4140 14003 1 PB
4140 14003 1 PB
1, June 2021
DOI : 10.18592/sjhp.v21i1.4140
Submit: 2020-11-26 | Revisions Required 2020-11-30 | Revisions Required 2020-12-14 |
Revisions Required 2021-03-22 | Accept Submission 2021-04-14
Yunanto
Master of Law Science, Faculty of Law, Diponegoro University
yun_yunanto@yahoo.com
Abstrak: Konsep bertransaksi dalam Ekonomi Islam disebut sebagai akad. Akad
adalah perikatan yang ditetapkan dengan ijab dan qabul berdasarkan ketentuan
syara’ yang berdampak pada objeknya. Semua perikatan atau transaksi yang
dilakukan oleh para pihak, dua pihak atau lebih tidak boleh menyimpang dan
sejalan dengan kehendak sya’riat. Tidak boleh ada kesepakatan untuk menipu
orang lain, tidak boleh bertransaksi yang mengandung unsur maisir, gharar, riba
dan bathil. Serta tidak boleh bertransaksi dengan barang atau harta yang
diharamkan, maal ghairu mutaqawwim. Dalam bertransaksi secara ekonomi Islam,
terdapat dalil Naqli dan Aqli. Dalil naqli dapat diartikan sebagai tanda bukti atau
petunjuk dari teks ayat Al-Quran, dalil tersebut kebenarannya merupakan mutlak
atau hakiki. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan
data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan dalil Aqli adalah dalil yang dapat
dinalar oleh akal fikiran. Dua dalil tersebut lahirlah dasar atau prinsip ekonomi
Islam yang tidak boleh menyimpang dari Al-Quran dan Al-Hadits. Hal tersebutlah
yang akan melahirkan asas-asas kebolehan dalam ekonomi Islam. Penelitian ini
akan membahas bagaimana fungsi dalil Naqli dan Aqli dalam Hukum Ekonomi
Islam, dan bagaimana penerapan Dalil Naqli dan Aqli dalam Hukum Positif
Berkenaan Dengan Hukum Akad (Perjanjian) Islam.
Kata Kunci: Akad, Ekonomi Islam, Dalil Naqli dan Aqli.
1 Meilanny Budiarti S, ‘Mengurai Konsep Dasar Manusia Sebagai 3 Ach. Yasin Clarashinta Canggih, Khusnul Fikriyah, ‘Potensi Dan
Individu Melalui Relasi Sosial Yang Dibangunnya’, in Prosiding Penelitian Realisasi Dana Zakat Indonesia’, Al-Uqud: Journal of Islamic Economics, 1.1
Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (Bandung: Universitas Padjajaran, 2017), (2017), 14–26.
pp. 104. 4 Itang Itang, ‘Dasar Hukum Ekonomi Islam’, ISLAMICONOMIC:
2 Folke Schmidt, ‘The International Contract Law in The Context of Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, 5.2 (2014), 1–13.
Some of Its Sources’, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 14.1 (2011),
31.
61 |Irena, Yunanto, Application of the Properties of Naqli and Aqli in…, pp. 59-67
5 Mustafa Edwin, Pengenalan Eksklusif Ekonomi Islam (Jakarta: 7 Syamsul Anwar, Hukum Perjanjian Syariah, Studi Tentang Teori
kencana Prenada media Group, 2010), pp. 34. Akad Dalam Fiqh Muamalat (Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2010) pp. 91.
6 Asmuni Mth, ‘Konsep Pembangunan Ekonomi Islam’, Al-Muwarid,
10.1 (2003), 130.
SYARIAH : Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran Volume 21, No.1, June 2021 | 62
arguments must always take precedence or secondary data on legal principles and
before aqli fight. One of the cases that case studies or applications to be referred
could be used as a reason for conducting to as literature law research.10 The
this research was the bad credit case analytical approach method used is
between a private Islamic bank in descriptive-analytical, which is a way of
Bandung and Sugihato, in which the judge analysis by describing the object of
also considered the naqli argument before research,11 then a conclusion is drawn to
the aqli argument.8 Departing from these answer the research problem.
problems then the research problems that
will be discussed in this research are: What
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
are the opinions of naqli and aqli in Islamic
1. The arguments of Naqli and Aqli
economic law? How is the application of
in Islamic Economic Law
these naqli and aqli arguments in today's
Naqli arguments are arguments
positive law?
derived from teachings derived directly
from the teachings of Allah SWT so that
METHOD the valid sources of Naqli's opinion are Al-
The approach method used in this
Quran, As-Sunnah, and Al-Hadith. Al-
research is the juridical-normative
Quran is the word of Allah SWT, which
approach, namely research that is
was conveyed by the Prophet Muhammad,
specialized in researching library materials
peacefully, through the angel Jibril. Al-
9
or secondary data. The juridical approach
Quran is the basis of the eternal and
refers to the prevailing laws and
original Islamic economic law. It is the
regulations. Simultaneously, the normative
source and the first reference for the
system that is meant is an approach that is
Islamic sya'riat because, in it, there are
carried out by examining library materials
8 Eko Sutriyanto, ‘Berkaca Pada Kasus Sugiharto, Sengketa Perbankan 10 Sabian Utsman, Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Progresif
Syariah Diadili Di Pengadilan Agama’, Tribunnews, 2020 (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2014) pp. 33.
<https://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2018/11/08/berkaca-pada-kasus- 11 Kornelius Benuf and Muhamad Azhar, ‘Metodologi Penelitian
sugiharto-sengketa-perbankan-syariah-diadili-di-pengadilan-agama>. Hukum Sebagai Instrumen Mengurai Permasalahan Hukum Kontemporer’,
9 Zainudin Ali, Metode Penelitian Hukum (Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, Gema Keadilan, 7.1 (2020), 25.
2009)pp.35.
63 |Irena, Yunanto, Application of the Properties of Naqli and Aqli in…, pp. 59-67
global rules and their details.12 This is 1. Sunnah functions to explain verses
stated in the QS. An-Nisa (4) verse (80). that are still mubham, detailing the
QS. An-Nisa states that the mujmal verses.
Qur'an explains the syara laws' as a whole 2. Sunnah adds to the obligations of
because the explanations as-Sunnah also syara 'whose main provisions have
come from the Al-Qur'an. The A-Qur'an been applied to the texts of the Al-
as the primary source for all Islamic law, Quran. Sunnah is to complete the
explains the basics of the law, such as basic provisions of the Al-Quran.
ordering humans to fulfill promises 3. Sunnah bring laws that have no
(commitments) and affirming the halal provisions in the text Al-Quran.
transaction of buying and selling and the As in the case of mu'amalat, Al-Quran
prohibition of usury transactions.13 commands to fulfill the contract
Furthermore, about naqli (commitment). In this case, Al-Quran only
argument, the source that must be used as specifies which contract (agreement) is
a guide is Sunnah. As-Sunnah is often lawful and which deal is haram; the rest of
referred to as Al-Hadith, which means the Sunnah functions to explain. So that it
everything that the Prophet Muhammad can be understood that the Quran and
(PBUH) relies on in the form of words, sunnah have a relationship between one
deeds, and takrir. Even if there are another, between the Quran and the
differences, it is hoped that these sunnah have a relationship, namely, if the
differences are not significant, while Al- Al-Quran functions to sort out what is
Hadith, is not only based on anything that halal and what is haram and then it is the
is based on the Prophet Muhammad, but sunnah that will explain why it is haram
also on the companions of the Prophet.14 and why it is halal.
As-Sunnah needs to understand its The source for the last naqli argument
position towards the Al-Quran; this can be is Ijtihad, Ijtihad is all abilities in all actions
formulated in 3 things15 : to approach sharia law by the naqli
12 Muhammad Abu Zahrah, Ushul Fiqh (Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus, 14 Hasbi as-Shiddieqy, Sejarah Dan Pengantar Ilmu Hadits (Jakarta:
1994) pp.22. Bulan Bintang, 1991)pp. 65.
13 Ahmad Hanafi, Pengantar Dan Sejarah Hukum Islam (Jakarta: 15 Qardhawi Yusuf, Ijtihad Dalam Syari’at Islam (Jakarta: Bulan
Bulan Bintang, 1986), pp.57. Bintang, 1987), pp. 53.
SYARIAH : Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran Volume 21, No.1, June 2021 | 64
16 Qardhawi Yusuf, pp. 19. 17 Wahab Afif, Tarikh Tasyri Islam (Serang: CV. Saudara, 2011),
pp.12.
65 |Irena, Yunanto, Application of the Properties of Naqli and Aqli in…, pp. 59-67
18 Hanifullah, ‘Membangun Sistem Ekonomi Umat Berbasis Syariah’, 21 Darius Mariam Badrulzaman, Jaminan-Jaminan Untuk Pemberian
Epistemé: Jurnal Pengembangan Ilmu Keislaman, 7.2 (2012), 267–292. Kredit Menurut Hukum Indonesia (Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 1991), 15.
19 Hugo Schutz, ‘Islamic Culture of Law’, The Journal of Islamic Law 22 Neni Sri Imaniyati, Asas Dan Jenis Akad Dalam Hukum Ekonomi
and Culture, 5.1 (2011), 34–54. Syariah: Implementasinya Pada Usaha Bank Syariah (Bandung: Universitas
20 Fathul Aziz, ‘Fiqh Ibadah Dan Fiqh Muamalah’, Jurnal IAIN Islam Bandung, 2011), 55.
Purwokerto, 7.2 (2019), 29.
SYARIAH : Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran Volume 21, No.1, June 2021 | 66
binding for all adherents. And this refers crystallization of general principles and is
to what has been done by the Apostle to manifested in taklifi legal provisions such
carry it out totally. Islamic Sharia, as halal, haram, obligatory, sunnah, and
according to the term means the laws permissible.23 Based on this, the Civil
ordered by Allah SWT for His people Code regulates the validity of an contract
brought by a Prophet, both those related about the obligations that must be fulfilled
to belief (aqidah) and those related to in an individual engagement with another
Aaliyah. Islamic Sharia, according to individual. This is held in Ps. 1320 Civil
language, means the path through which Code four things must be fulfilled to make
humanity leads to Allah Ta'ala. And it a contract valid, among others; There is an
turns out that Islam is not only a religion agreement for those who tie themselves
that teaches about how to worship only 1. The ability of the parties to make an
God. The existence of a rule or system of engagement
provisions of Allah SWT to regulate 2. A certain thing
human relations with Allah Ta'ala and 3. A cause (causa) or a legal cause.
human relations with each other. These An agreement can be said to be a legal
rules are rooted in all Islamic teachings, flaw when the deal is deemed non-
especially the Al-Quran and Hadith. Based existent, about the validity of the
on certain principles. By what was agreement, if there is no agreement, the
explained in the previous section, about agreement does not fulfill the objective
the level of norms described by Syamsul conditions of a contract, the legal
Anwar, then in the intermediate layers; consequence is that the agreement is null
Basic values or philosophical norms and void, and must be declared. back to its
General principles original state24, the agreement is invalid if
Concrete legal regulations the following things happen;
So it can be interpreted that a concrete The existence of coercion (dwaang),
legal rule is a concretization or namely the presence of unfair actions or
23 Ahmad Mahtum, ‘Intervensi Negara Dalam Ekonomi Islam’, Justice in a Partnership Agreement in the Framework of Implementing the
Pamakasan, 1.1 (2018), 44. National Fish Logistics System in Indonesia’, AACL Bioflux, 13.3 (2020),
24 Kornelius Benuf Ery Agus Priyono, Achmad Busro, Islamiyati, 1963.
Dharu Triasih, Novita Dewi Masyithoh, ‘The Application of the Principle of
67 |Irena, Yunanto, Application of the Properties of Naqli and Aqli in…, pp. 59-67
threats that hinder the freedom of will of obliged to be guided by or adjacent and
the parties involved in the contract. This based on the sharia taught by Allah SWT.
coercion is intended to make one of the The principles of the contract in
parties give up their rights free of charge. Islamic Economic law are the principle of
Fraud (bedrog) listed in Ps. 1328 Civil ibahah (mabda'al-ibhahah), the principle
Code that copy can be used as a reason for of freedom of contract (mabda 'huriyyah
the cancellation of an agreement. at ta'aqud) and the principle of
The existence of good faith (good faith) consesualism (mabda' ar-radha'iyyah), the
from one party and the other party in principle that the promise binds the
being attached to a contract is the basis for principle of balance. And the focus of
running the engagement legally and benefit and the direction of thrust, and the
adequately. However, if there are reasons last is the principle of justice. The
for a person, even his intention, to deny or crystallization of concrete legal guidelines
default on an agreement, then this can for Islamic law is contained in Ps. 1320
cancel the contract (voidable). Civil Code regarding the validity of an
agreement. The cancellation of a contract
CONCLUSION based on fraud or coercion is regulated in
Based on the above discussion, it can Art. 1328 Civil Code. An agreement must
be concluded that: The naqli and aqli be based on something lawful and not
arguments become standard guidelines for based on pressure. This is a form of
a Muslim in making contracts with one concretization of national law that is
another; the naqli idea is based on the adjacent to Islamic contract law.
necessary provisions of the Al-Quran and
Sunnah Meanwhile, ijtihad is implemented
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