Uniqbu Journal of Social Sciences (UJSS)

Volume: 2 Nomor 1, April 2021 Halaman 62—68

HOAX LANGUAGE STYLE IN INDONESIAN SOCIAL MEDIA

(Gaya Bahasa Hoaks di Media Sosial Indonesia)

A. Yusdianti Tenriawali, Sumiaty, Hanapi, Ibnu Hajar, Nirwana. AR

a,c,d,e
Universitas Iqra Buru
Jl. Prof. Abd. Bassalamah, M.Si, Namlea, Indonesia
b
STAKN Toraja
Jalan Poros Makale Makassar KM.11, RW.5 Mengkendek, Kab. Tana Toraja,
Indonesia

Pos-el: a tenriawali@gmail.com
b
jho.nani76@gmail.com
c
hanapiuniqbu@gmail.com
d
ibnuhjr423@gmail.com
e
nirwana.arfin@gmail.com

(Diterima: 06 February; Direvisi 18 February; Disetujui: 02 March 2021)

Abstract
This study aims to determine the form of hoax language on social media. This study uses a qualitative
descriptive method designed to gather information about temporary situations. Sources of data used and
presented regarding hoax news are taken from links to the anti-hoax forum www.turnbackhoax.id and
www.hoaxbuster.id; virtual discussion forum from the page www.facebook.com/IndoHoaxBuster;
www.facebook.com/groups/FAFHH; as well as some screenshots from the author's personal collection. Data
collection techniques in this study used observation, documentation, and related previous research that
contained hoax elements. Data analysis in this study used qualitative analysis. The results showed that the
tendency of hoax language contained in social media was marked by: a) evocative titles, b) excessive use of
punctuation, c) imperative words, and d) non-standard language. These linguistic signs can be used as
parameters to detect information that is included in fact or fake news.
Keywords: Language, Hoax, Indonesian Social Media

Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk bahasa hoax di media sosial. Penelitian ini menggunakan
metode deskriptif kualitatif yang dirancang untuk mengumpulkan informasi tentang keadaan-keadaan yang
sementara berlangsung. Sumber data yang dimanfaatkan dan disajikan berkenaan dengan berita hoaks diambil
dari pranala forum anti-hoaks www.turnbackhoax.id dan www.hoaxbuster.id; forum diskusi virtual dari laman
www.facebook.com/IndoHoaxBuster ; www.facebook.com/groups/FAFHH ; serta beberapa hasil screenshot
koleksi pribadi penulis. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan observasi, dokumentasi,
dan penelitian terdahulu yang terkait yang mengandung unsur hoax. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini
menggunakan analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kecenderungan Bahasa hoaks yang terdapat
dalam media sosial ditandai dengan: a) judul yang bersifat evokatif, b) penggunaan tanda baca yang
berlebihan, c) kata imperatif, dan d) Bahasa yang tidak baku. Tanda-tanda kebahasaan yang tersebut dapat
dimanfaatkan sebagai parameter untuk mendeteksi sebuah informasi masuk ke dalam berita fakta atau berita
bohong.
Kata kunci: Bahasa, Hoax, Media Sosial Indonesia

62

(A. Yusdianti Tenriawali, Sumiaty, Hanapi, Ibnu Hajar, Nirwana. AR)
INTRODUCTION
Currently, in Indonesia, there is a growing
spread of fake news, known as hoaxes. The
incident of spreading hoax news is very
disturbing to the people in Indonesia,
because many parties feel disadvantaged by
this incident. Along with technological
developments, it is easier for people to get
any information from various social media
applications including Instagram, LINE, and
Whatsapp, but it is easier for irresponsible
parties to spread hoax news. As part of
information technology innovation, social
media provides a space for someone to
express opinions and voice their thoughts
that previously might never have been
expressed due to the limitations of the forum
for opinion. Social media has also become a
new space for expression for the world
community in recent years (Tenriawali dkk.,
2020).
Based on data obtained from various
websites, in 2016 internet users reached
132.7 million people in Indonesia, 40% of
which are active users of social media out of
256.2 million people in the total population
of Indonesia. This number increased by
51.8% from 2014, when only 88 million
people were connected to the internet or as
social media users. Based on the 2016
Brandwatch survey, social media facts and
statistics were obtained from 7.3 billion
people in the world as of July 2015, the
results were recorded "that as many as 3.7
billion internet users, as many as 2.3 billion
active social media users with an average
internet user having 5 social media accounts,
in 2016 social media users rose 176 million,
and every day there are 1 million mobile
social media users, which is equivalent to 12
people.
Indonesia is very vulnerable to being
affected by hoaxes because the number of
internet accesses will reach more than 50
percent in 2020 of the total population of
Indonesia. Kominfo data shows that
throughout 2020, there were 8,903 negative
content reports by the public originating
HOAX LANGUAGE STYLE IN INDONESIAN SOCIAL MEDIA
from Facebook and Instagram. The reported
negative content is in the form of hoaxes and
hates speech. When compared to 2019, the
number of negative content reporting from
Facebook and Instagram increased by
398.88 percent from the previous number in
2019, which was 2,232.
Research on the internet and hoaxes
has been carried out by many previous
researchers. In general, the results of
previous research indicate that social media
disseminate information quickly (Day,
2014). The ability to spread information
quickly on social media automatically makes
hoaxes spread very fast, causing certain
effects, such as internet users who tend to
find it difficult to distinguish correct and
incorrect information. The tendency of
people to only reading the main headings of
the text, can cause panic and chaos and is a
serious threat to democracy. In addition,
hoaxes have themes and forms which can be
simple and short narrative text (Ribeiro,
Moretto, & Ortellado, 2018).
The rapid development of information
and communication technology has
consequences that have an impact on
changes in the patterns of production and
consumption of information carried out by
the general public. Recently, the trend that
has occurred is that people have started to
switch from conventional media (print and
television media) to digital media in order to
obtain actual and factual information.
Information published through digital media
tends to be chosen because it does have a
higher access speed when compared to
conventional media (Farid, 2018).
Unfortunately, as a result of the speed of
access, the information that is circulated
often does not go through a clear editing and
verification process. As a result, people feel
in a daze of 'confusion' when news facts and
fake news are milling about so fast.
Symptoms refer to a phenomenon known as
culture shock. This surprise is marked by the
presence of anxiety that is felt by a person or
society when switching to a different
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cultural environment (in this context the
digital era) and the emergence of personal
disorientation towards new experiences in
utilizing technology. People who are usually
treated to information from conventional
media sources - which have gone through a
strict editorial process - encounter new
problems when everyone can produce
information and news which are then
disseminated through digital media. Truth
and lies mix together so that information
will appear vague, gray, and biased.
The exodus of news connoisseurs
towards digital media can redefine the
notion of mainstream media, which has been
dominated by conventional media. Because
in reality, digital media is now a new mecca
for information seekers. The occurrence of
this shift is evidenced by the increasing
number of television channels / programs
that adopt news from information published
through digital media. Not infrequently,
shows like On The Spot began to color each
television channel. In fact, several television
channels, whose programs are dominated by
news programs, display current events that
are currently viral or trending topics on
social media such as Twitter, YouTube, or
Facebook. No doubt, this opportunity is used
by people who are not responsible for
spreading fake news. Social media is a
promising market for hoax circulation (Shao
et al., 2018) to disturb the peace of society at
all levels, regardless of age, profession, or
even educational level.
Advances in information and
communication technology have also
accelerated widespread hoaxes. It is not
surprising that social media is the main
target because it is the application most
frequently accessed by internet users. The
public is treated to a lot of fake news pacing
the timelines on their personal social media
accounts. Because the titles are often
provocative, bombastic, and excited, as a
result users are hooked and easily share them
by sharing and broadcasting to other
accounts they are familiar with. This activity
64
is often not even preceded by clarification or
checking the correctness of the information,
a phenomenon known as Priyambodo (2013)
with the term clicking monkey. This is
testament to the culture shock that is
happening around us.
Efforts to reduce the spread of hoaxes
have actually begun, starting from media
verification and blocking of sites by the
Ministry of Communication and Information
and press verification, the birth of anti hoax
communities in various big cities, and
forums discussion, either virtual or face-to-
face. It seems that the only effective effort to
tackle the spread of hoaxes in Indonesia is
through literacy enhancement education, as
stated by Rudiantara, the Minister of
Communication and Information.
Intelligence in digesting and producing
information is the main thing that cannot be
denied in this digital era. This is why digital
literacy is part of the 21st century skills that
must be possessed by the world's population
which should be implemented into the
school curriculum as is the case in developed
countries (Tenriawali, 2018).
One form of increasing literacy can be
achieved by continuous education to the
public. With the increase in critical power
and sharper analysis, it is hoped that this can
become a provision for the community in
facing the massive information circulating.
In this context, language analysis can
contribute in detecting fake news, in addition
to analysis that is technological in nature.
The title, terrace, and part of the news
content produced by means of language can
in fact be used as a parameter to detect the
symptoms of a hoax news. This short article
describes the linguistic features that appear
with high frequency in several hoaxes,
ranging from punctuation, words, to the
narratives used in fake news.
Fake news or better known as hoax
(hoax; hocus pocus) is defined as lies that
are deliberately made to disguise the existing
truth (Zubagia et al, 2016). In Merriam
Webster, hoax is interpreted as an attempt to

(A. Yusdianti Tenriawali, Sumiaty, Hanapi, Ibnu Hajar, Nirwana. AR)
trick objects into believing or accepting
something that is wrong and does not make
sense. In online KBBI, hoax is defined as:
(1) untrue, lie (about news, messages, etc.);
(2) fake news (Bajelidze et al, 2011). In its
development, hoaxes can be interpreted as
fake news that is deliberately spread to seek
public excitement. Although according to
the percentage of political issues becoming
hot topics related to hoaxes, other issues
such as sara, food and drink, health, sad
news are also targets of fake news coverage.
Based on the above background, this
research will analyze the linguistic
phenomenon that is usually used in hoax
news on Indonesian social media.
RESEARCH METHOD
Research method is a comprehensive
method or strategy to find or obtain the
necessary data (Bin Tahir, 2017). This
research is descriptive, research that aims to
provide a description of a community or a
particular group of people or a description of
a symptom or a relationship between two or
more symptoms (Bin Tahir, 2020).
Descriptive method describes the nature of a
situation that is currently running at the time
of the study, and examines the causes of a
particular symptom (Emzir, 2010).
This study uses a qualitative
descriptive method designed to gather
information about temporary situations.
Qualitative descriptive research is a method
of examining the status of a group of people,
an object with the aim of making a
systematic, factual and accurate descriptive,
image or painting of the facts or phenomena
being investigated (Bin Tahir & Hanapi,
2017). Based on the theory of
phenomenology by Alfred Schutz, in The
Penomenology of Social World (1967), it is
argued that people actively interpret their
experiences by giving signs and meanings
about what they see. Furthermore, Schutz
explained that sensory experience actually
has no meaning. All that just exists, objects
are meaningful (Narbuko & Ahmadi, 2013).
HOAX LANGUAGE STYLE IN INDONESIAN SOCIAL MEDIA
The process of meaning begins with a
sensing process, a process of experience that
must be continuous. This stream of sense
experience, at first, was meaningless.
Meaning arises when connected to previous
experiences and through the process of
interacting with other people. Therefore,
there is an individual meaning, and there is
also a collective meaning about a
phenomenon (Saidna dkk, 2017). In this
study, researchers collected data including:
related previous research, reference books,
observation and news documentation
containing hoax elements.
Sources of data used and presented
regarding hoax news are taken from links to
the anti-hoax forum www.turnbackhoax.id
and www.hoaxbuster.id; virtual discussion
forum from the page
www.facebook.com/IndoHoaxBuster;
www.facebook.com/groups/FAFHH; as well
as some screenshots from the author's
personal collection. This source was chosen
because the news published had been
verified and tested whether the news was
true or not with other more reliable news
sources so that it was identified as hoax. The
discredited news is then documented,
classified, and analyzed based on the
similarity in its linguistic elements, from
punctuation, words, to narrative text using
markup reading techniques (Wael dkk,
2021).
Data analysis is the systematic process
of finding and organizing interview
transcriptions, field notes, about these
materials, and to enable you to present what
you have found to others (Emzir, 2010). In
this case the writer uses qualitative analysis,
meaning that the collected data is then
described in words, separated according to
inductive thinking patterns, namely looking
at facts and events in particular and then
generalizing to a general nature (Bin Tahir &
Rinantanti, 2016). The data analysis process
that the author uses in this study is after the
data is collected, then the data is selected
first, then the writer will process and analyze
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the research data so that it can be made an
objective decision by taking conclusions
based on existing facts and assembling them
into solutions to the problems in this study.
Title, terrace, and news content are the main
points of attention, especially the headline
because according to a growing
phenomenon, the silent majority often
spreads news because it is provoked by the
title without opening and reading the news
content as a whole. Finally, the
characteristics or characteristics of hoax
language can be mapped as a tool for
checking hoaxes or factual news.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From the findings, hoaxes are mostly
circulating on Facebook social media. News
distribution is often carried out by an unclear
account of the owner. This can be seen from
the name of the account concerned, which
usually does not use the real name; using an
alias that is often longer. The ease of
creating new accounts and the absence of
verification of personal data by service
providers are the reasons for the emergence
of fake accounts managed by irresponsible
people.
The perpetrators of hoax spreading can
actually be divided into two: (1) perpetrators
who deliberately spread hoaxes; (2) the
perpetrator who accidentally spreads hoaxes.
The number of perpetrators who accidentally
spread hoaxes can be reduced by increasing
literacy skills. Thus, it can turn into a smart
user (even able to clarify when hoaxes
appear) so that fake news can recede by
itself. The following shows the findings that
can be used as hoax detectors, especially
through language tools.
1. The title is evocative
The title should be the essence of the
news so that the contents of the news can be
known briefly through reading the title. This
is why, the title is made as attractive as
possible in order to attract readers' interest.
A good title does not lead to news bias, is
66
provocative, and has the potential to become
a problem. Most of what happens to hoaxes,
titles are created in order to attract the
reader's eye "eye-catching" so sometimes
add photos as illustrations to make the reader
more convincing. In this way, the reader's
opinion or view is directed to immediately
conclude 'jump to conclusion' without
having to read the complete news content.
Evocative titles are usually related to
issues that are currently being discussed. The
inducement titles are basically in contrast to
the titles published in the news from reliable
sources, for example Kompas, Koran
Tempo, Republika, Media Indonesia. The
headings on fake news are arranged in such
a way that they appear as a truth or fact that
has just been revealed. Unbalanced, partisan,
and containing elements of sedition
characterize a provocative title. As an
example is seen in the following screenshot:
The screenshot above is an example of
a hoax circulating in the community. The
hoax discourse above discusses the
government's plan to carry out a rapid test of
5000 ustadz in West Java. The government's
plan to carry out a rapid test on 5000 ustadz
is based on the government's concern about
ustadz and ulama who interact more
frequently with the community and the
discovery of many cases of santri exposed to
Covid-19, making the government take
preventive steps by conducting rapid tests on
ustad. However, much of the discourse
circulating in the community regarding the
government's plan to carry out a rapid test on
the ustad was not accompanied by an
adequate explanation of the government's
reasons for conducting the rapid test. As for

(A. Yusdianti Tenriawali, Sumiaty, Hanapi, Ibnu Hajar, Nirwana. AR)
the use of words and sentences Waspadalah‘,
‗‘lho kenapa hanya ustadz?‘, ‗kenapa nggak
semua tokoh agama‘, ‗ustads yang lurus bias
divonis positif corona‘, and ‗Modus
menghabisi Ustad‘ give a negative
impression on newsreaders.
2. Excessive use of punctuation
Good news reporters are equipped with
mature journalistic, language and
communication knowledge. Of course,
professional journalists uphold the principles
or code of ethics of journalism. A reliable
piece of news certainly goes through a
process of editing before it is declared fit for
publication and publication so that the
validity of the information is maintained,
including in typographical errors. Excessive
use of punctuation can be seen in the
following example: a) Skali lagi, pliiis !!!!
jangan katakan Kalimantan ndeso, katrok,
dan sekawanannya yg lain yaaa; b) Fasilitas
Karantina Untuk TKA Cina !! yang dekat
pantai putih Ancol boleh di cek di sini???
3. The word imperative
Fake news can be indicated by the
appearance of words that have an imperative
element, either in the form of orders or
prohibitions. Imperative verbs that often
appear are, for example, "share", "share",
"like", "spread"; and the words used to
express "amazement" such as "strange",
"excited", "waw", "geez" are commonly
used in fake news. A good news is certainly
not measured by the number of "likes" or
comments it gets. Words that are in the form
of commands as shown in the example:Dear
All… URGENT
Sebagai informasi dari bapak Dir-1… bahwa
3 hari kedepan diusahakn seluruh anggota
keluarga masing2 di rumah… untuk tidak
keluar rumah…
Karena dalam 3 hari kedepan arus angin dari
utara ke arah selatan yang membawa wabah
(penyakit) akan melewati Indonesia menuju
Australia…
HOAX LANGUAGE STYLE IN INDONESIAN SOCIAL MEDIA
4. Non standard language
Basically, hoaxes are not produced by
people who are competent in the field of
journalism, so the language used is far from
the prevailing linguistic rules. The language
used generally uses non-standard words, a
mixture of uppercase and lowercase letters
in several sentences, shortening some words,
and sentence structure that is not
grammatical. For example, a news title that
contains non-standard language can be seen
in: a) Akhirnya SEMAKIN MEM4NAS
JOKOWI TUNJUK RISMA GANTIKAN
ANIES !?.; b) Akhirnya T3RS3R3T
KORUPSI FORMULA E ANIES
T3RANCAM HUKUMAN SEUMUR
HIDUP.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the analysis
above, it can be seen that the tendency of
hoax language contained in social media is
marked by: a) evocative titles, b) excessive
use of punctuation, c) imperative words, and
d) non-standard language. The linguistic
signs that have been stated previously can be
used as a parameter to detect an information
entering into fact or fake news. The
accumulation of these elements in a news
item indicates that the bigger the news leads
to hoaxes. Although it is necessary to do a
more careful study using even larger data, at
least this brief description can be used as a
checklist for the validity of a story.
Therefore, digital media literacy is an
important thing to promote. Increasing
digital media literacy should be one of the
important agendas in Indonesia's human
development. The goal is that people can be
wiser in consuming and producing
information in the digital world. When
literacy levels increase, a society that is
more civilized, polite and useful will
inevitably be created.
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