AVL Opacimeter 439

08.04.2010
AVL Opacimeter Generations

G001 (1998) G004 (2003)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

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Principle of Opacity Measurement
Full Flow Opacimeter

in - line

end - of - line

Partial Flow Opacimeter

Opacimeter
filled with dynamic
pressure

• Opacimeter
Q = const.
filled with pump

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 AVL 439 Measurement Principle

T, p

Detector I Lamp I0
L
I / I0 = Extinction = Absorption + Scattering
I0 ...... Light intensity without smoke
N = 100 ·(1- e – k · L) I ....... Light intensity with smoke
N ...... Opacity (%)
I N
= e – k · L = (1 – ) k ....... Absorption coefficient (m-1)
I0 100 L ....... Measuring length (m)
1 N
k=– · ln(1- )
L 100

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AVL Opacimeter 439 G004

Partial Flow Opacimeter

For test cell, chassis dynamometer

and on-board testing

High sensitivity

High time response

Legal test runs according to

ECE-R 24
HD EURO 3/4 ELR test
ISO 8178
SAE J 1667

Exhaust probe conditioning

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 AVL 439 Technical Specification

Measurement value resolution : 0.1% opacity or 0.0025 m-1

Zero-level stability: 0.1% opacity or 0.0025 m-1 / 30 min

Signal rise time: 0.1 s (at flow rate 40 Lpm)

Sampling rate for opacity signal: 50 Hz

Electronic measurement value filter

Moving average 0.02 ... 10 s
Bessel filter of 2nd order 0.2, 0.35, 0.5, 1.0, 1.077, 1.5, 2 s
1st order low pass 0.02 ... 10 s
Not filtered

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AVL 439 Design Features

Optical Length 430 mm

→ optimised sensitivity

Diaphragm Sampling Pump

→ constant flow rate
→ constant filling of the
measurement chamber
→ high accuracy

Sample Conditioning
→ standard temperature 100°C
→ adjustable from 70 ... 120°C
→ signal stability
→ temperature protection

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 AVL 439 Measurement Chamber

Thermostatically Conditioning Probe

controlled heater 100°C IN
Calibration
cartridge
Heated window Measurement Heated window
element chamber element

Light Orifice Frame Orifice Light

detector source

Probe Probe
OUT OUT

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 AVL 439 Zero-Level Stability

0.02 0.86

0.01 0.43
k [m-1]

N [ %]
0 0

-0.01 -0.43
sigma = 0.001 m-1

-0.02 -0.86
0 300 600
Time (s)

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AVL 439 Signal Rise Time

100

90% T90
Signal – [%]

50

10% T10

0
-50 50 Time [ms] 150 250

100 ms

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 AVL 439 for Engine Homologation
XM
Absorption coefficient k – [m-1]

according to ECE-R24

∆k physical response time ≤ 0.4 s

electrical signal rise time 0.9 ... 1.1 s

electronic filter time 1.1 s

C1 C2 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
Time – s
resolution N = 1%, k = 0.02 m-1
EURO 3 ELR Test
according to EURO 3 ELR
cycle 1 cycle 2 cycle 3 cycle 4
C
physical response time ≤ 0.2 s
Speed

selected
B point
electrical signal rise time ≤ 0.05 s
A
100 %
electronic filter time 1 s Bessel filter
Load

resolution N = 1%, k = 0.02 m-1

10 %

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AVL 439 Functional Diagram

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439 Opacimeter High Pressure Option

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AVL 439 for Engine Homologation

Check with Certified Calibration Filters

according to

ECE-R24

with 50% calibration filter

limit of agreement is +/- 1%

EURO 3/4 ELR

ISO 8178-9
ISO 11614
SAE J 1667

with 10%, 20% and 40% filters

limit of agreement is +/- 2%

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AVL 439 Test Cell Installation

Back
Tube 10 x 1 flow

Probe
Welding piece

Exhaust
200

Engine

Exhaust line
Silencer

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 AVL 439 Dimensions

650 mm
420 mm

Dimensions
650 × 420 × 450 mm (W × H × D)

450 mm Weight
approx. 47 kg

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European Load Response (ELR) Test

Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4

C
Selected
Speed

point
B

A
100 %
Load

10 %

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 AVL 439 for ELR Test Application

50
Opacity [%]

40
30
20
10
0 2500
2000

Torque [Nm]
Speed [rpm]
1500
1000
500
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Time [s]

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 AVL 439 for Transient Engine Development

50
Opacity [%]

40
30
20
10
0 2500
2000

Torque [Nm]
Speed [rpm]
1500
1000
500
0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Time [s]

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 AVL 439 Load Response

1400 120

1200 100
Load [Nm]

Alpha [%]
1000 80

800 60

600 40

400 20

200
625 ml/30s 0

0 594 ml/30s -20

60
625 ml/30s - 30%
Opacity [%]

50 Alpha
40

Nozzle variation (injection rate/time)
30
Heavy-duty 6-cylinder engine, vH=7 l
20
n = 1200 rpm
10

Limitation of max. opacity N = 30%
0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Time [s]

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AVL 439 in NEDC Test: Start Phase

Comparison Opacity , Euro-Super, NEDC -7°C

Speed [km/h]
100 150
1,8 l GDI, EURO 2
90 2,0 l MPFI, EURO 3 100
Speed
80 50

70 0

60 -50
Opacity [%]

50
Opacity scale 0-100% -100

40 -150

30 -200

20 -250

10 -300

0 -350
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Time [s]
Opacity after Catalyst - NEDC

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AVL 439 in NEDC Test: Running-In Phase

Comparison Opacity , Euro-Super, NEDC -7°C

Speed [km/h]
10 150
1,8 l GDI, EURO 2
9 2,0 l MPFI, EURO 3 100
Speed
8 50

7 0

6 -50
Opacity [%]

5 Opacity scale 0-10% -100

4 -150

3 -200

2 -250

1 -300

0 -350
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Time [s]
Opacity after Catalyst - NEDC

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AVL 439 Data Handling

Opacity raw value

analogue + RS 232

ECE-R24
cycle aid and display

EURO III ELR

cycle pre-programmed

BESSEL filter

SLIDING AVERAGE

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Opacity / Soot / Particulates
2
Opacity can often be correlated to: Black Carbon
1.6

Opacity [%]
1.2
Ash
0.8
SO42-
0.4
Filter Gravimetry

0
HC 0 2 4 6 8 10
but: 3
Carbon particulates [mg/m ]
2
not to
Opacity Particulates 1.6

Opacity [%]
1.2
FSN

C 0.8

0.4

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Total particulates [mg/m3]

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 Opacity vs. Black Soot (FSN)

45

40 2.5 l, TDI, CR
2.4 l, IDI
35
4l, TDI
30 12 l, TDI, CR
Opacity (%)

8 l, TDI
25
4,2 l, DI
20

15

10

0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5
Filter Smoke Number (FSN)
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Example of Sensitivity and Zero Stability

Opacity Values at Low Soot Emission

0.10
k (m) -1

0.05

FSN = 0.37 0.20 0.13 0.12

0.00
0 10 20 30
Time – minutes

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