Lecture Plan
• Agitation and Mixing
– Introduction
– Applications
– Agitated Vessels
– Impellers
• Propeller
• Turbines
• High efficiency impellers
• Anchor Agitator
• Helical and Ribbon type impellers
Dr. Ashish M Gujarathi
© ASHISH GUJARATHI, BITS PILANI
BITS Pilani
Lecture Plan
• Agitation and Mixing
– Turbine Design
– Flow Patterns
– Vortex formation and Prevention
Dr. Ashish M Gujarathi
© ASHISH GUJARATHI, BITS PILANI
BITS Pilani
Agitation Equipments
• Agitation Equipments
– Gas Sparger, Jet Mixer, Bubble Column
• Mixing of gas with liquid
– Agitator, Centrifugal pump
• Agitation of Liquid with Liquid
– Double cone mixer or concrete mixer , Screw
Conveyer
• Mixing of solids with solid
– Colloid Mills, Mixing rolls, Pan mixer or putty
chasers for clay mixing
• Mixing of solids with liquids
Dr. Ashish M Gujarathi
© ASHISH GUJARATHI, BITS PILANI
BITS Pilani
Selection of Agitator
• Impeller Agitator
– Axial Flow impeller (a)
Those that generate
currents parallel with
the axis of the
impeller shaft
– Radial flow impeller (b)
Those that generate
currents in a radial (a) (b)
or tangential direction
Dr. Ashish M Gujarathi
© ASHISH GUJARATHI, BITS PILANI
BITS Pilani
Selection of Impellers
• The selection of impeller depends on viscosity
– Low to moderate viscous liquids
• Propellers (Viscosity < 3 Pa-s)
• Turbines (Viscosity < 100 Pa-s)
• High efficiency impellers
– Very Viscous liquids
• Anchor Agitator ( 50 < Viscosity < 500 Pa-s)
• Helical and Ribbon type impellers (Viscosity > 500 Pa-s)
Each type includes many variations and subtypes
which are not discussed here
Dr. Ashish M Gujarathi
© ASHISH GUJARATHI, BITS PILANI
BITS Pilani
Impellers: Propeller
• Propeller (for Viscosity < 3 Pa-s)
– Axial flow, high speed impeller for liquids
– 400-1750 rpm motor speed
– Two, three, four bladed propeller are generally
used
– Three bladed turbine are common with square
pitch Longitudinal distance moved by the liquid in one revolution
at certain angle of inclination of propeller blade
Pitch =
Propeller diameter
Impellers: Propeller
• Propeller
– The direction of rotation is usually chosen to force
the liquid downward, and the flow currents
leaving the impeller continue until deflected by
floor of the vessel.
Impellers: Propeller
• Propeller
– Propellers rarely exceeds 18 in. in diameter
– In deep tanks two or more propellers may be
mounted on same shaft, usually directing the
liquid in the same direction
– Because of persistence of flow currents
• Propellers are effective in very large vessels
Impellers: Turbines
• Simple straight blade turbine (Visco. < 100 Pa-s)
– Pushes liquid radially and tangentially with almost
no vertical motion at the impeller
– Also called as paddles: 2-4 bladed paddles are
common
– In Process vessels they turn at 20 – 150 rpm
– Length of Paddle : 50-80% of vessel diameter
– Width of blade: 1/6 – 1/10 of the length
Dr. Ashish M Gujarathi
© ASHISH GUJARATHI, BITS PILANI
BITS Pilani
Impellers: Turbines
• Turbine (continued..)
– Anchor Agitator:
• Blades conform to the shape of dished or hemispherical
vessel, so that they scrap the surface. Useful in
prevailing deposits on a heat transfer surface
– Baffles
• Necessary to reduce swirl around the vessel
Dr. Ashish M Gujarathi
© ASHISH GUJARATHI, BITS PILANI
BITS Pilani
Impellers: Turbines
• Disc turbines
– Multiple straight blades mounted on a horizontal
disc (Fig. c):
• Creates a zone of higher shear rate
– Especially useful for dispersing a gas in a liquid
– Concave blade turbine is also used when good
overall circulation is important (Fig. d)
Dr. Ashish M Gujarathi
© ASHISH GUJARATHI, BITS PILANI
BITS Pilani
Impellers : Turbines
• Impellers for highly viscose liquids
– Double flight helical ribbon (a)
• Used widely in Polymerization reactors
– Anchor Impellor (b) (Bottom mixing)
Dr. Ashish M Gujarathi
© ASHISH GUJARATHI, BITS PILANI
BITS Pilani
Side View
Da 1 H J 1 E 1 W 1 L 1
= =1 = = = =
Dt 3 Dt Dt 12 Da 3 Dt 5 Da 4
Dr. Ashish M Gujarathi
© ASHISH GUJARATHI, BITS PILANI
BITS Pilani
Flow Patterns
• The way liquid moves in an agitated vessel
depends on
– Characteristics of liquid i.e. viscosity, size and
properties of the tank, baffles and impeller
• The velocity at any point in the tank depends
on three components and the flow pattern in
tank depends upon variations in these
components
Dr. Ashish M Gujarathi
© ASHISH GUJARATHI, BITS PILANI
BITS Pilani
Flow Patterns
• Velocity components
– Radial and acts in a direction perpendicular to shaft
of impeller
– Longitudinal and acts in a direction parallel to the
shaft
– Tangential or rotational and acts in a direction
tangent to a circular path around the shaft
• Overall flow pattern in the tank/vessel depends on
variations in these 3 Velocity Components
Dr. Ashish M Gujarathi
© ASHISH GUJARATHI, BITS PILANI
BITS Pilani
Flow Patterns
• Velocity components and Vortex Formation
– In usual case of vertical shafts, the radial and
tangential components are in horizontal plane and
the longitudinal component are in a vertical
– Radial and longitudinal components are useful
and provide the flow necessary for mixing action
– When shaft is vertical and located at central,
tangential component is disadvantageous
– Tangential flow follows a circular path around the
shaft and creates a vortex
Dr. Ashish M Gujarathi
© ASHISH GUJARATHI, BITS PILANI
BITS Pilani
Vortex in a reactor
• Unbaffled vessel with vortex
• At high impeller speeds, Vortex may touch
impeller: Undesirable
Shaft
Cylindrical Vessel
Prevention of Swirling
• Circulatory flow or swirling can be prevented
by
– Mounting impeller off-center (in small tanks)
– Moving shaft away from the centerline of tank,
then tilted in plane perpendicular to the direction
of move
– In larger tank, the agitator may be mounted in the
side of the tank, with a horizontal plane but an
angle with a radius
Dr. Ashish M Gujarathi
© ASHISH GUJARATHI, BITS PILANI
BITS Pilani
Prevention of Swirling
Draft Tubes
• Draft Tubes
– When direction and velocity of flow to the section
of the impeller are to be controlled, draft tubes
are used.
– This devices are useful when high shear at the
impeller is desired.
– Loop Reactor??
Dr. Ashish M Gujarathi
© ASHISH GUJARATHI, BITS PILANI
BITS Pilani
Draft tubes
• Draft tubes for propellers are mounted around the
impeller, and those for turbines are mounted
immediately above the impeller
Second part of
lecture slides
would be
uploaded soon!