BY
P.C.NARAYANA MURTHY E.MAHESH GOUD
III B.Tech. M.E. III B.Tech. M.E.
Email:pcn.murthy@gmail.com Email:maheshgoudgprec@gmail.com
Ph:95330 95660 Ph:9959929709
G.PULLA REDDY
ENGINEERING
COLLEGE(AUTONOMOUS), KURNOOL.
ABSTRACT
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CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1.ABSTRACT 3
2.INTRODUCTION 4
3. RESOURCE RECOVERY 7
4. PROCESSED SOLID WASTE COMBUSTION 8
a. REFUSED DERIVED FUEL - PROCESSES
b. REFUSED DERIVED FUEL - PREPARATION
c. REFUSED DERIVED FUEL - CLASSIFICATION
d. REFUSED DERIVED FUEL - CHARACTERSTICS
e. REFUSED DERIVED FUEL - HIGHLIGHTS
5.RDF PREPARATION 10
6.ADVANTAGES 11
7.DEVELOPMENT & FUTURE OF WTEE 12
8. CONCLUSION 13
9.REFERENCS 13
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ABSTRACT
Energy is the amount of force or power when applied can move one object from one
position to another or Energy defines the capacity of a system to do work. Energy exists
in everybody whether they are human beings or animals or non living things for eg: Jet,
Light, Machines etc
Similarly, energy from wind, geothermal, biomass from plants, tides can be used
this form of energy to another form. The use of these sources have not only
resulted in their depletion. But also increased the population. Hence there is a great
need for improving technology in the use of non-conventional sources of energy which
could greatly decrease the environmental needs and which would assure the future
needs particles to rural people at affordable rates.
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INTODUCTION
What is Energy?
Energy is the amount of force or power when applied can move one object from one
position to another or Energy defines the capacity of a system to do work. Energy exists in
everybody whether they are human beings or animals or non living things for eg: Jet, Light,
Machines etc..
Energy can have many forms: kinetic, potential, light, sound, gravitational, elastic,
electromagnetic or nuclear. According to the law of conservation of energy, any form of
energy can be converted into another form and the total energy will remain the same. For eg:
a laborer when pushes the pile of bags, his potential energy stored inside him is converted
into the kinetic energy from the movement of matter or when you burn the wood it's chemical
energy is converted into the heat energy or when you charge your mobile phone the electrical
energy is converted into the chemical energy which gets stored inside the battery's molecules.
The many different natural and renewable energy technologies highlighted throughout the
website are by no means breakthrough. Many of the renewable energy technologies have
been around for years, and as time goes by, are increasing in efficiency.
We human beings have been using vast proportions of earth's natural resources for our own
needs. We use energy for or heating and cooling, lighting, heating water and operating
appliances. Apart from that we use energy for many purposes, such as traveling in airplanes
and cars using oil that is converted into gasoline. The U.S. department of energy has divided
energy users into 3 category: Residential and Commercial, Industrial and Transportation.
Residential and commercial uses energy to light up their homes, for heating and cooling
purposes and to fulfill their daily basic needs. Industrial sector mainly consume energy for
lighting up of offices, running machines, for heating and cooling purposes. Transportation
sector uses energy for uploading and downloading of goods and services from one place to
another. Their mainly source of energy is oil on which transportation sector depends.
What are the sources of energy? energy are broadly classifies into two main groups:
1.Renewable or Non-conventional
2.Non-renewable or Conventional
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Renewable or Non-conventional energy
Renewable energy is energy which is generated from natural sources i.e. sun, wind, rain, tides
and can be generated again and again as and when required. They are available in plenty and
by far most the cleanest sources of energy available on this planet. For eg: Energy that we
receive from the sun can be used to generate electricity. Similarly, energy from wind,
geothermal, biomass from plants, tides can be used this form of energy to another form.
Here are some of the pros and cons of using renewable sources of energy:-
Pros
• The sun, wind, geothermal, ocean energy are available in the abundant quantity and
free to use.
• The non-renewable sources of energy that we are using are limited and are bound to
expire one day.
• Renewable sources have low carbon emissions, therefore they are considered as green
and environment friendly.
• Renewable helps in stimulating the economy and creating job opportunities. The
money that is used to build these plants can provide jobs to thousands to lakhs of
people.
• You don't have to rely on any third country for the supply of renewable sources as in
case of non-renewable sources.
• Renewable sources can cost less than consuming the local electrical supply. In the
long run, the prices of electricity are expected to soar since they are based on the
prices of crude oil, so renewable sources can cut your electricity bills.
• Various tax incentives in the form of tax waivers, credit deductions are available for
individuals and businesses who want to go green.
Cons
• It is not easy to set up a plant as the initial costs are quite steep.
• Solar energy can be used during the day time and not during night or rainy season.
• Geothermal energy which can be used to generate electricity has side effects too. It
can bring toxic chemicals beneath the earth surface onto the top and can create
environmental changes.
• Hydroelectric provide pure form of energy but building dams across the river which is
quite expensive can affect natural flow and affect wildlife.
• To use wind energy, you have to rely on strong winds therefore you have to choose
suitable site to operate them. Also, they can affect bird population as they are quite
high.
Non-renewable sources are not environmental friendly and can have serious affect on our
health. They are called non-renewable because they can be re-generated within a short span
of time. Non-renewable sources exist in the form of fossil fuels, natural gas, oil and coal.
Here are some of the pros and cons of using non-renewable sources of energy:-
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Pros
• Non-renewable sources are cheap and easy to use. You can easily fill up your car tank
and power your motor vehicle.
• You can use small amount of nuclear energy to produce large amount of power.
• Non-renewable have little or no competition at all. For eg: if you are driving a battery
driven car your battery gets discharged then you won't be able to charge it in the
middle if the road rather it is easy to find a gas pumping station.
• They are considered as cheap when converting from one type of energy to another.
Cons
.Non-renewable sources release toxic gases in the air when burnt which are the major
cause for global warming.
• Non-renewable sources will expire some day and we have to us our endangered
resources to create more non-renewable sources of energy.
• The speed at which such resources are being utilized can have serious environmental
changes.
Energy needs to be conserved to protect our environment from drastic changes, to save the
depleting resources for our future generations. The rate at which the energy is being produced
and consumed can damage our world in many ways. In other words, it helps us to save the
environment. We can reduce those impacts by consuming less energy. The cost of energy is
rising every year. It is important for us to realize how energy is useful to us and how can we
avoid it getting wasted.
To start saving energy is not a big thing at all. We can start saving the energy from our home
itself, just by turning off the lights during day hours, washing clothes in cold water or using
public transport instead of using our own vehicle and later can implement these things on
much wider scale at society level, then at city level then district level and finally at country
level. You might notice a small change in your monthly bills by implementing these changes
as they would be getting decreased more and more. With so many alternatives and so many
techniques about there, if millions of people like us start doing these things, it will help us to
save much more money and also help the environment.
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM WASTAGE
For the foreseeable future, the disposal of municipal and agriculture solid
waste will continue to be an increasing problem. This waste is either composed, land filled,
recycled or converted to some form of energy but we have another option called as Resource
Recovery. Recovering the energy from municipal and agricultural solid waste. And using this
energy for power production by Incineration and Biomethanisation. Under this resource
recovery we have three options for power production.
1. Unprocessed Solid Waste Combustion.
2. Processed Solid Waste Combustion.
3. Solid waste to liquid\gas convert ion
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PROCESSED SOLID WASTE COMBUSTION:
The WTEE technology identified in this subsection are refused derived fuel
which has been processed from MSW. Due to having improved combustion characteristics
and emition characteristics and easy preparation. We prefer this processed solid waste
combustion.
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LAY OUT
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REFUSED DERIVED FUEL-PREPARATION
Following are the unit operations of the process of refinement of MSW. These are Material
handling, size reduction, Drying, Cyclone separation.
STEP I
The picked MSW is then allowed into the premises of the plant over a sorting conveyor to
allow manual separation of unwanted material like stones, rubber glass etc and also a
magnetic separator for elimination of Iron objects.
STEP II
The manually sorted out MSW is then passed to a homonegeniser for segregating the MSW
over a screen, which will pass material to the Primary crusher.
STEP III
The screened MSW is fed to an impact or for disintegration of the MSW in to small
pieces .There is no limit on the input size. The moisture will be high. It may contain some
sand and silt, which may have some abrasion affect and corrosion affect.
STEP IV
A conveyor to the rotary then transports the discharge of Impact or to dryer for moisture
removal.
STEP V
The rotary dryer comprises of rotary dryer, feeding, hot air circulation in co current fashion
with a cyclone separator and blower and chimney for removal of fines.
STEP VI
The discharge of Rotary dryer will be dried MSW. This is fed to a screen to remove fines of
less than 5-mm size, which is primarily sand. This can be used as manure. Over 5 mm will be
fed to the air classification system..
STEP VII
The discharge from the secondary screen will be fed to AIR DENSITY SEPERATOR (ADS)
system in which the material is fed through a rotary air lock. The discharge from the rotary
lock is subjected to airflow in a zig -Zag construction, which is controllable, by dampeners.
Hot air from Hot air generator is also introduced here in addition to the rotary drier for
achieving higher dryness.
In this system the light combustible system (organic and combustibles) is segregated and the
heavier material (inert) falls by gravity.
The key factor for the separation is dryness of the feed. Highly wet input material will not
separate and loss of combustible fraction may occur. The rejects at the ADS will be non-
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combustible fraction. This fraction is conveyed and manual sorting is resorted to pick up
heavier fraction of combustibles like woody biomass, coconut shell, etc to return the same to
feed.
STEP VIII
The discharge from ADS (Combustible fraction) is further subjected to a secondary shredding
for finer disintegration of the refined, combustible fraction of the Processed MSW. The unit
also comprises a cyclone separator and a bag filter unit and a suction blower in closed circuit.
STEP IX
The discharge of the Secondary Crusher
cyclone is palletized through a pellet mill
POWER PRODUCTION :
The specific processed fuel (RDF) which produced from above process is used to fire in
specially design furnaces like Traveling grate furnace, Spreader stoker fired boiler, and
Suspension fired boiler and Fluidized bed combustor for production of steam. This steam can
be used to run Turbine which is mechanically coupled with Generator which produces
Electrical power.
RDF - CHARACTERSTICS:
Refused derived fuel has better emission and burning characteristics and it is a low cost
substitute for other fossil fuels like coal, gas. High sulphur content of oil and coal when burnt
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pollute the environment. There is no sulphur in RDF. RDF have a consistent quality have
high burning efficiency. Are ideally sized for complete combustion. Combustion is more
uniforms compared to coal and boiler response to changer in stream requirements is faster to
higher quality of volatile material.
RDF Characteristics
Ash Content - 2-10%
Moisture Content - 8%
Volatile Material - 75-80%
Sulphur Content - Nil
Calorific Value - 3,500 - 4,000 K.cal/Kg
Efficiency of Boiler :
Using Coal - 48%
Using RDF - 53%
ADVATAGES:
Comparing to coal and other fossil fuels. RDF has several activities and consistent
characteristics over other fuels.
1.RDF - CHEAP FUEL :
RDF is a low cost substitute for coal and other fossil fuels. It is cheaper than coal, lignite,
peat. It won’t cost that much as coal. It takes only transportation and processing cost, which
is, has less comparing to other fuels.
2.RDF-ECOFRENDLY
RDF has better emission characteristics than coal. In the process due to reduction of sand
and reduced moisture content it has improved calorific value. It won’t emit any harmful
gases, which cure global warming like CO2, CO and methane (C2H4).
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Due to less carbon content this avoids methane gas, which is produced due to decomposition
of waste.
3.RDF – ALLROUNDER :
RDF is not only used for power generators. It can be also used for burning in process plants
like Paper Mills, Alluminium Industries and other steam production purpose. This is most
economical to use instead of other furnace feedings.
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CONCLUSION :
With the above discussion we conclude that this WTEE technology is the better solution.
Being second largest population country the demand has drastically increased. And most of
our Indian villages still unelectrified. According to CPCB studies in India 70% of cities
won’t have sufficient facilities for transportation of MSW. By using this WTEE we can
avoid the MSW disposal problem and we can save a lot of money which is going to be
wasted for transporting to outer yards of cities and a lot of urban land which is wasted under
dump yards.
Not only in cities, this WTEE technology is also suitable for rural villages where Agricultural
and solid waste is abundant.
By preserving the Agricultural waste according to seasonal crops, we can light so many
villages which are not aware of electricity. If we implement this technology in rural areas we
wont need to wait upto 2012 for “MISSION-2012 POWER FOR ALL”.
REFERENCS:
1.Power Plant Engineering - BLACK & VEATCH
2.A TEXT BOOK OF ALTERNATE FUELES - E.P.Odum