Basic Lightning Protection System

Rolling Sphere Method, Protected Angle

and Meshed Method

DR. Ir. Djoko Darwanto

 Sistem Proteksi Petir Eksternal
Sistem proteksi petir eksternal terdiri atas bagian yang
dipasang di luar bangunan
 Sistem Terminasi-Udara/Finial (air termination
system)
Menangkap sambaran petir langsung (dengan
sistem terminasi-udara)
 Penghantar turun (down-conductor system)
Menyalurkan arus petir secara aman menuju
bumi (dengan sistem penghantar turun)
 Sistem terminasi bumi (earth-termination system)
Menyebarkan arus petir ke dalam bumi (dengan
sistem terminasi bumi/pentanahan)
 Sistem Terminasi-udara
Sistem terminasi-udara (air-termination
system) berfungsi mencegah kerusakan akibat
sambaran petir langsung.
Sistem ini membuat sambaran petir bisa
lebih terkendali.
Sistem ini terdiri atas kombinasi dari:
 Batang (rod)
 Kawat dan kabel terbentang (catenary
wire)
 Konduktor dalam jaringan (meshed
conductor)
Strike Distance, Jarak Terkaman
 Sudut Lindung, Protective Angle
Protective angle and Protective angle α as a
comparable radius of function of height h depending
the rolling-sphere on the class of lightning
protection system
Striking distance I [kA] d [m]

2 15
d = 10 I 0.65 5 27
d [m]
10 45
200
30 91

50 127
100
100 (200)

150 (260)
0 50 100 150 I [kA]
200 (313)

Hubungan Jarak Terkaman dan Arus Petir

Electrogeometric Model Applied to a Vertical Rod

d = 10 I 0.65

d1 = 15 m kA m
2 15
d2 = 100 m 10 45
35 100
h = 80 m

100 200

d1

0 x
 Daerah Lindung Finial Tegak : h < rs (rs = hB )
Sudut Lindung  (dalam derajat) suatu Finial Tegak adalah:
h
  arc sin  1 
r s

Pk Pk

hB

hB
hB
 
h

Daerah Lindung
Daerah Lindung Finial Tegak : h  hB

hB

Pk Pk

hB
hB

Daerah Lindung
 Cone-shaped Example of air-termination systems
protection zone with protective angle α.
PROTECTIVE ANGLE
METHODE
 Protective angle
Protective angle method (metode sudut lindung) diturunkan dari
electrical-geometrical lightning model. Sudut proteksi ditentukan oleh
radius dari bola gulir yang diirisi oleh garis miring sedemikian rupa
sehingga diperoleh daerah yang sama besarnya. Sudut proteksi
tergantung pada Level Proteksi dari sistem proteksi petir dan tinggi
sistem terminasi-udara di atas permukaan rujukan.
Hubungan antara sudut lindung dan level proteksi

 R
h

protected volumes

Level R(m) (h = 20) (h = 30) (h = 45) (h = 60) d(m)

I 20 25 * * * 5

II 30 35 25 * * 10

III 45 45 35 25 * 15

IV 60 55 45 35 25 20
Volume protected by a vertical rod Air–Termination
A

h1

O C
B

Key for figures A.1

A Tip of an air termination
B Reference plane
OC Radius of protected area
h1 Height of an air termination rod above the area to be protected
a Protective angle according to table 2
 Volume protected by a wire air termination
A

h1

0 C


B
h1

0 C

A Tip of an air termination

B Reference plane
OC Radius of protected area
h1 Height of an air termination rod above the area to be
protected
a Protective angle according to table 2
 Volumes protected by a vertical air termination rod
 
1 2

h
1 h
1

h
2
h

h1 Physical height of an air termination rod.

NOTE The protective angle 1 corresponds to the air termination
height h1,being the height above the roof surface to be protected
(reference plane);the protective angle 2 corresponds to the height
h2 = h1 + h, being the soil the reference plane; 1 is related to h1 and 2 is
related to h2.
Sudut proteksi α sebagai fungsi dari tinggi h
tergantung pada Level Proteksi
Table of minimum thicknesses of metal sheets for air-
termination systems (see IEC 62305-3)
Class of Material Thickness Thickness
LPS t (mm) t’ (mm)

I to IV Lead - 2.0
Stainless steel 4 0.5
or
galvanized
steel
Titanium 4 0.5
Copper 5 0.5
Aluminium 7 0.65
Zinc - 0.7
ROLLING SPHERE
METHOD
SISTEM TERMINASI-UDARA
Roling sphere method

Bagian tebal hitam atau diarsir

adalah yang Tidak Terlindungi
 Design of an LPS air termination according
to the “rolling sphere” method

R
R R R

R
R
0,8 h
h < 60 m
h < 60 m
R
h > 60 m

Air termination system

R
Radius of rolling sphere
Design of an air termination system according
to the “rolling sphere” method

Air-termination
RR

R
R
R
 SISTEM TERMINASI-UDARA
Roling sphere method
Tingkat proteksi SPP terbagi 4 level, dari level I yang paling aman
hingga level IV yang paling tidak aman. berkaitan dengan efektivitas
intersepsi (interception evectivity, EI), yakni probabilitas sistem proteksi
petir dalam mengendalikan petir.
Tipe Kriteria Radius Bola Arus Puncak
Proteksi Intersepsi El Gulir Min.

I 0,99 20 2,9

II 0,97 30 5,4

III 0,91 45 10,1

IV 0,84 60 15,7
 SISTEM TERMINASI-UDARA
Mesh method
Sistem terminasi-udara meshed dapat digunakan secara universal tanpa
memperhatikan tinggi struktur dan bentuk atap. Jejaring dengan ukuran
tertentu dipasang pada atap

TIPE UKURAN
PROTEKSI JEJARING
I 5×5m
II 10 × 10 m
III 15 × 15 m
ÍV 20 × 20 m
 Protective angle
Sistem terminasi-udara terdiri atas:
• Isolated melindungi struktur dari sambaran petir langsung. Sistem terminasi-udara
harus diletakkan sejauh s terhadap struktur
• Non-isolated. meletakkan komponen sistem proteksi langsung pada atap yang tidak
mudah terbakar. Namun, jika ada bagian atap yang mudah terbakar, maka jaraknya
terhadap sistem proteksi harus dijaga minimum 0,4 m.
Bagian metal dari struktur bisa digunakan sebagai komponen natural dari
sistem terminasi-udara. Jika struktur memiliki konstruksi baja dan fasad
terbuah dari material konduktif, maka struktur tersebut bisa digunakan
selama memenuhi syarat ketebalan minimum.
Ketebalan Minimum Pelat Metal

Bahan Ketebalan
Boleh Tidak Boleh
Sistem Isolated
Meleleh Meleleh
Besi 0,5 mm 4 mm
Tembaga 0,5 mm 5 mm
Aluminium/Stainless- 0,7 mm 7 mm
Steel
 SISTEM TERMINASI-UDARA

Sudut proteksi α sebagai fungsi dari tinggi h

Tipe Radius Bola Ukuran
Proteksi Gulir Jejaring
I 20 m 5×5m
II 30 m 10 × 10 m
III 45 m 15 × 15 m
ÍV 60 m 20 × 20 m
Sistem Terminasi-Udara untuk Bangunan tinggi
(h ≥ 60m)
Instalasi Sistem Terminasi-Udara
 Methode for Positioning of Air Termination Systems

Angle of Protection

Air Termination Rod


r

h Rolling
Angle of Down
Protection Conductor
Sphere

Earthing System

S660e_c
 Example of a “partly isolated”
lightning protection system

Source: Victoria-Blitzschutz GmbH, Lünen

MESHED METHOD
 Rolling sphere radius, mesh size and protection angle
corresponding to the type of LPS
P ro te c tio n m e th o d
T yp e o f L P S R o llin g s p h e r e r a d iu s R M e s h s iz e M P ro te c tio n a n g le
m m °
I 20 5 x 5
S e e fig u re
II 30 10 x 10
b e lo w
III 45 15 x 15
IV 60 20 x 20

(°)
NOTE 1 - Not applicable beyond the values marked
with . Only rolling sphere
and mesh methods apply in these cases

Type of LPS NOTE 2 - h is the height of air–termination above

the area to be protected.

IV
I II III
NOTE 3 - The angle will not change for values
of h below 2 m

2
Hubungan antara level proteksi petir, kriteria intersepsi, jarak
sambaran akhir dan nilai puncak minimal dari arus
(VDE V 0185-1)
Tipe Kriteria Radius Arus Puncak
Proteksi Intersepsi El Bola Gulir Min.

I 0,99 20 2,9

II 0,97 30 5,4

III 0,91 45 10,1

IV 0,84 60 15,7

Tipe proteksi
Tipikal R I II III IV
R 20 30 45 60
 Kedalaman Tembus P dari Bola Gulir
Untuk menghitung kedalaman tembusan (penetration
depth), p, dari bola gulir dari dua batang terminasi-udara:
PROTECTION LEVEL
 Maximum values of lightning parameters
according to protection levels
First short stroke Protection level
Current parameters Symbol Einheit I II III IV
Peak current I kA 200 150 100
Short stroke charge Qshort C 100 75 50
Specific energy W/R kJ/ 10.000 5.625 2.500
Time parameters T1/T2 µs/µs 10/350
Subsequent short stroke Protection level
Current parameters Symbol Unit I II III IV
Peak current I kA 50 37,5 25
Average steepness di/dt kA/µs 200 150 100
Time parameters T1/T2 µs/µs 0,25/100
Long stroke Protection level
Current parameters Symbol Unit I II III IV
Long stroke charge Qlong C 200 150 100
Time parameter Tlong s 0,5
Flash Protection level
Current parameters Symbol Unit I II III IV
Flash charge Qflash C 300 225 150

Source: IEC 62305-1

 Values (%) exceeding
Parameters Unit the indicated ones
95% 50% 5%
Peak currents
first negative strokes and negative flashes kA 14 30 80
subsequent negative strokes kA 4.6 12 30
positive flashes kA 4.6 35 250
Charge
first negative strokes and C 1.1 5,2 24
negative flashes C 0.2 1.4 11
subsequent negative strokes C 1.3 7.5 40
positive flashes C 20 80 350
Front duration
first negative strokes µs 1.8 5,5 18
subsequent negative strokes µs 0.22 1.1 4.5
positive flashes µs 3.5 22 200
Maximum rate of rise ( di/dt )
first negative strokes kA/µs 5.5 12 32
subsequent negative strokes kA/µs 12 40 120
positive flashes kA/µs 0.2 2.4 32
Pulse duration
first negative strokes µs 30 75 200
subsequent negative strokes µs 6.5 32 140
positive flashes µs 25 230 2000
Time intervals between
negative strokes ms 7 33 150
Flash duration
negative (simple or multiple) ms 0.15 13 1100
negative (multiple only) ms 31 180 900
positive ms 14 85 500
i²dt integral
first negative strokes and negative flashes A².s 6.0 103 5.5 104 5.5 105
subsequent negative strokes A².s 5.5 102 6.0 103 5.2 104
positive flashes A².s 2.5 105 6.5 105 1.5 107
It starts with a first risk analysis in
accordance with IEC 62305-2 for the
determination of the necessity of protective
measures.

A protection level I to IV has to be determined

in order to define a set of lightning current
paramenters values. This protection level is used to
classify protection measures to define the type of
lightning protection systems (LPS) needed.
 Generally, a lightning protection system type II is
sufficient - extensive and sensitive electronic systems
require a lightning protection system type I.

Protection levels Type of LPS

I I
II II
III III
IV IV
 Minimum values of lightning parameters and
related rolling sphere radius corresponding to LPL
In terception criteria LP L

S ymbol U nit I II III IV

M inim um pe ak curren t I kA 3 5 10 16

R olling sphere radius R m 20 30 45 60

Probabilities for the limits of the lightning current parameters

Probability that lightning current LPL
parameters are
I II III IV
smaller than the maxima defined in table 3 0,99 0,98 0,97 0,97

greater than the minima defined in table 4 0,99 0,97 0,91 0,84
 Selection of materials
Destruction
Material Use Use Use Corrosion Corrosion by
in in in increased galavanic
open air earth concrete resistance by coupling
with
Copper Solid Solid Solid Good in Sulphur -
Stranded Stranded Stranded many components
As coating As coating environm. Organic
materials
Hot Solid Solid Solid Acceptable High Copper
galvanized Stranded Stranded in air, chlorides
steel concrete, content
benign soil
Stainless Solid Solid Solid Good in High -
steel Stranded Stranded Stranded many chlorides
environm. content
Aluminium Solid Unsuitable Unsuitable When low Alkaline Copper
Stranded concentrat. solutions
of sulphur
or chloride
Lead Solid Solid Unsuitable When high Acid soils Copper or
As coating As coating concentrat. stainless
of sulphate steel
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
 Material Configuration Minimum cross- Comments
sectional area
(mm2)
Copper Solid tape 50 2 mm min. thickness
Solid round* 50 8 mm diameter
Stranded 50 1.7 mm min. diameter
for each strand
Solid round** 200 16 mm diameter
only for earth lead-in rods
Tin plated copper Solid tape 50 2 mm min. thickness
(hot dipped or Solid round* 50 8 mm diameter
electroplated with Stranded 50 1.7 mm min. diameter
coating  1 µm) for each strand
Aluminium Solid tape 70 3 mm min. thickness
Solid round 50 8 mm diameter
Stranded 50 1.7 mm min. diameter
for each strand
Aluminium alloy Solid tape 50 2.5 mm min. thickness
Solid round* 50 8 mm diameter
Stranded 50 1.7 mm min. diameter
for each strand
Solid round** 200 16 mm diameter
Hot dipped Solid tape 50 2.5 mm min. thickness
galvanized steel Solid round* 50 8 mm diameter
(coating: smooth, Stranded 50 1.7 mm min. diameter
continuous, free from for each strand
flux stains, 50 µm min.
thickness)
Solid round** 200 16 mm diameter
only for earth lead-in rods+
Stainless steel Solid tape 50 2 mm min. thickness
(chromium  16 % Solid round* 50 8 mm diameter
nickel  8 % Stranded 70 1.7 mm min. diameter
carbon  0.07 %) for each strand
Solid round** 200 16 mm diameter
only for earth lead-in rods

* When mechanical strength is not an essential requirement, the section can be reduced to 28 mm2.
** When mechanical stress such as wind loading is not critical, a 10 mm diameter, 1 m long maximum air-termination rod
with an additinal fixing may be used.
+ To avoid melting, the minimum cross-section is 16 mm2 for copper, 25 mm2 for aluminium, 50 mm2 for steel or stainless

steel, taking into account a specific energy of 10 MJ/Ω

 Material Configuration Earth rod Earth Earth plate Comments
min.Ø conductor min. S
(mm) min. values (mm2)
Copper Stranded* 50 mm2 S 1.7 mm min. Ø of
each strand
Solid round* 50 mm2 S 8 mm min. Ø
Solid tape* 50 mm2 S 2 mm min. thickn.
Solid round 15
Pipe 20
Solid plate 500  500 2 mm min. thickn.
Lattice plate 600  600 2 mm min. thickn.°
Steel G. solid round** 16 10 mm Ø
G. pipe** 25 2 mm min. thickn.
2
G. solid tape** 90 mm S 3 mm min. thickn.
G. solid plate** 500  500 3 mm min. thickn.
G. lattice plate** 600  600 30 mm  3 mm S
Copper coated 250 µm min. radial
solid round 14
Bare solid round Copper coating
in concrete 10 mm Ø 99.9 %
Bare or G. solid Copper content
tape in concrete 75 mm2 S
G. stranded in 1.7 mm min. Ø of
2
concrete 70 mm S each strand
G.cross profile** 50  50  3 3 mm min. thickn.
Stainless Solid round 15 10 mm Ø
steel°° Solid tape 100 mm2 S 2 mm min. thickn.

G = galvanized ; S = area ; Ø = diameter ; * may also be tin-plated ;

** = smooth coating with a min. thickness = 50 µm for round and 70 µm for flat material ;
° : min. length of lattice configuration: 4.8 m ;
°° : chromium 16 %, nickel 5 %, molybdenium 2 %, carbon 0.08 %
 Definition of Lightning Protection Level
Lightn. Rolling Protective Angle  () Mesh
Protec. Sphere Size
(°)
Class r (m) (m)
80
70
I 20 60 5x5
50
II 30 40 10 x 10
30
III 45 20 15 x 15
10 I II III IV
IV 60 0 20 x 20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
h(m)

h: Height of the air terminations

r above the area to protect
h r: Radius of the “Rolling Sphere"

α : Protective Angle

Lit.: ... Protected Area

 Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ)
LPS Type (T)
r = 45 m (T III)

LPZ 0A r = 20 m (T I) LPZ 0A

LPZ 0B T LPZ 0B
T I (T I) III (T III) T III

LPZ 0A LPZ 0B LPZ

0A
LPZ: Lightning Protection Zone
730e_d
T: Lightning Protection System Type