Politeknik Kesehatan

Kemenkes Bandung

Air Pollution vs Coronavirus disease

(COVID-19) pandemic
”Blessing in disguise?”
Pecemaran Udara dalam Perspektif Kesehatan
Lingkungan
Dr. Nia Yuniarti Hasan, S.ST., M.T.
Kepala Unit Laboratorium Terpadu / Dosen
Jurusan Kesehatan Lingkungan

Disampaikan pada Webinar Jurusan Kesling Poltekkes Bandung: Upaya Pencegahan Covid-19 di Era Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru dalam Perspektif Kesehatan Lingkungan Tanggal 22 Juli 2020
 Sistematika:
1. Pendahuluan
2. Air Quality Index PM2,5 vs Coronavirus disease
(COVID-19) pandemic
3. Pollutant Ambient Concentration vs Coronavirus
disease (COVID-19) pandemic
4. COVID-19 virus is air borne disease?
5. Indoor Air Pollution vs Coronavirus disease
(COVID-19) pandemic
6. Simpulan

Disampaikan pada Webinar Jurusan Kesling Poltekkes Bandung: Upaya

Pencegahan Covid-19 di Era Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru dalam Perspektif Kesehatan
Lingkungan tanggal 22 Juli 2020
Pendahuluan
• Pencemaran Udara: masuknya atau dimasukannya
zat, energi, dan/atau komponen lain ke dalam udara
ambien oleh kegiatan manusia, sehingga mutu
udara ambien turun sampai ke tingkat tertentu yang
menyebabkan udara ambien tidak dapat
memenuhi fungsinya (PP No. 41/1999 tentang
Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara)
• Pencemar udara: gas dan partikulat
• Parameter: SO2, CO, NO2, O3, HC, PM10, PM2,5,
TSP dan Pb
• WHO: PM, O3, NO2 & SO2
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health
Sistem Pencemaran Udara:

Emisi Udara Dampak

Sumber: bergerak, tidak Udara lingkungan
bergerak Udara ruangan Manusia, ekologi

Pemantauan emisi Pemantauan ambien Analisis Risiko

Air Pollution – Silent Killer

Kualitas Udara ? (WHO): 7 juta kematian/thn
COVID-19 pandemic -PM ( 9/10 people breathe air
(WHO 9 Maret -O3 containing high levels of
pollutants.
2020):“lockdown”  -NO2
Outdoor (ambient) &
industri, transportasi -SO2 (household air pollution)

Pendahuluan
PM (Particulate matter)
• Indikator pencemaran udara
• Kompenen utama: SO2, NO3-, NH4+, NaCl, BC,
mineral debu dan air
• PM10 : partikel ≤ 10 μ
• PM2,5: partikel ≤ 2,5 μ
PM2,5: polutan dianggap
paling berbahaya bagi
kesehatan manusia
PM2.5 (mikroskopis) dapat
memasuki aliran darah
melalui sistem pernapasan
dan masuk ke seluruh tubuh.
Efek kesehatan: asma, kanker
paru-paru dan penyakit
jantung.

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health
https://www.iqair.com/id/world-most-polluted-cities
Air Quality Index (PM):

• AQI (Air Quality Index) atau Indeks Kualitas Udara: ukuran untuk menilai
pencemaran udara di suatu daerah atau negara
• Fokus: dampak kesehatan setelah beberapa jam hari setelah udara tercemar
• WAQI (sejak 2017) 100 negara, > 30,000 stations di 1000 major cities
Indonesia (US Consulate, stasiun BMKG di Indonesia)
https://waqi.info/ Akses : 20/7 08.53
Air Quality Index (AQI) ?

https://www.iqair.com/us/world-most-polluted-cities
 Global map of estimated PM2.5 exposure by
country/region in 2019 (before COVID-19 pandemic)

Indonesia (2019)  rata-rata konsentrasi PM2,5 : 51,7 (μg/m3) (posisi 5)

https://www.iqair.com/id/world-most-polluted-cities
AQI (PM2,5) during Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
pandemic

Penurunan: 9% – 60 % (London – Delhi)

https://www.iqair.com/us/blog/air-quality/report-impact-of-covid-19-on-global-air-quality-earth-day%3Futm_source%3Dhomepage_aql2
 AQI during Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
pandemic di Indonesia

2019

Air quality historical data PM2,5 in Jakarta Central (US Consulate) past 56 months daily average AQI 
Data review (Jan-Juni) 2019-2020  Kualitas udara di Jakarta:
Good – Moderate (0-100)  115 hari (> 2019 yaitu 103 hari )  meski jumlah hari sedikit selisihnya

https://aqicn.org/city/indonesia/jakarta/us-consulate/central/
Air quality in Jakarta (9 Juli 2020/new normal)

https://www.iqair.com/us/indonesia/jakarta
 https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/04/14/air-quality-in-jakarta-is-improving-for-now.html

BAGAIMANA DENGAN POLUTAN UDARA LAIN ??

 NO2 concentration in Wuhan during 2019 and 2020. Where NO2 emissions is reduced up to 30%
(NASA, 2020).
NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) is a highly reactive pollutant and emitted especially from the combustion of fossil fuels.
Traffic pollution is considered as the major source of NO 2 emissions.

NO2 emissions is reduced up to 20-30% in China, Spain, France, Italy and USA

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720323378
 Hasil penelitian lainnya:
Lokasi SO2 CO NO2 O3 Referensi

China (ambient ↓ 52,5% ↓ 36,2% ↓ 52,8% ↓ 3,6% Xu dkk,

concentration) 2020
Jan-March 2017-
2019
vs Feb 2020
India (ambient ↓ 28% ↓ 51% Jain dkk,
concentration) 2020
March-Apr 2019 vs
March-Apr 2020

It is clear that during the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control action
periods, the air quality near central China improved significantly.
Significant decline in all the pollutants in all the megacities India.

https://aaqr.org/articles/aaqr-20-04-oa-0139 dan https://aaqr.org/articles/aaqr-20-04-covid-0171

COVID-19 virus is airborne desease?

Virions (or "particles") of coronary viruses are spherical particles between 0.06 micron
and 0.14 micron in diameter, averaging about 0.125 micron, measured by electron
microscope (Zhu et al, 2020).

https://abcdust.net/how-large-is-a-corona-virus-virion-compared-to-the-mp10-2-5/
 COVID-19 virus is airborne desease?
• WHO (1st publish on 29 March
2020)
• According to current evidence,
COVID-19 virus is primarily
transmitted between people
through respiratory droplets
and contact routes. In an
analysis of 75,465 COVID-19 cases
in China, airborne transmission
was not reported.
• Airborne transmission is
different from droplet
transmission

https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-
recommendations#:~:text=According%20to%20current%20evidence%2C,transmission%20was%20not%20reported
https://www.who.int/docs/default- source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf
Mode transmisi SARS-CoV-2: implication for infection
prevention precautions (WHO 9 Juli 2020):
1. Contact and droplet transmission
2. Airborne transmission
3. Formite transmission
4. Other modes transmission

Airborne transmission of the virus can occur in health care settings where specific
medical procedures, called aerosol generating procedures, generate very small
droplets called aerosols. Some outbreak reports related to indoor crowded spaces
have suggested the possibility of aerosol transmission, combined with droplet
transmission, for example, during choir practice, in restaurants or in fitness classes.

https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-
implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations
Indoor air pollution vs Coronavirus disease
(COVID-19) pandemic
• Indoor air in homes &
COVID-19 (US EPA 16
Juli 2020)
• Increasing ventilation with
outside air
• Improving natural
ventilation
• Evaporative cooler
• Use your HVAC system
and consider upgrading
filters
• Use a portable air cleaner
if you have one

https://www.who.int/airpollution/infographics/en/
https://www.epa.gov/coronavirus/indoor-air-homes-and-coronavirus-covid-19
Future challenge:
• COVID-19 and air quality  poor air quality has
been linked to a higher percentage of severe
COVID-19 cases
• COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically reduced air
pollution in many areas, including sources and
downwind region
• Epidemiology
• Airborne aerosol distribution and Coronavirus
transmission
• etc
https://aaqr.org/
Simpulan: ”Blessing in disguise?”
• COVID-19 adalah pandemi global dan ancaman
serius bagi kesehatan manusia dan mempunyai
dampak terhadap sektor perekonomian, namun juga
dianggap sebagai “Blessing in Disguise” (Berkah
Terselubung) dimana polutan pencemaran udara di
beberapa negara di dunia mengalami penurunan
terutama pada saat pandemi
• Dampak positif ini terhadap lingkungan mungkin
bersifat sementara, pemerintah dan masyarakat
harus tetap mengurangi pencemaran udara jangka
pendek maupun jangka panjang.
Terimakasih