5. SEISMOLOGI (1)
What is seismology?
Seismology is the study of earthquakes and propagation of
elastic waves through the earth.
o Parameter Gempa
o Instrumentasi
Gempa Bumi
permukaan bumi
sumber perekam gempa
medium
Radius (km)
Gempa Bumi di Wilayah Indonesia
Agustus 2012 (magnitudo ≥ 4, ~ 110 gempa)
Gempa Bumi di Wilayah Indonesia
Januari - Agustus 2012 (magnitudo ≥ 4, ~ 1350 gempa)
Lokasi dan Sumber Gempa
• Zona subduksi, contoh: gempa-gempa di zona subduksi
Sunda, Banda, Filipina, dll.
• Zona tumbukan, contoh: gempa-gempa di zona tumbukan
Maluku, Papua, Himalaya, dll.
• Zona sesar, contoh: gempa-gempa di sesar San Andreas,
sesar Sumatera, sesar Palu-Koro, dll
• Daerah volkanik, contoh: gempa-gempa volkanik yang
disebabkan oleh aktivitas volkanik.
Major tectonic plates
Interaksi Lempeng-
lempeng Tektonik
Tipe-tipe Pensesaran
Parameter Gempa
• Lokasi Gempa
hiposenter : pusat gempa
episenter : proyek pusat gempa di permukaan
• Magnitudo dan Energi
kuantitas yang menyatakan kekuatan gempa
• Intensitas
kuantitas yang menyatakan tingkat kerusakan yg
diakibatkan gempa
Locating Earthquakes
• Since the velocity within the earth is knwon, the travel time as a
function of epicenter distance can be calculated
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Perumusan Magnitudo
A
M log10 f (, h) C Bath (1966)
T
Perioda
Ml Local magnitude (California) 0.1-1 sec
Mj JMA (Japan Meteo. Agency) 5-10 sec
mb Body wave magnitude 1-5 sec
Ms Surface wave magnitude 17 - 23 sec
Mw Moment magnitude > 200 sec
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Perumusan Magnitudo
22
Seismic Moment - Dimensi Sesar
Area
Slip
M 0 (t ) S u(t )
23
Area Sesar - Seismic Moment - Magnitudo
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Rupture Area Gempa Kobe 1995
Kobe 1995,
Mw = 6,9
Korban:
1944: 1223 Tonankai 1944,
1946: 1330 Mw = 8,1
1995: 6310
Nankai 1946,
Mw = 8,1
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The 2004 Sumatra earthquake
The giant 2004 Sumatra
earthquake ruptured
spanning a distance of 1500
km (900 miles).
Richter - Gutenberg:
Log E = 11,8 + 1,5 M
dimana Energi (E) dinyatakan dalam satuan erg.
Kanamori:
Energi = Moment / 20.000
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Richter TNT for Seismic Example
Magnitude Energy Yield (approximate)
Kanamori, 1977
Intensitas Gempa
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Intensitas Gempa
I2
I1 I3
I Barely felt
II Felt by only few people
III Felt noticeably, standing autos rock slightly
IV Felt by many, windows and walls creak
V Felt by nearly everyone, some dished and windows broken
VI Felt by all, damaged plaster and chimneys
VII Damage to poorly constructed buildings
VIII Collapse of poorly constructed buildings,
slight damage to well built structures
IX Considerable damage to well constructed buildings,
buildings shifted off foundations
X Damage to well built wooden structures, some masonry
buildings destroyed, train rails bent, landslides
XI Few masonry structure remain standing, bridges destroyed,
ground fissures
XII Damage total
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10 Skala Intensitas
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Peta Isoseismal
log N = A – b Ms
N = jumlah gempa
A = konstanta
b = besaran yang menyatakan perbanding gempa besar
dan kecil (b > gempa-gempa kecil sering terjadi)
Seismometer dan Seismogram
• Seismograf / Seismometer
Instrumen perekam getaran tanah
• Seismogram
Rekaman gempa : digunakan oleh seismologist untuk
mengkarakterisasi sumber gempa, medium
penjalaran, efek lokal, dll.
Seismogram
Gelombang Gempa
• Body waves (gelombang badan) : gelombang yang
merambat kedalam interior tubuh bumi
P-wave (gelombang P)
S-wave (gelombang S)
• Surface waves (gelombang permukaan) : gelombang yang
merambat di permukaan bumi
Rayleigh wave
Love wave
Seismic Waves