
Education, Republic of Indonesia, 2020
students' English interest, enrich vocabulary, and
(KEMRISTEKDIKTI).
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