Study material‐Network Theory‐Module‐3 

1.3 Synthesis of L-C Immitance Functions

M 1( s ) + N 1( s )
Consider an impedance function Z(s) that can be written in the form Z ( s ) = as discussed
M 2( s ) + N 2( s )
earlier. As for a pure reactive network (LC network) the power dissipated is zero, the real part of Z(jω) is zero.
It has been shown earlier that
Re[ Z ( jω )] = 0 ⇒ Even [Z ( jω )] = 0 ⇒ M 1( jω ) M 2( jω ) − N 1( jω ) N 2( jω ) = 0 . Which is possible only
N1 M1
when either M1=N2=0 i.e. Z ( s ) = or M2=N1=0 i.e. Z ( s ) = . Thus, a driving point immitance function
M2 N2
has the following properties

• It is a ratio of either even to odd or odd to even polynomials.

• It has poles and zeros on the imaginary axis.
• The poles and zeros interlace on the jω axis i.e. the poles and zeros alternately exist on the jω axis.This
property is called separation property. Thus, for 0<ω1<ω2<ω3< …<∞, Z(s) is given as

K ( s 2 + ω12 )( s 2 + ω 32 ).......( s 2 + ω 2 2 n − 1)
Z (s) =
s ( s 2 + ω 2 2 )( s 2 + ω 4 2 ).......( s 2 + ω 2 2 m − 2)

Foster Form-I

If the impedance function of a LC network is given by

K ( s 2 + ω12 )( s 2 + ω 32 ).......( s 2 + ω 2 2 n − 1)
Z (s) = , then on partial fraction, Z(s) is expressed as
s ( s 2 + ω 2 2 )( s 2 + ω 4 2 ).......( s 2 + ω 2 2 m − 2)
K0 2K 2s 2K 4s
Z (s) = + 2 + 2 + .......K ∞s and can be synthesized as shown in Fig. 10.3
s s + ω2 2
s + ω 42

Each term in Z(s) represents an impedance of an element or a pair of elements, and all these impedances are
K0 1
connected in series. represents a capacitor element of F and K∞ represents an inductor element of K∞H.
s K0
2K2s 1 2K 2
the term 2 represents a parallel combination of Land C where C = F and L = H.
s + ω2 2
2K 2 ω 22
EXAMPLE-10.7

Synthesize the Foster-I form of the following LC driving point impedance. Z ( s ) =

(s 2
+ 1)( s 2 + 8 )
.
s( s 2 + 4)

Solution:

Sivkumar Mishra-Associate Professor (EEE Department),siv.mishra@bit.edu.in

  
Study material‐Network Theory‐Module‐3 

Using Foster-I form, we can write Z ( s ) =

(s 2
+ 1)( s 2 + 8 )
=
K 0 2K 2s
+ + K ∞s
s( s + 4)
2
s s2 + 4
⎡ 2⎛ 1 ⎞ 2⎛ 8 ⎞⎤
⎡ s ( s 2 + 1)( s 2 + 8 ) ⎤ ⎡ ( s 2 + 1)( s 2 + 8 ) ⎤ ⎢ s ⎜1 + s 2 ⎟ . s ⎜1 + s 2 ⎟ ⎥
K0 = ⎢ ⎥ = 2 K∞ = ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎥ =1
⎢⎣ s ( s 2
+ 4) ⎥⎦ s =0 ⎢⎣ s .s ( s 2
+ 4) ⎥⎦ s =∞ ⎢ ⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎥
s 2 . s 2 ⎜1 + 2 ⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ s ⎠ ⎥⎦
s =∞

2K 2 = ⎢
2
(
⎡ ( s + 1)( s + 8 ) s + 4 ⎤
2
)
2
⎥ = 3 and ω2=2.
⎢ s ( s 2 + 4) ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ s2 =−4
Thus, the synthesized network is as shown in Fig.10.3.

Foster Form-II

If the admittance function of a LC network is given by

K ( s 2 + ω12 )( s 2 + ω 32 ).......( s 2 + ω 2 2 n − 1)
Y ( s) = , then on partial fraction, Y(s) is expressed as
s ( s 2 + ω 2 2 )( s 2 + ω 4 2 ).......( s 2 + ω 2 2 m − 2)
K0 2K 2s 2K 4s
Y ( s) = + 2 + 2 + .......K ∞s and can be synthesized as shown in Fig. 10.4
s s + ω2 2
s + ω 42

Each term in Y(s) represents an admittance of an element or a pair of elements, and all these impedances are
K0 1
connected in parallel. represents an inductor element of H and K∞ represents a capacitor element of an
s K0
2K2s 1 2K 2
K∞F. The term 2 represents a series combination of L and C where L = H and C = F.
s + ω2 2
2K 2 ω 22

EXAMPLE-10.8

Using Foster-II form, synthesize the function Y ( s ) =

(s 2
+ 5 )( s 2 + 13)
.
s( s 2 + 9)
Solution:

Sivkumar Mishra-Associate Professor (EEE Department),siv.mishra@bit.edu.in

  
Study material‐Network Theory‐Module‐3 

Using Foster-II form, we can write Y ( s ) =

(s 2
+ 5 )( s 2 + 13)
=
K 0 2K 2s
+ + K ∞s
s( s + 9)
2
s s2 + 9
⎡ 2⎛ 5 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 13 ⎞ ⎤
⎡ s ( s 2 + 5 )( s 2 + 13) ⎤ 65 ⎡ ( s 2 + 5 )( s 2 + 13) ⎤ ⎢ s ⎜1 + s 2 ⎟ . s ⎜1 + s 2 ⎟ ⎥
K0 = ⎢ ⎥ = K∞ = ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎥ =1
⎢⎣ s ( s 2
+ 9) ⎥⎦ s =0 9 ⎢⎣ s.s ( s 2
+ 9) ⎥⎦ s =∞ ⎢ ⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎥
s 2 . s 2 ⎜1 + 2 ⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ s ⎠ ⎥⎦
s =∞

⎡ ( s + 5 )( s + 13) ( s + 9) ⎤
2 2 2
16
2K 2 = ⎢ ⎥ = and ω2=3.
⎢⎣ s ( s + 9)
2 2
⎥⎦ s 2 =−9 9
Thus, the synthesized network is as shown in Fig.10.3.

Cauer Form-I

An impedance function Z(s) can be expanded in continued fraction as

1 1
Z ( s ) = Z 1( s ) + = b1( s ) +
1 1
Y 1( s ) + b2s +
1 1
Z 2( s ) + b3 s +
1 1
Y 2( s ) + b4 s +
Z 3( s ) + ...... b5 s + ......

Here, the numerator and denominator polynomials are arranged in descending order of powers of s. In every step
the pole at infinity is removed. The quotients of the continued fraction expansion give the elements of the ladder
network as shown in Fig. 10.4.

EXAMPLE-10.9

Using Cauer-I form, synthesize the function Z ( s ) =

(s 2
+ 3)( s 2 + 5 )
.
s ( s 2 + 4) ( s 2 + 6 )
Solution:
In Cauer-I form the poles at infinity are removed step by step by continued fraction expansion. However, here
Z(s) has the numerator polynomial order less than that of denominator polynomial. Hence, the Cauer-I form is
realized for the Y(s).

Sivkumar Mishra-Associate Professor (EEE Department),siv.mishra@bit.edu.in

  
Study material‐Network Theory‐Module‐3 

1 s( s 2 + 4)( s 2 + 6) s 5 + 10s 3 + 24s

Y ( s) = = 2 = 4
Z ( s ) ( s + 3)( s 2 + 5) s + 8s 2 + 15

The continued fraction expansion gives the following results

s 4 +8s 2 +15 | s5 +10s3 +24s | s → Y 1 = 1F
s5 +8s3 +15s
s 1
2s3 +9s | s 4 +8s 2 +15 | → Z2 = H
2 2
9
s4 + s2
2
7 2 4 4
s + 15 | 2s3 +9s | s → Y 3 = F
2 7 7
60
2s3 + s
7
3 7 2 49 49
s | s + 15 | s → Z 4 = H
7 2 6 6
7 2
s
2
3 3 3
15| s | s →Y5 = F
7 105 105
3
s
7
×
Thus, the network is realized as shown below in Fig.10.5

Cauer Form-II

This form is obtained by removing the poles of F(s) at the origin. To obtain the continued fraction both numerator
and denominator polynomials are arranged in ascending order of power of s. So, in this case the lowest power of s
in the denominator polynomial must be greater than that of numerator by 1. Thus, an impedance function Z(s) can
be written as

1 1 1
Z ( s) = + = Z 1( s ) +
b1( s) 1 1 1
+ Y 2( s ) +
b2s 1 1
+ ...... Z 3( s ) +
b3 s Y 4( s ) + ......

Sivkumar Mishra-Associate Professor (EEE Department),siv.mishra@bit.edu.in

  
Study material‐Network Theory‐Module‐3 

EXAMPLE-10.1
s 3 + 4s
Obtain Cauer-II form synthesized network for Z ( s ) = .
3s 4 + 24 s 2 + 36
Solution:

The Cauer-II form synthesis requires the elimination of poles at s=0, for which the coefficient of lowest power
term of s should be zero, hence Y(s) is considered for realization. And the polynomials are arranged in the
ascending order of s.

3s 4 + 24 s 2 + 36 36 + 24 s 2 + 3s 4
Y ( s) = =
s3 + 4s 4s + s3
The admittance function is now synthesized by performing continued fraction expansion as below:
4s+s3 | 36+24s 2 +3s 4 | 9 s → Y 1 = 1 9 H
36+9s 2
4
15s 2 +3s 4 | 4s+s3 | → Z 2 = 15 4 F
15s
4
4s+ s 3
5
1 3 75 1
s | 15s 2 +3s 4 | → Y 3 = H
5 s 75
15s 2
1 3 1
3s 4 | s | → Z 4 = 15 F
5 15s
1 3
s
5
×

Sivkumar Mishra-Associate Professor (EEE Department),siv.mishra@bit.edu.in