HTTPS://SITES.GOOGLE.COM/SITE/JOURNALOFCOMPUTING/
WWW.JOURNALOFCOMPUTING.ORG 61
Index Terms – Knowledge intensive activity, Programmer’s apprentice, automated programming, genetic code.
—————————— ——————————
1 INTRODUCTION
In addition, there is the problem of phase independence Knowledge based techniques in AI can be used to modify
of requirements, design and codes. Phase independence this traditional approach the AI technique that handles
means that any decision made at one level becomes fixed this problem is automated programming which results in
for the next level. Thus, the coding team is forced to re- reusable code. Thus, when a change is made in the de-
code whenever there is change in design. sign, that part of the design that does not change remains
unaffected. Thus, automated tools for system redesign
Programing
and reconfiguration resulting from a change in the re-
Design
Knowledge Knowledge quirements will serve a useful purpose. This technique
requires constraint propagation technique. With the help
of automated programming approach AI based systems
Requirements
Specification Design
Design
Testing
Coding Code
Testing
are free from risk management strategies.
Error
Detection Error Work Encoding of
Detection Knowledge Design Knowledge Actual
Baseline Baseline using a testing Product
development evaluation
Fig.1: Traditional Software Development Process Process by user
tool
Expert system use knowledge rather than data to control Fig 2: Expert System development
the solution process. Knowledge engineers build systems
by eliciting knowledge from experts, coding, that know-
ledge, and ultimately constructing a system using a varie-
ty of building tools. 3 TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS OF AUTOMATED
The main phases the expert system development PROGRAMMING
processes are:-
Planning
Because of the evolutionary nature of software products,
Knowledge acquisition and analysis
by the time coding is completed, requirements would
Knowledge design
have changed (because of the long processes and stages of
Code development required in software engineering): a situa-
Knowledge verification
tion that results in delay between requirement specifica- out the product development phase.
tion and product delivery. There is therefore a need for
design by experimentation, the feasibility of which lies in The given Figure displays the steps of the risk manage-
automated programming. Some of the techniques and ment process. Formally, articulated, risk management
tools that have been successfully demonstrated in auto- process consists of three steps:
mated programming environments include Language
Feature: this technique adopts the concept of late binding
(i.e. making data structures very flexible). In late binding,
data structures are not finalized into particular imple-
mentation structures. Thus, quick prototypes are created
which result in efficient codes that can be easily changed. Risk
Management
Another important language feature is the packaging of
data and procedures together in an object, thus giving rise
to object-oriented programming: a notion that has been
found useful in environments where codes, data struc-
Risk Risk Risk
tures and concepts are constantly changing. Lisp provides Identification Analysis Mitigation
these facilities.
• Meta Programming: this concept is developed in natu-
ral language processing (a sub field of AI). It uses auto-
mated parser generators and interpreters to generate ex- Risk
probability
Risk
Avoidance
ecutable lisp codes. Its use lies in the modelling of transi-
tion sequences, user interfaces and data transformations.
Risk
• Program Browsers: these look at different portions of a Risk Impact Monitoring
code that are still being developed or analyzed, possibly
to make changes, thus obviating the need for an ordinary Contingen-
cy Plan-
text editor. The browser understands the structures and Risk Factor
ning
declarations of the program and can focus on the portion
of the program that is of interest.
• Automated Data Structuring: this means going from a Fig 3 : Risk Management Process
high-level specification of data structures to a particular
implementation structure.
AI based systems are free form risk management strate-
When systematic changes need to be made throughout a
gies because of automated programming techniques mak-
code, it is more efficient and controllable to do it through
ing data structures flexible. Automatic programming is
another program (i.e., program update manager) than
the generation of programs by computer, usually based
through a manual txt editor. For instance, a change in
on specifications that are higher – level and easier for
program X may be required whenever h is being updated
humans to specify than ordinary programming languag-
by b-1 under the condition that b is less than C. Assume
es.
that a program W makes a systematic change in all such
places. If another program makes a change in W, then any
program changed by W also must be updated. Thus, pro-
gram update managers propagate changes. Because of
Requirement Automatic Executable
this ability, program update managers are useful when
Specification Programing System Program
prototypes need to be developed quickly
AUTHOR BIBILIOGRAPHY
5 CONCLUSION
A. Sharmila Dhana joy is with the Department of Computer Applica-
tion, Vel Sri Ranga Sanku college, Affiliated to Madras University ,
Risk management strategies utilize lot of developer time Chennai – 600 005, Tamil Nadu, India, a research scholar pursuing
and in software development phases there is a link be- PhD in Computer Science from Dravidian University .
tween all the phases by introducing a isolation phase Dr.R.Dhanapal obtained his PhD in Computer Science from Bhara-
among the phases we can reduce the time in development thidasan University, India. He is currently Professor, PG and Re-
by revisiting each phase after changes in requirements. By search Department of Computer Applications, Easwari Engineering
College, Chennai. Affiliated to Anna University of Technology Chen-
using AI based systems with the help of automated tool or nai, Tamil Nadu India. He has 25 years of teaching, research and
automated programming tool we can eliminate risk as- administrative experience. Besides being Professor, he is also a
sessment phase saving our time in software development. prolific writer, having authored twenty one books on various topics in
Because of Artificial Intelligence Techniques implemented Computer Science. His books have been prescribed as text books in
Barathidasan University and autonomous colleges affiliated to
in software engineering. We can reduce the development Bharathidasan University, Tiruchiraplli. He has served as Chairman
time in software development. Coding phase in software of Board of Studies in Computer Science of Bharathidasan Univer-
development process can be changed into Genetic Code. sity, member of Board of studies in Computer Science of several
universities and autonomous colleges. Member of standing commit-
tee of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems of IASTED, Canada
and Senior Member of International Association of Computer Sci-
ence and Information Technology (IACSIT), Singapore. He has Vis-
REFERENCES ited USA, Japan, Malaysia, and Singapore for presenting papers in
1] Ian Sommerville, Software Engineering (6th Edn.) (Addision the International conferences and to demonstrate the software de-
Wesley Publishers, Newyork, New York, USA) 2000 veloped by him. He is the recipient of the prestigious ‘Life-time
Achievement’ and ‘Excellence’ Awards of Govt. of India. He is serv-
ing as Principal Investigator of UGC sponsored innovative, major
[2] Roger S.Pressman, Software Engineering: A Beginner’s Guide
and minor research projects about 1.7 crore. He is the recognized
(Mc Graw Hill Higher Education Publishers, New York, New York,
supervisor for research programmes in computer Science leading to
USA) 1998 PhD and MS by research in several universities including Anna Uni-
versity of Technology Chennai, Bharathiar University Coimbatore,
[3] Seth Hock, Computers and Computing (Houghton Mifflin Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Tirunelveli, Mother Teresa
College Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts, USA) 1989 University Kodaikanal and many Deemed Universities. He has got
52 papers on his credit in international and national journals. He has
[4] Shari Lawrence P fleeger, Software Engineering: theory and been serving as Editor In chief for the International Journal of re-
Practice (Prentice Hall Publishers, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, search and reviews in Artificial Intelligence (IJRRAI) United Kingdom
USA) 1998. and serving as reviewer and member of editorial in accredited peer
reviewed national amd international journals including Elsevier Jour-
[5] Artificial Intelligence (3rd Edition) Prentice Publisher, nals.
Henry Petrick Winston
[6] T.H. Tse, T.Y. Chen, R.L. Glass, An assessment of systems and
software engineering scholars and institutions (2000–2004), Journal
of Systems and Software 79 (6) (2006) 816–819.