Chs. 1, 8 and 18 Review Questions

Chapters 1, 8 and 18 Review for Final Exam
Name: __________________________ Date: _____________
___ 1. Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners
because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best
illustrates the ________ perspective.
A) social-cultural
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) evolutionary
E) psychodynamic
___ 2. Which perspective would be most relevant to understanding the role of spaced practice on
long-term memory of information.
A) psychodynamic
B) social-cultural
C) cognitive
D) behavior genetics
___ 3. The way the mind encodes, processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary
concern of the ________ perspective.
A) neuroscience
B) evolutionary
C) social-cultural
D) cognitive
___ 4. In order to describe the behavior of animals in their native habitats, researchers are most
likely to make use of:
A) survey research.
B) the double-blind procedure.
C) random assignment.
D) experimental methods.
E) naturalistic observation.
___ 5. Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which
high school grades predict college grades?
A) standard deviation
B) mean
C) median
D) correlation coefficient
E) range
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___ 6. To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group
of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. In order to reduce
the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the
other group, the researchers should make use of:
A) random assignment.
B) the double-blind procedure.
C) naturalistic observations.
D) operational definitions.
E) replication.
___ 7. Abdul has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin.
Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment
contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of:
A) naturalistic observation.
B) illusory correlation.
C) the double-blind procedure.
D) random sampling.
E) the false consensus effect.
___ 8. In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who
receive a placebo are participating in the ________ condition.
A) dependent variable
B) correlational
C) experimental
D) replication
E) control
___ 9. In order to provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific
treatment, experimenters make use of a(n):
A) dependent variable.
B) random sample.
C) independent variable.
D) control condition.
E) experimental condition.
___ 10. In an experimental study of the effects of dieting on weight loss, dieting would be the:
A) control condition.
B) independent variable.
C) operational definition.
D) dependent variable.
E) placebo.
___ 11. Well-done surveys measure attitudes in a representative subset, or ________, of an entire
group, or ________.
A) population; random sample
B) control group; experimental group
C) experimental group; control group
D) random sample; population
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___ 12. Two-year-old Philip was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat. Philip's newly developed
tendency to fear all small animals demonstrates the process of:
A) generalization.
B) latent learning.
C) shaping.
D) spontaneous recovery.
E) secondary reinforcement.
___ 13. Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment?
A) Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the
rate of operant responding.
B) Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments increase the
C) Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the
D) Negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; punishments
decrease the rate of operant responding.
E) Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments have no effect
on the rate of operant responding.
___ 14. You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to
the tone presented without an air puff is a(n):
A) UR.
B) US.
C) CR.
D) CS.
___ 15. In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) ________ stimulus; after
it was paired with meat, it became a(n) ________ stimulus.
A) conditioned; neutral
B) neutral; conditioned
C) conditioned; unconditioned
D) unconditioned; conditioned
___ 16. Classical conditioning experiments by Rescorla and Wagner demonstrate that an important
factor in conditioning is:
A) the subject's age.
B) the strength of the stimuli.
C) the predictability of an association.
D) the similarity of stimuli.
___ 17. You teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. This is an
example of:
A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) conditioned reinforcement.
D) partial reinforcement.
Page 3
___ 18. Operant conditioning is to ________ as classical conditioning is to ________.
A) Pavlov; Watson
B) Skinner; Bandura
C) Pavlov; Skinner
D) Skinner; Pavlov
___ 19. Learning by imitating others' behaviors is called ________ learning. The researcher best
known for studying this type of learning is ________.
A) secondary; Skinner
B) observational; Bandura
C) secondary; Pavlov
D) observational; Watson
___ 20. Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their:
A) heredity or their environment.
B) biological motives or their psychological motives.
C) thoughts or their emotions.
D) dispositions or their situations.
E) abilities or their effort.
___ 21. How does our explanation of strangers' behavior differ from that of our own behavior?
A) We explain strangers' behavior in terms of informational influence and our own behavior
in terms of normative influence.
B) We explain strangers' behavior in terms of situational constraints and our own behavior
in terms of personality traits.
C) We explain strangers' behavior in terms of environmental influences and our own
behavior in terms of hereditary influences.
D) We explain strangers' behavior in terms of normative influence and our own behavior in
terms of informational influence.
E) We explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in
terms of situational constraints.
___ 22. Social facilitation refers to the tendency to:

A) neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group.
B) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
C) experience an increasing attraction to novel stimuli as they become more familiar.
D) lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.
E) comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.
___ 23. University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were
pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope.
This best illustrates:
A) social loafing.
B) the chameleon effect.
C) group polarization.
D) social facilitation.
E) deindividuation.
Page 4
___ 24. Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a
mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of:
A) social facilitation.
B) the bystander effect.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) deindividuation.
E) ingroup bias.
___ 25. Prejudice is best defined as:

A) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.
B) a fearful suspicion of people one has never met.
C) the tendency to favor members of one's own group.
D) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
E) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate.
___ 26. After a year-long drought, the city of Pine Bluffs has banned all lawn sprinkling. Many
residents believe, however, that continued watering of their own lawn will have little effect
on total water reserves. Consequently, there is a disastrous drain on city water reserves
caused by widespread illegal sprinkling. This incident best illustrates the dynamics of:
A) ingroup bias.
B) social traps.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) the bystander effect.
E) the just-world phenomenon.
___ 27. The best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during the Kitty Genovese murder is that
they failed to:
A) experience any empathy for a stranger.
B) assume personal responsibility for helping the victim.
C) realize that the incident was really an emergency situation.
D) notice that the incident was taking place.
E) act on their empathetic feelings.
___ 28. Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how
social relationships are influenced by:
A) ingroup bias.
B) social traps.
C) group polarization.
D) superordinate goals.
E) the mere exposure effect.
___ 29. Based on findings from Milgram's obedience studies, participants would be less likely to
follow the experimenter's orders when:
A) they heard the “learner” cry out in pain.
B) they merely administered the test while someone else delivered the shocks.
C) the “learner” was an older person or mentioned having some physical problem.
D) they saw another subject disobey instructions.
Page 5
___ 30. The mere exposure effect demonstrates that:
A) familiarity breeds contempt.
B) opposites attract.
C) birds of a feather flock together.
D) familiarity breeds fondness.
___ 31. Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person having an
epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The
students' failure to help is best explained in terms of:
A) the ingroup bias.
B) a failure to interpret the incident as an emergency.
C) indifference and apathy.
D) their feelings of limited responsibility.
E) emergency preparedness.
___ 32. The presence of others does not always lead to social facilitation because:
A) an increasing familiarity with novel stimuli facilitates liking.
B) the loss of self-restraint often accompanies arousal and anonymity.
C) one's focus of attention shifts when playing the role of actor rather than observer.
D) arousal encourages performance of the most likely response.
E) group discussion enhances whatever attitude is initially dominant in the group.
___ 33. Increasing the number of people who are present during an emergency tends to:
A) increase the likelihood that people will cooperate in rendering assistance.
B) decrease the empathy that people feel for the victim.
C) increase the role that social norms governing helping will play.
D) decrease the likelihood that anyone will help.
Page 6
Answer Key
1. D
evolutionary
Origin: Prologue- Multiple Choice, 31
Level: Difficult
Page: 11
2. C
cognitive
Origin: Prologue- Web Quiz 1, 13
Page: 11–12
3. D
cognitive
Origin: Prologue- Study Guide, 30
Page: 11
4. E
naturalistic observation.
Origin: Chapter 1- Multiple Choice, 34
Level: Easy
Page: 29
5. D
correlation coefficient
Level: Easy
Page: 30
6. A
random assignment.
Level: Medium
Page: 37
7. C
the double-blind procedure.
Level: Difficult
Page: 37
8. E
control
Level: Medium
Page: 37
9. D
control condition.
Level: Medium
Page: 37
10. B
independent variable.
Origin: Chapter 1- Web Quiz 2, 11
Page: 38
Page 7
11. D
random sample; population
Origin: Chapter 1- Study Guide, 14
Page: 28
12. A
generalization.
Level: Medium
Page: 320
13. A
Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of
operant responding.
Level: Medium
Page: 329, 332
14. C
CR.
Origin: Chapter 8- Web Quiz 2, 3
Page: 317
15. B
neutral; conditioned
Page: 316-317
16. C
the predictability of an association.
Page: 321
17. A
operant conditioning.
Page: 326
18. D
Skinner; Pavlov
Page: 315, 327
19. B
observational; Bandura
Page: 341, 343
20. D
dispositions or their situations.
Level: Medium
Page: 724
21. E
We explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of
situational constraints.
Level: Medium
Page: 725
Page 8
22. B
perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
Level: Easy
Page: 738
23. A
social loafing.
Level: Easy
Page: 738-739
24. D
deindividuation.
Level: Medium
Page: 739
25. A
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.
Level: Easy
Page: 743
26. B
social traps.
Level: Medium
Page: 757
27. B
assume personal responsibility for helping the victim.
Level: Difficult
Page: 765
28. D
superordinate goals.
Level: Difficult
Page: 767
29. D
they saw another subject disobey instructions.
Page: 736
30. D
familiarity breeds fondness.
Page: 759
31. D
their feelings of limited responsibility.
Level: Medium
Page: 766
32. D
arousal encourages performance of the most likely response.
Page 9
Level: Easy
Page: 738
33. D
decrease the likelihood that anyone will help.
Page: 766
Page 10

Chs. 1, 8 and 18 Review Questions

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Chapters 1, 8 and 18 Review for Final Exam

Name: ______________ Date: _

___ 22. Social facilitation refers to the tendency to:

___ 25. Prejudice is best defined as:

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