DESIGN OF A TWO-STORY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

By
Albert Najjar
Elie Sayegh
Lara Khoury
Ziad Najjar

Supervised by
Mr. Joe Rizk
Lecturer

A report submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering in partial fulfillment of the

requirements of the degree of Bachelors of Science

Faculty of Engineering
University of Balamand

January 2009

Copyright © 2009 Elie Sayegh, Lara Khoury, Ziad Najjar and Albert Najjar
All Rights Reserved
 University of Balamand
Undergraduate Studies

This is to certify that I have examined this copy of a bachelor’s report

by

Albert Najjar
Elie Sayegh
Lara Khoury
Ziad Najjar

and have found that it is complete and satisfactory in all respects,

and that any and all revisions required by the final
Examining committee has been made.

COMMITTEE MEMBERS:

Approved:
Joe Rizk. PE
Supervisor

Approved:
Robert Nini. Ph.D
First Moderator

Approved:
Najib Gerges. Ph.D
Second Moderator

Date of report defense: January 31, 2009

 ACKNOLEDGEMENT

This report could not have been written if it were not for the contribution and
encouragement of various people.

The authors first wish to thank the report supervisor Mr. Joe Rizk for his extensive
advice and support.

Gratitude also to all the professors in the university, especially the professors in the
civil engineering department, who played a vital role in the authors’ academic life by
instructing them and sharing their experiences to lead them to success.

This report would have never been completed without the encouragement and devotion
of families and friends.

iii
 ABSTRACT

This report includes the design of components of a reinforced concrete residential

building. All frames in the first floor were designed using appropriate approximation
coefficients. The slab of this same floor was designed as one-way ribbed slab with the ribs
designed as simply supported. Three columns were selected and designed, a corner column, an
edge column and a center column. The report also includes the design of a footing for one of
the selected columns.

The design of the structure is carried out according to the standards of the 2002 ACI
code.

Plans, cross sections and drawings are included to aid in the explanation and to show
the location of the designed members.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v
List of Abbreviations viii
List of Figures x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Description of the Structure 1
1.2 Sections 3
1.3 Floor Plans 5
CHAPTER 2: DESIGN OF BEAMS 7
2.1 Layout Plan 7
2.2 Slab Thickness 8
2.3 Load Calculation 9
2.3.1 Dead Load 9
2.3.2 Live Load 10
2.3.3 Combined Load 10
2.3.4 Wu of beam 4-5 10
2.4 Moment and Shear Calculation 11
2.4.1 ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients 11
2.4.2 Approximate Moment and Shear Coefficients 12
2.5 Design of Steel Reinforcement 13
2.5.1 Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement Design 13
2.5.2 Transversal Steel 14
CHAPTER 3: DESIGN OF THE SLABS 16
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Procedure for the design of ribs of slab 2 16
3.2.1 Longitudinal Steel 16

v
 3.2.2 Transverse Steel 18
3.2.3 Temperature and Shrinkage Steel 18
3.2.4 Cross-Section of the Ribs 19

CHAPTER 4: DESIGN OF COLUMNS 19

4.1 Design of Center Column C5 19
4.1.1 Loads and Fixed End Moments 22
4.1.2 The Supported Weight PU 23
4.1.3 The Applied Moment around the X-axis 24
4.1.4 The Applied Moment around the Y-axis 25
4.1.5 Slenderness around X 26
4.1.6 Slenderness around Y 27
4.1.7 Load Contour Equation 27
4.1.8 Ties 30
4.2 Design of the Column C6 31
4.2.1 Slenderness around X 31
4.2.2 Slenderness around Y 32
4.2.3 Load Contour Equation 32
4.2.4 Ties 34
4.3 Design of Column C12 35
4.3.1 Slenderness around X 35
4.3.2 Slenderness around Y 35
4.3.3 Load Contour Equation 35
4.3.4 Ties 38
CHAPTER 5: DESIGN OF FOOTINGS 39
5.1 Introduction 39
5.2 Design of the Rectangular Footing 1 39
5.2.1 Design Prerequisites 39
5.2.2 Footing Dimensions 40
5.2.3 Footing Thickness 41
5.2.4 Steel Reinforcement Design 43

vi
 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS 48
LIST OF REFERENCES 49
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Alignment Chart for the Effective Length factor (k)
in Non-Sway Frames 50
APPENDIX B: Variation of α 51
APPENDIX C: Column Strength Interaction Diagrams 52
APPENDIX D: Summary of Moment, Shear and Reinforcement
Values 55

vii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

As Area of main steel reinforcement

At&s Area of steel for temperature and shrinkage

b Width of beam or column

B Width of footing

cc Concrete cover

d Effective depth of a beam spanning from the top of the compression

zone to the centroid of the steel bar

DL Dead Load

fc’ Compression strength of concrete

fy Yield strength of steel

h Height of beam or column

L Length of footing

LL Live Load

ln Clear span between columns

viii
WU Total factored load

ρact Actual reinforcement ratio

ρmax Maximum reinforcement ratio

ρmin Minimum reinforcement ratio

ρreq Calculated reinforcement ratio

Tb Diameter of main steel bar

Øs Diameter of stirrups

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
1.1 Structure view 1 1

1.2 Structure view 2 2

1.3 Section 1 3

1.4 Section 2 4

1.5 Ground floor plan 5

1.6 First floor plan

6

2.1 Plan Layout 7

3.1 Cross Section through slab 19

4.1 Axes and supported beams of column C5 22

4.2 Cross-section of column C5 30

4.3 Cross-section of column C6 34

4.4 Cross-section of column C12 37

5.1 Dimensions of Footing 40

x
5.2 Wide beam shear failure 41

5.3 Punching shear failure 42

5.4 Steel reinforcement in footing 1 47

xi
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Description of the Structure

The structure to be designed is a two-story residential building.

Figure 1.1: Structure view 1

xii
Figure 1.2: Structure view 2

xiii
1.2 Sections

Figure 1.3: Section 1

xiv
Figure 1.4: Section 2

xv
1.3 Floor Plans

Figure 1.5: Ground Floor Plan

xvi
Figure 1.6: 1st Floor Plan

xvii
 CHAPTER 2

DESIGN OF BEAMS

2.1 Layout Plan

Below is preliminary layout plan showing the locations of beams, columns and the

direction of ribs. Note that the layout plan is not to scale but they are provided to show the

locations of various members to be designed.

Figure 2.1: Plan Layout

xviii
2.2 Slab Thickness

The floor was divided into 3 distinct slabs: slab 1 consists of the area contained within

columns 23-25-26-27, slab 2 is the area within columns 16-18-19-22, and slab 3 is between

columns 13-15-20-19. This distinction was made first because slab 3 is lower than the other

two slabs, second because slab 2 includes beams with relatively long spans which leads to a

larger thickness that is unnecessary for slab 1.

According to the ACI Code table 9.5(a), the minimum slab thickness is the maximum

value obtained from:

a) For simply supported beams, the minimum thickness is lc|c / 16. Example: beam5-11.

b) For one end continuous beams, the minimum thickness is lc|c / 18.5. Example: beam4-

5.

c) For both ends continuous beams, the minimum thickness is lc|c / 21. Example:

beam10-11.

d) For cantilevers, the minimum thickness is lclear / 8. Example: cantilever 4.

Note that for fy other than 420 MPa, the value shall be multiplied by (0.4 + fy /700).

Thickness of slab 1 = 27 cm.

Thickness of slab 2 = 40 cm.

Thickness of slab 3 = 22 cm.

2.3 Load Calculation

xix
 To be able to design the structure and obtain the size of beams, we have to obtain the

applied loads on the beams. The loads can be uniformly distributed in KN/m or concentrated

in KN. The tributary width (TW) which is the distance that is perpendicular to the beam must

also be obtained. If the beam is a main beam, it carries itself and the ribs; if it’s a secondary

beam it carries only itself. The main beam 4-5 will be taken as an example for both deflection

and shear designs.

2.3.1 Dead Load

The Dead Load (DL) is obtained from the following equations:

Weight of slab (KN/m2) = Concrete density × TW × [RF × Slab thickness +

Thickness of the flooring material] (2.1)

Weight of masonry wall (KN/m2) = [Unit weight of masonry × Thickness of wall +

Unit weight of plastering × Thickness of plastering] × Height of the wall (2.2)

Note that all exterior walls have stone cladding so the weight of the walls

becomes:

Weight of masonry wall (KN/m2) = [Unit weight of masonry ×

Thickness of wall +
Unit weight of plastering × Thickness of plastering + Thickness of cladding × Unit
weight of stone] × Height of the wall (2.3)

Where the thickness of cladding is 3.5 cm and the unit weight of stone is considered to
3
be the same as the unit weight of concrete, 24 KN/m .

DL = 1.2 × [Weight of Slab + Weight of masonry wall along the beam] (2.4)

xx
 RF is the weight reduction factor for the slab. Since it is going to be design as a one-

way ribbed slab, it is not fully solid and contains hollow units and must be multiplied by this

factor.

The concrete density is 24 KN/m3, the thickness of the flooring material is taken as 15

cm, the unit weight of masonry is 14.7 KN/m3, the unit weight of plastering is 0.2 KN/m2 and

the thickness of the plastering is considered to be 3 cm.

2.3.2 Live Load

Live Load, LL, is obtained from reference [2]. The LL for a residential building is 2

KN/m2, which will be used on all spans except on balconies, inside staircases and in corridors

where a value of 5 KN/m2 is used.

LL = 1.6 × (2 or 5) (KN/m2) × TW (m) (2.5)

2.3.3 Combined Load

W = DL + LL (2.6)

2.3.4 Wu of beam 4-5

Wu = 1.2 [24 × 3.8 (0.27 × 0.77 + 0.15) + 3.2 (0.25 × 14.72 + 1.5 × 0.2 + 24 × 0.05)] +

1.6 [2 × 2 + 1.8 × 5]

=79.84 KN/m

xxi
2.4 Moment and Shear Calculation

The moment and shear forces can be computed by either using ACI moment and shear

coefficients where applicable or appropriate approximations of moment coefficients. The ACI

coefficients are applicable under the following conditions:

1. There are 2 or more spans.

2. The longer of two adjacent spans in a frame is not greater than the shorter span by

more than 20 %. In other words, the ratio of the longer span to the shorter span

should not exceed 1.2.

Applies to beams 4-5, 5-6, 10-11, 11-12, 4-10, 10-17, 6-12 and 12-19.

3. Loads are uniformly distributed.

Does not apply to beams 9-10, 11-12, 9-16 and 10-17since they carry a concentrated

load due to beam support or partitioning wall.

4. The live load does not exceed 3 times the dead load.

5. Members are prismatic.

2.4.1 ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients

From ACI 8.3.3 we can obtain the appropriate approximations to obtain the moment

and shear coefficients. The coefficient is multiplied by the total factored load WU per unit

length and the clear distance ln from face to face of support for the positive moments and the

average of the two adjacent clear spans for negative moment when the beam is continuous or

the length of the beam itself for the negative moment of an edge beam.

MU (+ or -) = moment coefficient × WU × ln2 (2.7)

And the shear value is taken as:

xxii
 WU l n
VU = (2.8)
2

Where WU is the total applied factored load per unit length on the beam and ln is the clear span

of the beams.

Equation 2.8 applies at all interior supports except on the first interior support where

the value is increased by 15%. Therefore, equation 2.8 becomes:

1.15 × WU l n
VU = 1.15 × VU = (2.9)
2

2.4.2 Approximate Moment and Shear Coefficients

These approximations are used for a one span beam where the ACI coefficients cannot

be applied:

2
- WU l n
- For moments at the supports: M =
16
2
WU l n
- For moments at the center: M+ =
11
2
WU l n
- For moments at the center for simply supported beams: M+ =
8

WU l n
- For shear forces at the supports: VU =
2

2.5 Design of Steel Reinforcement

xxiii
 After computing the moment and shear values acting on the beams, the design for steel

reinforcement begins by designing the longitudinal bars that resist the moments and the

stirrups that resist the shear.

2.5.1 Longitudinal Reinforcement

The design for longitudinal steel reinforcement bars is as follows:

1) Define fc’, fy, b, h, MU, cc, Tb and Øs.

Where; fc’= 20 Mpa fy = 395 Mpa

cc = 20 mm for the slab and 40 mm for the beams.

b = assumed value which has to be verified (for the positive moment, the

number of bars required is equal to the beam width/10 ± 1) = 800 mm.

h = 27 cm for all concealed beams in slab 1.

ln = 3.8 m

MU = positive or negative applied moments = = 82.35KN-m

Tb = 16 mm Øs = 8 mm

2) Calculate d:

d = h – cc – 0.5 × Tb – Øs = 234 mm (2.10)

3) Calculate RU:

MU
RU =
φbd 2
× 145Psi = 302.905 Psi

(2.11)

Where; Ø = strength reduction factor = 0.9.

4) Find ρreq from reference [2]

ρreq = 0.005387

xxiv
5) Calculate ρmin and ρmax:

ρmin = = 0.003544 (2.12)

Use the larger value (ACI 10.5.1)

ρmin = = 0.00283 (2.13)

fc '
ρmax = 0.375 β 1 = 0.0137
fy

(2.14)

Where β1 = 0.85.

Check ρmin < ρreq.< ρmax.

If ρreq < ρmin, then the dimensions of the beam should be reduced or ρmin used when

dimensions are not reduced to maintain a continuity of width in the frames.

If ρreq > ρmax then the dimensions of the beams should be increased.

6) Compute area of steel and find number of bars required:

As = ρ × b × d = 1008.45 mm2 (2.15)

7) Check spacing:

b - 2 × cc - 2 × φS −# of bars × φb
spacing = =107.67 mm (2.16)
# of bars - 1

2.5.2 Transversal Steel (Stirrups)

The stirrups are placed in beams to resist shear. They are placed around the

longitudinal bars wrapping them together. Stirrup design is as follows:

1) Having obtained the applied shear, the concrete section capacity to resist

xxv
 shear reduced by a shear reduction factor is then computed from:

φVc =0.17 φ f c 'bw d = 106.74 KN

(2.17) 2) Compare VU to VC:

VU - ØVC = 67.71 KN

- If VU < ØVC; then no shear reinforcement is required but a minimum is provided

anyways.

bw s
0.35
f YV

(2.18)

Avmin= larger of

bw s
0.062 × f 'c (2.19)
f YV

- If VU > ØVC; then find the required Av and compute VU - ØVC and compare to

φ f c 'bw d
.
3

(VU − φVc )s max

AV = = 164.15 mm2 (2.20)
φ f YV d

φ f c 'bw d
- If VU - ØVC ≤ ; then Smax = minimum between d/2=117mm and 600mm.
3

φ f c 'bw d
- If VU - ØVC > ; then Smax = minimum between d/4 and 300mm.
3

xxvi
 CHAPTER 3

DESIGN OF THE SLABS

3.1 Introduction

All slabs are designed as one-way ribbed slabs. One-way ribbed slabs are slabs with

hollow masonry blocks (hourdis blocks) with the ribs extending in one direction. The ribs are

placed perpendicular to the short beams hence in the long direction. Ribs can either be

designed as simply supported or as continuous if the ribs continue to the next panel.

Ribs are designed as simply supported due to the large differences between span

lengths. The length is taken as the clear length between the supporting beams plus the effective

width d. A cross-section through the slab shows a T-section with a flange and a web. The

flanges thickness is equal to the thickness of the slab on top of the hourdis blocks, and its

width extends to the supported width of the rib from center to center of the adjacent hourdis

block.

3.2 Procedure for the design of ribs of slab 2

3.2.1 Longitudinal Steel

1) The average beam width, bw = 14+ 1 +1 = 16 cm

Ln = 5 +0.366 = 5.866 m

2) The supported width = 40/2 + 20+ 40/2 = 60 cm

3) The weight of ribs, Wr,

Wr= 1.2(24 × 0.6(0.4 × 0.7+0.15)) +1.6 × 2 × 0.6= 9.4 KN/m

(3.1)

xxvii
 Wr × l 2
4) Mu+ = = ( 9.4 × 5.866 × 5.866)/8 = 40.13KN/m
8

5) For simply supported design of ribs there is only positive moments applied. Therefore for

positive moment the width, b, is taken as the flange width, b = b f = 56 cm. Where negative

moments apply in continuous ribs, the width, b, is taken as the beam width, b = b w = 22 cm.

The width depends on where the compression zone lies.

6) Calculate RU from 2.11= 1.52 psi

fy
7) m = = 23.24
0.85 f' c

(3.2)

1
8) Calculate ρreq= (1 − 1 − 2mRu ) and check if ρmin < ρreq < ρmax (3.3)
m fy

ρreq =0.004 ρmin < ρreq < ρmax

9) i- Compute AS using 2.15

ii- Compare AS with ASmin = ρmin × b × d; where b = bw and ρmin is obtained from 2.12-
2.13.

As= 0.00404 × 220 × 366 =326 mm2 3 T14

10) Verify if a < hf:

ρ actual × f Y × d
a=
0.85f c '
= ρ actual × m × d = 0.00573 × 23.24 × 366 = 48.804 (3.4)

Numberofba rs × Areaof 1bar

Where; ρact = =(3 × 154)/(220 × 366) = 0.00573
bw × d

(3.5)

hf = be +bw = 80 so a<hf

It can be design as rectangular.

xxviii
3.2.2 Transverse Steel

Vu = wu × ln/2 = 9.4 × 5.866/2 = 27.57 KN

ØVC is 10 percent more

ØVC = 0.75 × 1.1 × 0.17 × 366 × 220 × 4.472 = 50.5KN

Using S =Smax =366/2 = 183 mm

Avmin = 0.35 × 220 × 183/295=47.7 mm2

2 Ø 6 is required

3.2.3 Temperature and Shrinkage Steel

Finally, the temperature and shrinkage steel should be provided in the flange of the

section, this time in two directions:

a) Perpendicular to the ribs:

Taking a 1 m strip (100 cm): 0.0018 × 8 × 100= 1.44 cm2 which is equivalent to 5Ø6/m

(144/28.27= 5). The max spacing is the least of 5 × 8= 40 cm and 50 cm i.e. 40 cm while the

actual spacing is 100/5= 20 cm.

b) Parallel to the ribs:

Taking the rib itself, per 56 cm: 0.0018 × 8 × 60= 0.864 cm2, but we already have

1Ø10 in the flange of each rib, but that's not enough because the spacing between those bars

exceeds 30 cm, so 1Ø6 should be added on top of each hourdis block.

The steel for temperature and shrinkage is shown on the figure below.

xxix
 3.2.4 Cross-Section of the ribs

24
2 T 14 8 38 38
40

42 42
3 T 14
20
32

Figure 3.1: Cross-Section through Slab

xxx
 Note that in the figure above two masonry blocks are placed above each other; the

lower one having a height of 16 cm and the upper a height of 16cm.

Table 3.1: Reinforcement in Ribs

Total WU AS
ribs Cross section Shear
Length (KN/m) (mm2)

Ribs

For Balcony // 402

1.5m 9.4 and
to beam 16- 113 2Ø6

17-18

Ribs

For Balcony
1.1 9.4 2Ø6
308
to beam 20- and
113
21-22
Remaining
113
Read It
ribs in the from figure
9.4 and
226 2Ø6
slab

xxxi
 CHAPTER 4

DESIGN OF COLUMNS

The design of columns must be very accurate because the columns support the beams

and the slabs of the structure. They are designed to resist axial compression forces in addition

to moments resulted from the loads on supported beams.

4.1 Design of Center Column C5

After doing calculations having column dimensions 25 cm by 70 cm and applying the

load contour equation assuming ρ = 0.01 which is the minimum steel ratio that can be applied,

it was recognized that the column was over designed and since ρ = 0.01 is already the

minimum value of ρ that can be applied ⇒ reduce column dimensions and design the column

having the dimension 25 cm by 60 cm.

Note that one side of the column was required to be 25 cm so that the column is concealed in

the partitioning walls.

C5 is a center rectangular column 25 cm by 60 cm. A center column supports two beams

in both directions. Column C5 supports beams B 4-5and B5-6 along its X direction and beams

B5-11 and Cantilever5 along its Y direction. The axis and supported beams are shown in

figure 4.1.

xxxii
 Figure 4.1: Axes and supported beams of column C5

4.1.1 Loads and fixed end moments

• WB5-6 (Factored Load) = 19.6 KN/m of which 13.4 KN/m DL (Not Factored).

• WB4-5 = 19.6 KN/m of which 9.44 KN/m DL.

• WB5-11 = 79.84 KN/m of which 32.64KN/m DL.

• WCantilever5= 83.89 KN/m of which 50.75 KN/m DL.

Note: Consider full load = factored load Wu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL on one side and consider

dead load only = 1.0 DL on the other side since this gives the largest value of moment that

could be applied ⇒ Worst Case.

xxxiii
 WB5 - 6 × lB 5 − 6 2 WB4 - 5 × lB 4 − 5 2
For MUX: Mesu= Mesl= − = = 24.9 KN.m
12 12

For MUY= 22.36 KN.m

4.1.2 The supported weight PU

To design a column, 3 parameters are needed, the applied force PU, the applied moment

about the X axis MUX and the applied moment about the Y axis MUY. First PU should be found

because it is needed in the calculations of MUX and MUY. To compute it, the weight of all

elements supported by the column should be accounted for.

Slabs are supported by the beams and beams are supported by the columns ⇒ Pdead of

column = column self weight + weight of beams supported by this column + weight of slab

and walls supported by those beams.

1)Pdead

-area that cover the column is 5 × 4.5 = 22.5 m2

- Weight of columns = 24 × 0.25 × 0.4 × 3.2 = 7.68 KN
- slab weight =24 × 22.5 × 0.27 × 0.77 = 112.266 KN

- Partition weight = 14.7 × 0.25 × 5.5 × 3.2 = 64.68 KN

- Weight of stone = 24 × 0.05 × 3.2 × 5 = 19.2 KN
- plastering weight = 0.6 × 5 × 3.2 = 9.6 KN
- Weight of tiling = 24 × 22.5 × 0.15 = 81 KN
2)Plive = (10 × 5KN/m2)+12.5 × 2KN/m2 × 2 = 100 KN

xxxiv
3)Pdead = 295

3) PU = 1.2 × Pdead + 1.6 × Plive = 1.2 × 295 + 1.6 × 100 =514 KN

4) βd = 354/514=0.69

4.1.3 The applied moment around the X axis

When moments are computed about an axis for any column, there will be a moment at

the top and a moment at the bottom. The larger moment is called M2 and the smaller moment

M1.

Beams B4-5 and B5-6 on roof slab are both 700 mm by 270 mm and Beams B4-5 and B5-6 on

1st slab are 700 mm by 270mm and 700 mm by 270 mm respectively while column C5xupper is

3200 mm, and C5xlower is 3200 mm.

EI 0.4E C I g
K= =
l c/c l c/c (1 + β d )

(5.1)

0.4 × 4700 × 20 × 0.35 × 700 × 270 3

÷12
- KB4-5 = =1311055556 N.mm
1.694 (1800 )

0.4 × 4700 × 20 × 0.35 × 700 × 270 3 ÷12

- KB5-6 = = 605102564. 1 N.mm
( 3900 )1.694

The stiffness of the column in the X direction, noted KC5xupper, and KC5xlower are

calculated for b = 800 mm and h = 250 mm.

0.4 ×4700 × 20 ×0.7 ×400 ×250 3 ÷12

- KC5xupper = =1338125000 N.mm .
1.694 (3200 )

0.4 ×4700 × 20 ×0.7 ×400 ×250 3

÷12
KC5xlower = =1338125000 N.mm
1.694 (3200 )

xxxv
 K column upper
M UXupper = M ex upper ×
K column lower + K column upper + 0.5K left beam upper + 0.5K right beam upper

(5.2)

K column lower
M UXlower = M ex lower ×
K column lower + K column upper + 0.5K left beam lower + 0.5K right beam lower

(5.3)

K column upper
M UYupper = M ey upper ×
K column lower + K column upper + 0.5K left beam upper + 0.5K right beam upper

(5.4)

K column lower
M UYlower = M ey lower ×
K column lower + K column upper + 0.5K left beam lower + 0.5K right beam lower

(5.5)

Using equations 5.2 and 5.3:

K XCu
- MUx = M ex upper ×
K XC5 + K XCu + 0.5K B4 -5u + 0.5K B5- 6u

kx
= 24 .9 × = 20.308kN.m
kl + 0.5kb1

K XC5
MUxl = M ex lower ×
K XC5 + K XCu + 0.5K B4 -5l + 0.5K B5- 6l

K XC5
= 22.36 × = 8.232 KN .m
K XC5 + K XCu + 0.5K B4-5l + 0.5K B5-6l

4.1.4 The applied moment around the Y axis

Beams B5-11 and Cantilever 5 on roof slab and on 1st slab are both 800 mm by 270 mm

and while column C5yupper is 3200mm, and C5ylower is 3200 mm.

Using Equation 5.1:

xxxvi
 0.4 × 4700 × 20 ×0.35 ×800 × 270 3 ÷12
- KB5-11upper&lower = = 455800000 N.mm
( 5000 )1.694

0.4 × 4700 × 20 ×0.35 ×800 × 270 3 ÷12

- KCantilever5upper&lower = = 438269230. 8N.mm
( 5200 )1.694

The stiffness of the column in the Y direction, noted KC5yupper, and KC5ylower are calculated

for b = 250mm and h = 400 mm

0.4 ×4700 × 20 ×0.7 ×400 ×250 3

÷12
- KC5yupper = =1338136101 N.mm .
(3200 )1.694

0.4 ×4700 × 20 ×0.7 ×400 ×250 3

÷12
- KC5ylower = =1338136101 N.mm
(3200 )1.694

kl
- MUyu = 101 .23 × = 75.88 kN.m
kl + 0.5k + 0.5k

kl
- MUyl = 101 .23 × = 43.37 kN.m
kl + ku + 0.5k + 0.5k

4.1.5 Slenderness around X

If a column is considered as slender, then the applied moment needs to be magnified.

kl U  M1 
Slenderness can be neglected if < 34 −12   , where k is the effective length factor
0.3h  M2 

and lU is the unsupported length of the column. First the most critical case, where the

unsupported length is maximum (k=1), is tried.

xxxvii
 kl U 3.2  M1 
In load case 1, = = 42.66 for k = 1, while 34 – 12  =
0.3h 0.3 × 0.25 M2

 8.232  kl  M1 
34 −12 × −  = 38 .86 ; u > 34 -12   for k = 1 (highest value of k) ⇒
 20 .308  r M2

Slenderness cannot be neglected for k = 1 ⇒ the exact value of k should be calculated.

 M1   M1 
Note:   –ve if moments cause Double Curvature and   +ve if moments case
M2 M2

Single Curvature.

K C5xupper
- ψtop = (5.6)
K B 4−5upper + K B 5−6 upper

1338125000
= ( 1311055556 = 0.698
+ 605102564. 1)

K C5xupper + K C5xlower
- ψbottom = (5.7)
K B 4−5lower + K B 5−6 lower

1338125000 +1338125000
= = 1.396
1311055556 + 605102564. 1

From the alignment chart, k is read to be 0.76. Checking slenderness again,

kl U 0.76 × 3.2
= = 32.42 is < 38.86 ⇒ slenderness can be neglected.
0.3h 0.3 × 0.25

4.1.6 Slenderness around Y

kl U 3.2  M1 
In load case 1, = = 26.6 for k = 1, while 34 – 12   =
0.3h 0.3 × 0.4  M2 

 43 .37 
34 −12 × −  = 40 .85 ⇒ slenderness can be neglected.
 75 .88 

xxxviii
4.1.7 Load contour equation

PU= 514 KN, MUX= 20.308 KN.m and MUY= 75.88 KN.m. T14 bars will be used as main

reinforcement and Ø10 bars will be used for ties.

1) Around the X axis

γ = h - 2 × cc - 2 × φ s − φ b = 250 − 80 −14 − 20 = 0.544 use γ=0.6. The most suitable

h 250

ACI design graph is ACI 318-02 section 9.3.2 fig A6, also provided in the appendices. The

graph for bending around the X is a graph for steel placed on two parallel sides because no

more than 2 bars can be fitted with 25 cm. When a value is to be plotted it should be

transformed to KSI (1 MPa × 0.145 = 1 KSI), and when a value is to be read it should be
transformed back to MPa.

PU 514 ×1000
Kn= = = 5.14 MPa = 0.7453 KSI . Taking ρ= 0.02, Rn is read = 0.41
Ag 250 × 400

but used = 0.41 ÷ 0.145 = 2.827 MPa . MUX0= Rn × Ag × h= 2.827 × 250 × 400 × 250= 70.675

KN.m.

2) Around the Y axis

γ = 400 − 80 −14 − 20 = 0.715. 0.715 is very far from any available value of γ . The
400

best thing to do is to calculate Rn for γ = 0.6 and for γ = 0.75 and interpolate. The best curves

to simulate the applied moment around the Y axis are graphs ACI 318-02 fig A-9 and ACI

xxxix
318-02 section 9.3.2 fig A10 where steel bars are distributed in both directions because the

distance between the moment around the Y axis is not equal relative to the main bars .

- γ = 0.6: Kn= 0.7453 KSI and ρ= 0.02 go to the graph and get Rn=0.345ksi=2.238

MPa.

- γ = 0.75: Kn= 0.7453 KSI and ρ= 0.02 go to the graph and get Rn=0.405 ksi =2.793

MPa.

So for γ = 0.715, Rn= 2.6635 MPa.

MUY0= Rn × Ag × h= 2.6635 × 250 × 400 × 400= 106.54 KN.m

M UX 20.308 M UY 75.88
= = 0.287 and = = 0.712 . From figure (variation of
M UX0 70.675 M UY0 106.54

α ), α = 1 ⇒ αmin = 1.15 is used.

α α
 M UX  M  1.15 1.15
 = 
20 .308   75.88 
  +  UY   +  = 0.915 < 1 and > 0.65 ⇒ the
 M UX0   M UY0   70 .675  106.54 

reinforcement ratio is acceptable . AS = ρ × b × h = 0.02 × 250 mm × 400 mm = 2000 mm2.

However 0.97 is too close to 1 so let’s assume As=1847.25 use 12 T 14

Spacing of main bars is minimum 40 mm

Figure 5.5 shows a cross section of column C5 with its dimensions in cm, T14

reinforcement and T10 ties.

xl
 Figure

4.2: Cross-Section of Column C5

As shown on figure 5.5, the spacing in the X direction is 24.5 cm and the spacing in the

Y direction is 10 cm so both of them exceed 4 cm, the minimum spacing. .

4.1.8 Ties

The maximum spacing of ties is the least of:

- 16 φb = 16 × 14= 224 mm

- 48 φt = 48 × 10= 480 mm

- the least column dimension= 250 mm

xli
So Smax= 224 mm

4.2 Design of the column C6

C6 is a rectangular column 25 cm by 43 cm. It’s an edge column where,

Pu=309 KN

Muxtop=70.5 Muxbottom=45.36KN.m

Muytop=8.3 MuyBottom =4.32KN.m

4.2.1 Slenderness around X

kl U 3.2  M1   45 .36 
= = 42.66 for k=1, while 34 – 12   = 34 −12 × −  = 41 .72 ,
0.3h 0.3 × 0.25 M2  70 .5 

kl u  M1 
> 34 -12   for k = 1 (highest value of k) ⇒ Slenderness cannot be neglected for k
r M2

= 1 ⇒ the exact value of k should be calculated.

0.4 × 4700 × 20 ×0.35 ×1.5 ×700 × 270 3 ÷12

(EI) beams= = 3.167 *10 12
1.6

0.4 × 4700 × 20 ×0.7 × 430 × 250 3 ÷12

(EI) columns= = 2.06 *10 12
1 .6

( )= =593659942.4 for column

K 593659942 .4
- ψtop = K
C6xupper
= = 0.88
B13 upper 673829787 .2

K C6upper + K C6xlower 2 ×593659942 .4

- ψbottom = = =1.76
K B13 Lower 673829787 .2

xlii
 From the alignment chart, k is read to be 0.79. Checking slenderness again,

kl U 0.79 × 3.2
= = 33.7 < 41.72 ⇒ slenderness can be neglected.
0.3h 0.3 × 0.25

4.2.2 Slenderness around Y

kl U 3.2  M1 
For load case 1, = = 24.8 for k = 1, while 34 – 12  =
0.3h 0.3 × 0.43  M2 

 4.32 
34 −12 × −  = 40 .245 ⇒ slenderness can be neglected.
 8.3 

4.2.3 Load contour equation

PU= 309KN, MUX= 70.5 KN.m and MUY= 8.3 KN.m. T14 bars will be used as main

reinforcement and Ø10 bars will be used for ties. With a rectangular column, the computation

of MUX0 and MUY0 has to be done separately because h differs.

1) Around the X axis

γ = h - 2 × cc - 2 × φ s − φ b = 250 − 80 −14 − 20 = 0.544. The most suitable ACI design

h 200

graph is ACI 318-02 SECT9.3.2 FIG A6. The graph for bending around the X is a graph for

steel placed on two parallel sides because no more than 2 bars can be fitted with 25 cm.

Moreover the units must be adjusted Kn and Rn are different from those of the new curves.

When a value is to be plotted it should be transformed to KSI (1 MPa × 0.145 = 1 KSI), and
when a value is to be read it should be transformed back to MPa.

xliii
 PU 309 ×1000
Kn= = = 2.874 MPa = 0.416 KSI . Taking ρ= 0.02, Rn is read =
Ag 250 × 430

0.445KSI but used = 0.445 ÷ 0.145 = 3.06 MPa . MUX0= Rn × Ag × h= 3.06 × 250 × 430 ×

250= 82.23 KN.m

2) Around the Y axis

γ = 430 − 80 −14 − 20 = 0.734. 0.734 is very far from the value of γ =0.75. The best
430

thing to do is to calculate Rn for γ = 0.75. The best curve to simulate the applied moment

around the Y axis is graph ACI 318-02 SECT9.3.2 FIG A10

γ = 0.75: Kn= 0.416 and ρ= 0.02 yield Rn= 0.485 ÷ 0.145 = 3.344 MPa.

MUY0= Rn × Ag × h= 3.344 × 250 × 430 × 430= 154.576 KN.m

M UX 70.5 M UY 8.3
= = 0.85 and = = 0.0536. . From figure (variation of α
M UX0 82.23 M UY0 154.57

), α = 1 so αmin = 1.15 is used.

α α
 M UX  M  1.15 1.15
  +  UY  = 

70 .5 
 +
 8.3 
 = 0.875 > 0.65 and<1 ⇒ the
 M UX0   M UY0   82 .23  154.57 

reinforcement ratio is acceptable.

AS = ρ × b × h = 0.02 × 250 mm × 430 mm = 2150 mm2 which is equivalent to

14T14.

Figure 4.3 shows a cross section of column C6 with its dimensions in cm, T14

reinforcement and Ø10ties.

xliv
 Figure 4.3: Cross-Section of Column C6

As shown on figure 4.3, the spacing in the X direction is 38.67 cm it’s ok but we

prefer usually to have a minimum spacing of 40 cm.

4.2.4 Ties

The maximum spacing of ties is the least of:

- 16 φb = 16 × 14= 224mm

- 48 φt = 48 × 10= 480 mm

- the least column dimension= 250 mm

xlv
So Smax= 224 mm.

A spacing of 22.4 cm (or less) should be specified on the plans.

4.3 Design of the column C12

C12 is a rectangular column 25 cm by 70 cm. It’s an edge column where,

PU= 309KN, MUX= 115.4 KN.m and MUY= 12.8 KN.m.

4.3.1 Slenderness around X

kl U 3.2  M1   113 .38 

= = 42.66 for k=1, while 34 – 12   = 34 −12 × −  = 45 .79 ,
0.3h 0.3 × 0.25 M2  115 .4 

kl u  M1 
< 34 -12   for k = 1 (highest value of k) ⇒ Slenderness can be neglected.
r M2

4.3.2 Slenderness around Y

kl U 3. 2  M1 
For load case 1, = = 15.23 for k = 1, while 34 – 12  =
0.3h 0. 3 × 0. 7  M2 

 3.73 
34 −12 × −  = 37 .5 ⇒ slenderness can be neglected.
 12 .8 

4.3.3 Load contour equation

PU= 309KN, MUX= 115.4 KN.m and MUY= 12.8 KN.m. T16 bars will be used as main

reinforcement and Ø10 bars will be used for ties. With a rectangular column, the computation

of MUX0 and MUY0 has to be done separately because h differs.

1) Around the X axis

xlvi
 γ = h - 2 × cc - 2 × φ s − φ b = 250 − 80 −16 − 20 = 0.536. The most suitable ACI design
h 250

graph is ACI 318-02 SECT9.3.2 FIG A6. The graph for bending around the X is a graph for

steel placed on two parallel sides because no more than 2 bars can be fitted with 25 cm.

Moreover the units must be adjusted Kn and Rn are different from those of the new curves.

When a value is to be plotted it should be transformed to KSI (1 MPa × 0.145 = 1 KSI), and
when a value is to be read it should be transformed back to MPa.

PU 309 ×1000
Kn= = =1.765 MPa = 0.256 KSI . Taking ρ= 0.02, Rn is read =
Ag 250 × 700

0.445KSI but used = 0.445 ÷ 0.145 = 3.06 MPa . MUX0= Rn × Ag × h= 3.06 × 250 × 700 ×

250= 133.875 KN.m.

2) Around the Y axis

γ = 700 − 80 −16 − 20 = 0.834. 0.834 is very far from the value of γ =0.75. The best thing to
700

do is:

PU 309 ×1000
Find Kn= = =1.765 MPa = 0.256 KSI
Ag 250 × 700

Calculate Rn for γ = 0.75 and for γ =0.9. The best curve to simulate the applied moment

around the Y axis is graph ACI 318-02 SECT9.3.2 FIG A10 and ACI 318-02 SECT9.3.2 FIG

A11 because the moment applied around the Y axis is not equidistant to the main bars

For γ = 0.75: Kn= 0.256 and ρ= 0.02 yields to an Rn= 0.47 ÷ 0.145 = 3.24 Mpa.

For γ = 0.9 Kn= 0.256 and ρ= 0.02 yields to an Rn= 0.53 ÷ 0.145 = 3.65 Mpa

So use interpolation and get Rn =3.469 Mpa for γ = 0.834

xlvii
 MUY0= Rn × Ag × h=3.469 × 250 × 700 × 700= 425 KN.m

M UX 115.4 M UY 12.8
= = 0.86 and = = 0.03 . From figure (variation of α ), α=
M UX0 133 M UY0 425

1 so αmin = 1.15 is used.

α α
 M UX  M 
  +  UY  = ( 0.86 )1.15 + ( 0.03 )1.15 = 0.858 < 1 and >0.65 ⇒ the reinforcement
 M UX0   M UY0 

ratio is acceptable.

AS = ρ × b × h = 0.02 × 250 mm × 700 mm = 3500 mm2 which is equivalent to 18T16.

Figure 4.4 shows a cross section of column C12 with its dimensions in cm, T16 reinforcement

and Ø10ties.

Spacing between main bars: (700-40*2-20-9*16)/8 = 57 <150 so we tie each other bar

Figure 4.4: Cross-Section of Column C12

4.3.4 Ties

xlviii
 The maximum spacing of ties is the least of:

- 16 φb = 16 × 16= 256mm

- 48 φt = 48 × 10= 480 mm

- the least column dimension= 250 mm

So Smax= 250 mm.

A spacing of 25 cm (or less) should be specified on the plans.

CHAPTER 5

xlix
 DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

5.1 Introduction

Footings are an intermediate structure between the super structure and the soil. They

carry the load from the structure and transfer it to the soil. All columns in a given structure are

supported by a footing. The shapes of footings depend on the shape of the columns. If the

column is rectangular then the footing will likewise be rectangular and if the columns were

squared or circular then the footing is squared or can be circular for a circular column.

5.2 Design of the Rectangular Footing 1

The design for the rectangular footing 1 is as follows:

5.2.1 Design Prerequisites

1) DL = 591, which is the total dead load from the structure acting on the footing.

2) LL = (2 × 12.5 + 5 × 10) × 2 = 150 KN, which is the total live load applied on all the
supporting tributary area.

3) The allowable bearing capacity of soil, qa, is 200 KN/m2 obtained from reference [3].

4) Column size is 25 cm by 40 cm.

5) fc’ = 20 MPa and fy = 395 MPa

5.2.2 Footing Dimensions

l
 Footing dimensions, B and L, can be obtained from the following equations:

Ps
qa = (5.1)
B ×L

Pf
Or qf = (5.2)
B ×L

Where; PS = DL + LL = 741 KN

Pf = 1.2 × 591 + 1.6 × 150 = 949.2

B = 2x + a

L = 2x + b

Figure 6.1 below shows the dimensions.

DL + LL

40
H

LXB
L

Figure 5.1: Dimensions of Footing

Therefore, using 5.1:

li
 741
(2x + 0.25)(2x + 0.40) = = 3.705 m2
200

Solving for x ⇒ x = 0.801 m

⇒ L = 2 × 0.801 + 0.40 = 2.002 m = 2.1m

B = 2 × 0.801 + 0.25 = 1.852 m= 1.9 m

949 .2
Checking with 5.2: qf = = 237.9 MPa
1.9 ×2.1

5.2.3 Footing Thickness

Footing thickness will be found using type two failure i.e. wide beam failure also

called 1 way shear failure, than, punching will be checked. Wide beam failure occurs at a

distance d from the face of the column.

210
190

wide beam shear failure at d from

column

Figure 5.2: Wide beam shear failure

lii
  L −b 
d1 × Vc × B = qf × B ×  − d 1 (5.3)
 2 

d1 × 650 = 237.9 × (0.85 – d1), solving for d1 ⇒ d1 = 0.228 m

Verifying d with punching shear, i.e. 2 way shear failure, this occurs at a distance d/2:

210

190

punching shear failure at d/2 from

column

Figure 5.3: Punching shear failure

Pf = Vc × d2 × (perimeter of failure) (5.4)

⇒ Pf = Vc × d2 × [2 × (d2 +b) + 2 × (d2 +a)]

949.2 =1300 × d2 × [2 × (0.40 + d2) + 2 × (0.25 + d2)] ⇒ d2 = 0.295 m. choose

larger value of d. Therefore, h = d2 + cc + db/2 = 0.295 + 0.07 +0.008 = 0.373 m.

liii
5.2.4 Steel Reinforcement design

a) Longitudinal Direction

To obtain the amount of steel required, the maximum moment at the face of the

support must be first computed.

qf × l 2
Mmax = (5.5)
2

L −b
Where; l = (5.6)
2

= 0.85

Therefore, Mmax = 85.94 KN.m

The amount of steel required is obtained from the following equation:

 a
Mmax = Ø × AS × fy ×  d − 
 2

(5.7)

As × fy
Where; a = 0.85 × fc '×b (5.8)

⇒ a = 23.24AS

So:

85.94 = 0.9 × AS × 395 × (0.295 – 11.62 × AS) ⇒ solving for AS: AS = 0.000848 m2/m

ρ was then calculated:

As
ρ= (5.9)
b ×d

With b = 1 m and checked with ρmin ⇒ ρ= 0.002875 < ρmin = 0.0018 (ACI 10.5.4),

therefore use ρ =0.002875.

liv
 Therefore the required area of steel, AS (total) = 0.002875 × 1.9 × 0.295 = 0.001611 m2 =

1611 mm2. Use 9 T 16.

B − 2 × cc − Numberofba rs × db
- Clear spacing = (5.10)
n −1

= 202 mm

- Checking ld, which is the development length, obtained from ACI 12.2:

9 × fy
ld = 10 × fc ' db (5.11)

= 79.5db = 1.272 m

And the available distance = l – cc = 0.85 – 0.07 = 0.78 m < ld, therefore, hooks are

required.

-Checking ldh, which is the development length for hooks, obtained from ACI 12.5:

0.24 ×β ×λ × fy
ldh = db
fc '

(5.12)

=21.2db = 0.3392 m < available distance.

b) Transverse Steel

lv
 B −a
Obtained in the same way as longitudinal steel but with l = .
2

Since the values of B and L were obtained using the method in 6.2 then l for both longitudinal

and transversal steel is the same. Therefore obtain the same Mmax, which also yields ρ=

0.00323 > ρmin ⇒ use ρ=0.00323.

From 2.15:

- AS(total) = 0.00323 × 2.1 × 0.279 = 0.001892 m2 = 1892 mm2. Use 10 T 16.

Where d = d’; d’ = d - db

- Check clear spacing using 5.10:

2100 − 2 × 70 −10 ×16

Sc = = 200 mm
9

- Check ld from 5.11, ld = 1.272 m and available l = 0.78 m, therefore hooks are required.

-Check ldh from 5.12, ldh = 0.3392 m < 0.78.

c) Dowels

A2
fc = φ× 0.85 × fc '× (5.13)
A1

Where; A2 = (a + 4d) × (b + 4d).

A1 = Area of column

Ø = 0.65

A2
fc = 0.65 × 0.85 × 20 × 2 = 22.1 MPa > fc' , therefore, fc = fc', since for a value of
A1

≥ 2 the value is taken as 2.

lvi
 Pf
fa = < fC, therefore minimum dowels need to be provided which is equivalent to 4
A1

Pf
bars using any bar diameter. Otherwise, if fa = > fC, then dowels needs to be provided
A1

according to:

Pf column − f c × A column
φ × ( f y − 0.85 × f c ')
Adowels =

fa = 9.49 MPa < fc ⇒ provide Admin = 0.005 × Acolumn = 5 cm

2

⇒ 4 T 14

lvii
 4 T 14 40

9 T 16 in the 10 T 16 in the
long direction short direction

37.3

7 210

Figure 5.4: Steel Reinforcement in Footing 1

CHAPTER 6

lviii
 CONCLUSIONS

a) Several problems were faced; the main problem was the numerous trials that had to

be made to find the correct and adequate dimensions of both beams and columns. A

second problem was the diagonal position of beams 8-9 and 10-11 which made their

design a bit harder as for the calculation of their tributary widths.

b) When designing a structure one should take into consideration the cost of the project

and try to decrease it so the thickness of slab 1 could have been taken to be the same

as that of slab 2 but it would be unnecessary and costly so a lesser thickness was

used.

c) Finally, the practical side; a designer should keep in mind that the structure is going

to be built and try to make that easier. So some small beams where overdesigned to

maintain continuity in the frames.

lix
 LIST OF REFERENCES

[1] American Concrete Institute. (2002). Building code requirement for structural

concrete (ACI 318M-02) and commentary (ACI 318RM-02). Michigan: American

Concrete Institute.

[2] Nilson, A. H., Darwin, D., & Dolan, C.W. (2003). Design of concrete structures.

New York: McGraw Hill.

[3] Das, B.M. (1995). Principles of foundation engineering. Sacramento: PWS publishing

company.

APPENDIX A

lx
ALIGNEMENT CHART FOR THE EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR (k)

IN NONSWAY FRAMES

(Source: Reference 1)

APPENDIX B

lxi
 VARIATION OF α

(Source: Reference 2)

APPENDIX C
COLUMN STRENGTH INTERACTION DIAGRAMS

lxii
lxiii
lxiv
(Source: Reference 2)

lxv
 APPENDIX D

SUMMARY OF MOMENT, SHEAR AND REINFORCEMENT VALUES

Table D1: Longitudinal Reinforcement Slabs 2 and 3

Beam b h d Moment M RU ρ AS Reinforcement

(m) (m) (m) Name (KN.m) (Mpa) (mm ) 2

23-24 0.6 0.2 0.16 M23-24+ 11.48 0.92 0.00354 352.5 3T16
M23- 18.225 1.22 0.00354 352.5 3T16
M24- 23.69 1.1.59 0.00423 421.3 3T16
24-25 0.6 0.2 0.16 M24-25+ 45.9 3.08 0.0125 1245 7T16
M24- 23.69 1.1.59 0.00423 421.3 3T16
M25- 31.59 2.12 0.00575 573.68 3T16
16-17 1 0.4 0.36 M16-17+ 73.7 0.61 0.00354 1295.6 9T14
M16- 50.96 0.422 0.00354 1295 9T14
M17- 95.14 0.789 0.00354 1295 9T14
17-18 1 0.4 0.36 M17-18+ 138.45 1.14 0.00354 1295 9T14
M17- 95.14 0.789 0.00354 1295 9T14
M18- 95.1 0.789 0.00354 1295 9T14
26-27 0.25 0.7 0.66 M26-27+ 154.44 1.54 0.00411 684.3 4T16
M26- 106.17 1.06 0.00354 589.41 3T16
M27- 106.17 1.06 0.00354 589.41 3T16
19-20 0.5 0.4 0.36 M19-20+ 8.9 0.09 0.00354 647.82 6T12
M19- 6.12 0.07 0.00354 647.82 6T12
M20- 6.12 0.07 0.00354 647.82 6T12
Cant.20 1 0.4 0.36 M20- 95.8 0.79 0.00354 1295 9T14
20-21 1 0.4 0.36 M20- 48.46 0.4 0.00354 1295 9T14
M20-21+ 137.3 1.15 0.00354 1281 9T14
M21- 96.7 0.8 0.00354 1295 9T14
21-22 0.8 0.4 0.36 M21- 55.62 0.57 0.00354 1036.5 7T14
M21-22+ 80.9 0.83 0.00354 1036.5 7T14
M22- 55.62 0.57 0.00354 1036.5 7T14
Cant.21 1 0.4 0.36 M21- 211.5 1.75 0.0046 1718.9 12T14
Cant.22 0.8 0.4 0.36 M22+ 9.5 0.1 0.00354 388.69 3T14
23-26 0.5 0.2 0.16 M23-26+ 43.91 3.53 0.01371 1137.9 6T16
M23- 30.19 2.43 0.00668 554.6 3T16
M26- 30.19 2.43 0.00668 554.6 3T16
25-27 0.5 0.2 0.16 M25-27+ 43.91 3.53 0.01371 1137.9 6T16
M25- 30.19 2.43 0.00668 554.6 3T16
M27- 30.19 2.43 0.00668 554.6 3T16
16-19 0.5 0.4 0.36 M16-19+ 31.15 0.51 0.00354 647.82 6T12
M16- 21.47 0.355 0.00354 647.82 6T12
M19- 21.47 0.355 0.00354 647.82 6T12

lxvi
18-22 0.3 0.4 0.36 M18-22+ 8.52 0.09 0.0035 388.7 3T14
M18- 5.85 0.16 0.0035 388.69 3T14
M22- 9.5 0.1 0.0035 388.69 3T14
Table D1 (continued)

Table D2: Shear Reinforcement Slabs 2 and 3

Beam V S AV Reinforcement
(KN) (mm) (mm2)
23-24 40 178 226.5 5Ø8
24-25 85.2 178 226.5 5Ø8
16-17 253.2 155 197.3 4Ø8
17-18 292.2 164 208 5Ø8
26-27 148 178 226.5 5Ø8
19-20 46.92 178 226.5 5Ø6
20-21 48.4 178 226.5 5Ø8
21-22 127.9 178 226.5 5Ø8
23-26 84.2 178 226.5 5Ø8
25-27 84.2 178 226.5 5Ø8
16-19 44.78 178 226.5 5Ø8
18-22 25.9 178 226.5 5Ø8

lxvii
 Table D3: Shear and Longitudinal Reinforcement of Secondary Beams in Slab 1

Beam B h d Mo M RU ρ AS Reinforceme Shear

(m) (m) (m) men (KN.m) (Mpa) (mm ) 2 nt Value
t KN
1-7 0.2 0.27 0.234 Na
M+ 19.31 26.45
1.95 0.005 234 2 T 14
-
1-7 M L 17.7 1.79 0.00445 212.94 2 T 14
1-7 MR- 17.7 1.79 0.00445 212.94 2 T 14
Cant.1 0.2 0.27 0.234 M- 28.75 2.91 0.0075 363 3 T 14 20.57
Cant.7 0.2 0.27 0.234 M- 28.75 2.91 0.0075 363 3 T 14 21.2
2-8 0.23 0.27 0.234 M+ 17.4 1.535 0.003875 208.55 2 T 14 110.4
2-8 ML- 11.97 1.056 0.00354 190 2 T 14
2-8 MR- 11.97 1.056 0.00354 190 2 T 14
8-14 0.23 0.27 0.234 M+ 2.169 27.8 0.00354 190 2 T 14 11.43
8-14 ML- 1.49 19.06 0.00354 190 2 T 14
8-14 MR- 1.49 19.06 0.00354 190 2 T 14
Cant.2 0.23 0.27 0.234 M+ 19.17 1.69 0.0043 231 2 T 14 14.3
5-11 0.6 0.27 0.234 M+ 29.6 1 0.00354 497 5 T 12 48
5-11 ML- 27.13 0.91 0.00354 497 5 T 12
5-11 MR- 20.13 0.688 0.00354 497 5 T 12
11-17 0.6 0.27 0.234 M+ 4.4 0.148 0.00354 497 5 T 12 18.4
11-17 ML- 3.02 0.102 0.00354 497 5 T 12
11-17 MR- 3.02 0.102 0.00354 497 5 T 12
Cant.5 0.6 0.27 0.234 M+ 34.68 1.172 0.00354 497 2 T 14 22.15
6-12 0.2 0.27 0.234 M+ 19.31 1.94 0.005 234 2 T 14 42.12
6-12 ML- 17.7 1.79 0.00455 213 2 T 14
6-12 MR- 17.7 1.79 0.00455 213 2 T 14
12-18 0.2 0.27 0.234 M+ 3.3 0.334 0.00354 165.6 2 T 14 17.43
12-18 ML- 3.025 0.309 0.00354 165.6 2 T 14
12-18 MR- 3.025 0.309 0.00354 165.6 2 T 14
Cant.6 0.2 0.27 0.27 M- 41 4.15 0.0116 543 3 T 16 26.15

lxviii
Beam b h d Moment M RU ρ AS (mm2) Reinforcement
(m) (m) (m) Name (KN.m) (Mpa)

1-2 0.7 0.27 0.234 M1-2+ 79.3 2.3 0.006 982.8 7 T 14

M1- 54.52 1.58 0.004 655.2 5 T 14
M2- 34.38 0.997 0.003544 663.44 9 T 10
2-3 0.7 0.27 0.234 M2-3+ 25.96 0.679 0.003544 663.4 9 T 10
M2- 32.53 0.94 0.003544 663.44 9 T 10
M3- 17.85 0.517 0.003544 663.44 9 T 10
4-5 0.8 0.27 0.234 M4-5+ 82.35 2.089 0.005387 1008.45 7 T 14
M4- 72.06 1.83 0.0046798 876.06 6 T 14
M5- 138.41 3.51 0.009564 1790.38 9 T 16
5-6 0.8 0.27 0.234 M5-6+ 100.73 2.56 0.006724 1258.7 7 T 16
M5- 145.43 3.69 0.01013 1896.336 10 T 16
M6- 88.14 2.24 0.0058 1085.76 6 T 16
7-8 0.6 0.27 0.234 M7-8+ 67.29 2.28 0.0059 828.36 6 T 14
M7- 45.325 1.54 0.0039 547.56 5 T 12
M8- 28.585 0.98 0.003544 497.58 5 T 12
8-9 0.6 0.27 0.234 M8-9+ 17.23 0.583 0.003544 497.58 5 T 12
M8- 22.77 0.77 0.003544 497.016 5 T 12
M9- 16.869 0.57 0.003544 497.016 5 T 12
9-10 0.6 0.27 0.234 M9-10+ 28.25 0.955 0.003544 497.58 5 T 12
M9- 30.58 1.034 0.003544 497.57 5 T 12
M10- 20.31 0.687 0.003544 497.57 5 T 12
10-11 0.6 0.27 0.234 M10-11+ 61.24 2.07 0.00534 749.74 7 T 12
M10- 37.052 1.25 0.003544 663.44 6 T 12
M11- 47.92 1.62 0.0041 575.64 6 T 12

Table D4: Longitudinal Reinforcement of Main Beams in Slab1

lxix
Beam b h d Moment M RU ρ AS (mm2) Reinforcement
(m) (m) (m) Name (KN.m) (Mpa)
11-12 0.6 0.27 0.234 M11-12+ 62.11 2.1 0.00542 760.968 7 T 12
M11- 38.05 1.16 0.003544 497.57 5 T 12
M12- 46.81 1.58 0.004 561.6 5 T 12
Cant.13 0.3 0.27 0.234 M13- 30.44 1.54 0.0039 365.04 3 T 12
13-14 0.25 0.27 0.234 M13-14+ 6.84 0.156 0.003544 473.44 3 T 16
M13- 4.54 0.115 0.003544 207.324 2 T 14
M14- 11.68 0.296 0.003544 207.324 2 T 14
14-15 0.25 0.27 0.234 M14-15+ 48.01 0.732 0.003544 709.51 4 T 16
M14- 33.0075 1.107 0.003544 322.504 3 T 12
M15- 33.0075 1.107 0.003544 322.504 3 T 12
15-16 0.25 0.27 0.234 M15-16+ 10 0.812 0.003544 207.324 3 T 10
M15- 6.877 0.558 0.003544 207.324 2 T 12
M16- 6.877 0.558 0.003544 207.324 2 T 12
Table D4 (continued)

lxx
 Table D5: Shear Reinforcement of Main Beams in Slab1

Beam V S AV Reinforcement
(KN) (m) (mm2)
1-2 147.52 117 131.2 5Ø6
2-3 82.11 117 104.2 4Ø6
3-4 49.565 117 74.45 3Ø6
4-5 174.45 117 164.15 6Ø6
5-6 197.77 117 220.68 5Ø8
7-8 105.69 117 62.3 3Ø6
8-9 49.55 117 89.34 4Ø6
9-10 34.44 117 89.34 4Ø6
10-11 107.17 117 65.87 3Ø6
11-12 114.29 117 83.13 3Ø6
Cant.13 28.223 117 59.56 3Ø6
13-14 24.07 117 57.9 3Ø6
14-15 73.35 117 78.72 3Ø6
15-16 22.6 117 37.3 2Ø6
116

lxxi