AP CALCULUS

FORMULA LIST

n
1
Definition of e: e = lim 1 +
n n
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x if x 0
Absolute value: x =
x if x < 0
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Definition of the derivative:
f ( x + h) f ( x)
f ( x) = lim
h 0 h

f ( x) f (a)
f ( a ) = lim (Alternative form)
x a x a
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Definition of continuity: f is continuous at c iff
1) f (c) is defined;
2) lim f ( x) exists;
x c

3) lim f ( x) = f (c).
x c
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f (b ) f ( a )
Average rate of change of f ( x) on [a, b] =
b a
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Rolle's Theorem: If f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) and if f (a) = f (b),
then there is at least one number c on (a, b) such that f (c) = 0.
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Mean Value Theorem: If f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), then there
f (b ) f ( a )
exists a number c on (a, b) such that f (c) = .
b a
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Intermediate Value Theorem: If f is continuous on [a, b] and k is any number between f (a)
and f (b), then there is at least one number c between a and b
such that f (c) = k.
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sin 2 x = 2sin x cos x
1 + cos 2 x
cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x =
2
cos 2 x = 1 2sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x
sin 2 x =
2
2 cos x 1 2
d d n
[c ] = 0 x = nx n 1

dx dx

d d u vu uv
[uv ] = uv + vu =
dx dx v v2

f ( g ( x )) = f ( g ( x)) g ( x)
d
dx

d du d du
[sin u ] = cos u [cos u ] = sin u
dx dx dx dx

d du d du
[tan u ] = sec2 u [cot u ] = csc 2 u
dx dx dx dx

d du d du
[sec u ] = sec u tan u [csc u ] = csc u cot u
dx dx dx dx

d 1 du d 1 du
[ln u ] = [log a u ] =
dx u dx dx u ln a dx

d u du d u du
[e ] = eu [a ] = a u ln a
dx dx dx dx

d 1 du d 1
du
[arcsin u ] = [arccos u ] =
dx 1 u dx
2 dx 1 u dx 2

d 1 du d 1 du
[arctan u ] = [arc cot u ] =
dx 1 + u 2 dx dx 1 + u 2 dx

d 1 du d 1 du
[arc sec u ] = [arc csc u ] =
dx u u 2 1 dx dx u u2 1 dx

( f ) (a) =
1 1
f ( f ( a ))
1

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cos u du = sin u + C sin u du = cos u + C

sec 2 u du = tan u + C csc 2 u du = cot u + C

sec u tan u du = sec u + C csc u cot u du = csc u + C

1
du = ln u + C
u
 tan u du = ln cos u + C cot u du = ln sin u + C

sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + C csc u du = ln csc u + cot u + C

au
e du = e + C
u u
a du =
u
+C
ln a

du u du 1 u
= arcsin +C = arctan + C
a2 u 2 a u +a
2 2
a a

du 1 u
=
arc sec + C
u u 2 a2 a a
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Definition of a Critical Number:
Let f be defined at c. If f ( c ) = 0 or if f is undefined at c, then c is a critical number of f.
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First Derivative Test:
Let c be a critical number of a function f that is continuous on an open interval I containing
c. If f is differentiable on the interval, except possibly at c, then f ( c ) can be classified as
follows.
1) If f ( x ) changes from negative to positive at c, then f ( c ) is a relative minimum of f.
2) If f ( x ) changes from positive to negative at c, then f ( c ) is a relative maximum of f.
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Second Derivative Test:
Let f be a function such that f ( c ) = 0 and the second derivative of f exists on an open
interval containing c.
1) If f ( c ) > 0 , then f ( c ) is a relative minimum.
2) If f ( c ) < 0 , then f ( c ) is a relative maximum.
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Definition of Concavity:
Let f be differentiable on an open interval I. The graph of f is concave upward on I if f is
increasing on the interval and concave downward on I if f is decreasing on the interval.
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Test for Concavity:
Let f be a function whose second derivative exists on an open interval I.
1) If f ( x ) > 0 for all x in I, then the graph of f is concave upward in I.
2) If f ( x ) < 0 for all x in I, then the graph of f is concave downward in I.
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Definition of an Inflection Point:
A function f has an inflection point at ( c, f ( c ) )
1) if f ( c ) = 0 or f (c) does not exist and
2) if f changes sign at x = c. (or if f ( x ) changes from increasing to decreasing or vice
versa at x = c)
 ( x ) dx = f ( b ) f (a)
b
First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: f
a

d x
Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: f ( t ) dt = f ( x )
dx a
d g ( x)
Chain Rule Version: f ( t ) dt = f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x )
dx a
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1 b
Average value of f (x) on [a, b]: f AVE = f ( x)dx
b a a
b
Volume around a horizontal axis by discs: V = [r ( x)]2 dx
a
b
Volume around a horizontal axis by washers: V = ([ R( x)]2 [r ( x)]2 )dx
a
b
Volume by cross sections taken perpendicular to the x-axis: V = A( x)dx
a
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If an object moves along a straight line with position function s ( t ) , then its
Velocity is v ( t ) = s ( t )
Speed = v ( t )
Acceleration is a ( t ) = v ( t ) = s ( t )
v ( t ) dt
b
Displacement (change in position) from x = a to x = b is Displacement =
a

v ( t ) dt
b
Total Distance traveled from x = a to x = b is Total Distance =
a

v ( t ) dt + v ( t ) dt , where v ( t ) changes sign at x = c.

c b
or Total Distance =
a c

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CALCULUS BC ONLY
Integration by parts: u dv = uv v du
b
Length of arc for functions: s = 1 + [ f ( x)]2 dx
a
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If an object moves along a curve, its
Position vector = ( x ( t ) , y ( t ) )
Velocity vector = ( x ( t ) , y ( t ) )
Acceleration vector = ( x ( t ) , y ( t ) )
2 2
dx dy
Speed (or magnitude of velocity vector) = v(t ) = +
dt dt
2 2
b dx dy
Distance traveled from t = a to t = b (or length of arc) is s = + dt
a dt dt
In polar curves, x = r cos ! and y = r sin !
dy r cos ! + r sin !
Slope of polar curve: =
dx r sin ! + r cos !
1 b 2
Area inside a polar curve: A = r d!
2 a
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x 2 x3 xn
ex = 1 + x + + + L = "
2! 3! n =0 n !
2 4 6 2n
x x x n x
cos x = 1 + L = " ( 1)
2! 4! 6! n =0 (2n)!
x3 x 5 x7 x 2 n +1
sin x = x + L = " ( 1)
n

3! 5! 7! n=0 (2n + 1)!