CLOUD

COMPUTING
End Term Paper

Group 8 Sec C
Anoop Gururaj-2010127
Nidhi Mantry-2010151
Praveen Trivedi-2010156
Rashi Agrawal- 2010161
Shinam Khatri- 2010168
Tushar Pai- 2010174
Zabiulla Mahammad- 2010178
Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 2
What is a cloud?.................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Why cloud computing? ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
The Business Impact of Cloud Computing .............................................................................................................................. 4
The Business Benefits of Cloud Computing ............................................................................................................................ 5
Future of Cloud Computing .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Architectural Considerations .................................................................................................................................................. 7
Scale .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Application Architecture for Cloud Computing PAPER.................................................................................................... 8
Fail ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Manage ............................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Examples of Cloud Architectures ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Cloud Computing Models ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Cloud Computing Deployment Models ............................................................................................................................ 11
Advantages of Cloud Computing ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing:................................................................................................................................. 12
Threats for Cloud Computing: .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Appendix ............................................................................................................................................................................... 15

1
Introduction
Companies are increasingly turning to more flexible IT environments to help them realise these goals. Cloud computing
enables one to assign tasks to a combination of software and services over a network. This network of servers is the
cloud. Cloud computing can help businesses transform their existing server infrastructures into dynamic environments,
expanding and reducing server capacity depending on their requirements. It’s cloud computing that allows us to perform a
search based on our query and have millions of results back for us in a quarter of a second – because the process is
performed by thousands of connected computers sharing resources in the cloud.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides a somewhat more objective and specific definition:
"Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction."

What is a cloud?
A 'cloud' is an elastic execution environment of resources involving multiple stakeholders and providing a metered service
at multiple granularities for a specified level of quality (of service).

Source: www.microsoft.com

Why cloud computing?

Adopting a cloud computing strategy can help businesses conduct their core business activities with less hassle and
greater efficiency. Companies can maximise the use of their existing hardware to plan for and serve specific peaks in
usage. Thousands of virtual machines and applications can be managed more easily using a cloud-like environment.
Businesses can also save on power costs as they reduce the number of servers required. And with IT staff spending less
time managing and monitoring the data centre, IT teams are well placed to further streamline their operations as staff
complete more work on fewer resources.
However the concept of delivering computing resources through a global network dates back to the sixties.

2
I960s (Origin of the concept)
 The idea of an "intergalactic computer network" was introduced in the sixties by J.C.R. Licklider. He was
responsible for enabling the development of ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) in 1969.
 According to some other experts the cloud concept was brainchild of computer scientist John McCarthy.
Carthy proposed the idea of computation being delivered as a public utility, similar to the service bureaus which
date back to the sixties.
 Almost all the modern-day characteristics of cloud computing (elastic provision, provided as a utility, online,
illusion of infinite supply), the comparison to the electricity industry and the use of public, private, government and
community forms was thoroughly explored in Douglas Parkhill's 1966 book, The Challenge of the Computer
Utility.

1990s (Coining of the term)

 Cloud computing reSince the internet only started to offer significant bandwidth in the nineties, cloud computing
for the masses has been something of a late developer.
 The first scholarly use of the term ―cloud computing‖ was in a 1997 lecture by Ramnath Chellappa.
 Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover servers as well as the network infrastructure.
 One of the first milestones for cloud computing was the arrival of Salesforce.com in 1999, which pioneered the
concept of delivering enterprise applications via a simple website.
 The services firm paved the way for both specialist and mainstream software firms to deliver applications over
the internet.
 The next development was Amazon Web Services in 2002, which provided a suite of cloud-based services
including storage, computation and even human intelligence through the Amazon Mechanical Turk.
2000s (Advancement and usage of concept)
 Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their data centres.
 Then in 2006, Amazon launched its Elastic Compute cloud (EC2) as a commercial web service that allows small
companies and individuals to rent computers on which to run their own computer applications.
 Amazon initiated a new product development effort to provide cloud computing to external customers, and
launched Amazon Web Service (AWS) on a utility computing basis in 2006.
 Another big milestone came in 2009, as Web 2.0 hit its stride, and Google and others started to offer browser-
based enterprise applications, though services such asGoogle Apps.
 In 2007, Google, IBM and a number of universities embarked on a large scale cloud computing research project.
 In early 2008, Eucalyptus became the first open source AWS API compatible platform for deploying private
clouds.
 Also, in early 2008, Open Nebula, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission funded project, became
the first open source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds and for the federation of cloud.
 By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing to shape the relationship among consumers of IT
services, those who use IT services and those who sell them. He focussed on the recent change from hardware
and software assets to per-use service-based models.
 The most important contribution to cloud computing has been the emergence of "killer apps" from leading
technology giants such as Microsoft and Google

3
The Business Impact of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is quickly beginning to shape up as one of the major changes and the hundreds of thousands of
business customers of cloud offerings from Amazon (Amazon Web Services), Sales force (Force.com), and Google
(many offerings, including Google App Engine), including a growing number of Fortune 500 companies, are showing both
considerable interest and momentum in the space.
Following are the ways in which cloud computing will affect businesses across the globe:
1. The creation of a new generation of products and services.
The economics of cloud computing lets innovative companies create products that either weren’t possible before or are
significantly less expensive than the competition (or just more profitable.). Every improvement in storage, processing
power, or technology enables innovations that weren’t possible before (high speed Internet, for instance, made products
like YouTube possible) and cloud computing makes these opportunities unusually accessible.

2. A new lightweight form of real-time partnerships and outsourcing with IT suppliers

Cloud computing provides agility and control that traditional outsource cannot match for the most part. If the company
doesn’t like its cloud vendor it can often switch far easier than changing IT outsourcers. In fact, many cloud computing
relationships consist of nothing more than a cancel-at-the-end-of-the-month commitment and corporate invoice. For many
companies, this will actually be improvement over what they have now and give them choices they perhaps never had
when everything required internal execution or to go through the outsourcing supplier relationship.
3. A new awareness and leverage of the greater Internet and Web 2.0 in particular.
Most companies are still notoriously critical of Web technologies as ―not serious‖ computing. But the Web has grown up
considerably in the Web 2.0 era and the challenges in scale, performance, and satisfying fickle audiences of millions has
created technologies, solutions, and architectures that can address them in powerful yet economic ways that many
enterprise systems are finding hard to match. When cloud computing is adopted by an organization, they will find
themselves in line with the rest of the online world in many ways, whether this is the employment of social tools, SaaS,
non-relational databases or a host of other technologies in their new cloud.
4. The rise of new industry leaders and IT vendors.
While we’re seeing many of the top players in computing use their existing strengths to create successful cloud
computing offerings, there were also be a new generation of companies that businesses generally aren’t used to dealing
with as suppliers.
5. More self-service IT from the business-side.
Many cloud solutions, particularly as they relate to SaaS, will require increasingly less and less involvement from the IT
department. Business users will be able to adopt many future cloud computing solutions entirely using self-service.
6. More tolerance for innovation and experimentation from businesses.
With fewer technical and economic barriers to creating new ways to improve the business (LOB, marketing, sales,
customer service, IT, horizontal services), cloud computing will enable prototyping and market validation of new
approaches much faster and less expensively that before.
7. The slow-moving, dinosaur firms will have trouble keeping up more nimble adopters and fast-followers.
Not adopting cloud computing doesn’t spell the immediate demise of traditional companies that aren’t good at making
technology and cultural transitions (and make no mistake, cloud computing is a big cultural change), but it will pile onto
other recent advancements and make it even harder to compete in the modern business environment.

4
The Business Benefits of Cloud Computing
While the promise of financial savings is a very attractive enticement for cloud computing, quite possibly the cloud’s best
opportunity is for enterprises to streamline processes and increase innovation. It enables increasing productivity and
transforming business processes through means that were prohibitively expensive before the cloud. Organizations can
focus on their core business, rather than be concerned about scalability of infrastructure. Solving peak business demands
for performance can be readily met by using cloud computing—translating into more reliable backup, more satisfied
customers, increased scalability and even higher margins.
Some of the key business benefits offered by the cloud include:
1. Cost containment
The cloud offers enterprises the option of scalability without the serious financial commitments required for
infrastructure purchase and maintenance. There is little to no upfront capital expenditure with cloud services. Services
and storage are available on demand and are priced as a pay-as-you-go service. Additionally, the cloud model could
assist with cost savings in terms of wasted resources. Saving on unused server space allows enterprises to contain
costs in terms of existing technology requirements and experiment with new technologies and services without a
large investment. Enterprises will need to compare current costs against potential cloud expenses and consider
models for TCO to understand whether cloud services will offer the enterprise potential savings.
2. Immediacy
Many early adopters of cloud computing have cited the ability to provision and utilize a service in a single day. This
compares to traditional IT projects that may require weeks or months to order, configure and operationalize the
necessary resources. This has a fundamental impact on the agility of a business and the reduction of costs
associated with time delays.
3. Availability
Cloud providers have the infrastructure and bandwidth to accommodate business requirements for high speed
access, storage and applications. As these providers often have redundant paths, the opportunity for load balancing
exists to ensure that systems are not overloaded and services delayed. While availability can be promised, customers
should take care to ensure that they have provisions in place for service interruptions.
4. Scalability
With unconstrained capacity, cloud services offer increased flexibility and scalability for evolving IT needs.
Provisioning and implementation are done on demand, allowing for traffic spikes and reducing the time to implement
new services.
5. Efficiency
Reallocating information management operational activities to the cloud offers businesses a unique opportunity to
focus efforts on innovation and research and development. This allows for business and product growth and may be
even more beneficial than the financial advantages offered by the cloud.
6. Resiliency
Cloud providers have mirrored solutions that can be utilized in a disaster scenario as well as for load-balancing traffic.
Whether there is a natural disaster requiring a site in a different geographic area or just heavy traffic, cloud providers
say they will have the resiliency and capacity to ensure sustainability through an unexpected event. The premise of
the cloud is that by outsourcing portions of information management and IT operations, enterprise workers will be free
to improve processes, increase productivity and innovate while the cloud provider handles operational activity
smarter, faster and cheaper. Assuming this to be the case, significant changes to the existing business processes will
likely be required to take advantage of the opportunities that cloud services offer.

5
Future of Cloud Computing
In the future, more cloud adoption is certain. In the year 2010 the move to the cloud by many business has been
phenomenal, so much so that some cloud business have grown by over 200%. Large vendors see this as the growing
model for software and services in the future so more focus by the vendors on cloud is inevitable.

A solid majority of technology experts and stakeholders believe that most people will access software applications online
and share and access information through the use of remote server networks, rather than depending primarily on tools
and information housed on their individual, personal computers. According to them cloud computing will become more
dominant than the desktop in the next decade. In other words, most users will perform most computing and
communicating activities through connections to servers operated by outside firms.

Among the most popular cloud services now are social networking sites (the 500 million people using Facebook are being
social in the cloud), webmail services like Hotmail and Yahoo mail, micro blogging and blogging services such as Twitter
and WordPress, video-sharing sites like YouTube, picture-sharing sites such as Flickr, document and applications sites
like Google Docs, social-bookmarking sites like Delicious, business sites like eBay, and ranking, rating and commenting
sites such as Yelp and TripAdvisor.

Experts also believed that cloud computing will continue to expand and come to dominate information transactions
because it offers many advantages, allowing users to have easy, instant, and individualized access to tools and
information they need wherever they are, locatable from any networked device. Some experts also noted that people in
technology-rich environments will have access to sophisticated-yet-affordable local networks that allow them to "have the
cloud in their homes". Thus Cloud Computing is here to stay.

Source: blogs.znet.com

6
Architectural Considerations
Designing an application to run as a virtual appliance in a cloud computing environment is very different than designing it
for an on-premise or SaaS deployment. To be successful in the cloud, application must be designed to scale easily,
tolerate failures and include management tools.

Source:(http://clocom.wordpress.com)

Scale
Cloud computing offers the potential for nearly unlimited scalability, as long as the application is designed to scale from
the outset. The best way to ensure this is to follow some basic application design guidelines:

Start simple: Avoid complex design and performance enhancements or optimizations in favor of simplicity. It’s a good
idea to start with the simplest application and rely on the scalability of the cloud to provide enough servers to ensure good
application performance.

Split application functions and couple loosely: Use separate systems for different pieces of application functionality
and avoid synchronous connections between them. As demand grows, scale each one independently instead of having to
scale the entire application when you hit a bottleneck. (rpath)

7
Application Architecture for Cloud Computing PAPER
Network communication: Design the application to use network-based interfaces and not inter-process
communication or file-based communication paradigms. This allows you to effectively scale in the cloud because each
piece of the application can be separated into distinct systems.

Consider the cluster: Rather than scale a single system up to serve all users, consider splitting your system into
multiple smaller clusters, each serving a fraction of the application load. You can then scale the application by replicating
the ideal cluster size and splitting the system load across the servers in the clusters. (rpath)

Fail
Inevitably, an application will fail, no matter what its environment. When you design an on premise or SaaS application,
you typically consider several ―doomsday‖ scenarios. The same must be true for designing an application that runs in the
cloud.

Build-in resiliency and fault tolerance: To tolerate failure, applications must operate as a part of a group, while not
being too tightly coupled to their peers.

Distribute the impact of failure: With a distributed cloud application, a failure in any one application cluster affects
only a portion of the application and not the whole application. By spreading the load across multiple clusters in the cloud,
you can isolate the individual clusters against failure in another cluster.

Get back up quickly: Automate the launching of new application clusters in order to recover quickly. Cloud computing
provides the ideal environment for this fast startup and recovery process.

Data considerations: When an application fails, data persistence and system state cannot be taken for granted. To
ensure data preservation, put all data on persistent storage and make sure it is replicated and distributed. If system state
is stored and then used in the recovery process, treat it like data so the system can be restarted from the point of failure.

Test your “doomsday” scenario: Cloud computing makes it easy to bring up an instance of your application to test
various failure scenarios. Because of the flexible nature of cloud computing, it is possible to simulate many different
failure scenarios at a very reasonable cost.

Be aware of the real cost of failure: Of course the ideal situation is avoiding any application failure, but what is the
cost to provide that assurance? A large internet company once said that they could tolerate failure as long as the impact
was small enough as to not be noticeable to the overall customer base. (rpath)

Manage
Deploying cloud applications as virtual appliances makes management significantly easier. The appliances should bring
with them all of the software they need for their entire lifecycle in the cloud. More important, they should be built in a
systematic way, akin to an assembly line production effort as opposed to a hand crafted approach
Management system also plays an important role in the testing and deployment process. By producing a consistent
appliance image and managing it effectively, you are removing variability from the release management and deployment
process. Reducing the variability reduces the chances of mistakes – mistakes that can cost you money.
The advantages of designing your application for management in the cloud include:
• Reducing the cost and overhead of preparing the application for the cloud
• Reducing the overhead of bringing up new instances of the application
• Eliminating application sprawl
• Reducing the chance for mistakes as the application is scaled out, failed over, upgraded, etc. (rpath)

8
Examples of Cloud Architectures
There are plenty of examples of applications that could utilize the power of Cloud Architectures. These range from back-
office bulk processing systems to web applications. Some are listed below:

 Processing Pipelines
o Document processing pipelines – convert hundreds of thousands of documents from Microsoft Word to PDF, OCR
millions of pages/images into raw searchable text
o Image processing pipelines – create thumbnails or low resolution variants of an image, resize millions of images
o Video transcoding pipelines – transcode AVI to MPEG movies
o Indexing – create an index of web crawl data
o Data mining – perform search over millions of records

 Batch Processing Systems

o Back-office applications (in financial, insurance or retail sectors)
o Log analysis – analyze and generate daily/weekly reports
o Nightly builds – perform nightly automated builds of source code repository every night in parallel
o Automated Unit Testing and Deployment Testing – Test and deploy and perform automated unit testing
(functional, load, quality) on different deployment configurations every night

 Websites
o Websites that ―sleep‖ at night and auto-scale during the day
o Instant Websites – websites for conferences or events (Super Bowl, sports tournaments)
o Promotion websites
o Seasonal Websites‖ - websites that only run during the tax season or the holiday season ( - Black Friday‖ or
Christmas) (Varia)

9
Cloud Computing Models

Software as a Service (SaaS)

This is the most widely used Cloud Computing approach to date. A business application can be run on the centralized
servers (cloud) rather than running them on on-site servers/software systems. On Demand Software as a service, delivers
a single application through the browser to thousands of customers using a multitenant architecture. In the cloud service
side, it only requires maintaining and managing one application on the cloud and in the client side, there are no any need
of upfront investing on servers, software and license etc. E.g. - Salesforce, Google, NetSuit, Taleo, Concur Technologies

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS delivers development environments as a service. You build your own applications that run on the provider's
infrastructure and are delivered to your users via the Internet from the provider's servers. E.g. - Salesforce’s platform,
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Google App Engine, Coghead, Yahoo pipes, Windows Azure.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service is very much the backbone of the entire cloud computing concept. A well-known example
include, Infrastructure vendors environments like Google gears which allow users to build applications and Cloud
storages, such as Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) which allows user to store and retrieve any amount of data, at
any time, from anywhere on the web. E.g. -Google Gears, Amazon S3. (http://kasunpanorama.blogspot.com)

Source: www.contactdubai.com

10
Cloud Computing Deployment Models

(http://kasunpanorama.blogspot.com)

Public Clouds
In public clouds, the services and infrastructure are provided off-site over the Internet. These clouds offer the greatest
level of efficiency in shared resources; however, they are less secured and more vulnerable than private clouds.

Private Clouds
Unlike public clouds, in the Private Clouds, the services and infrastructure are maintained on a private network. These
clouds offer the greatest level of security and control. However they require the company to still purchase and maintain all
the software and infrastructure.

Hybrid Clouds
A hybrid cloud includes a variety of public and private options with multiple providers.

Pricing Schema
Cloud computing is often offered with a pricing model that lets you pay as you go and for just the services that you need.
No capital expenditure is required. (http://kasunpanorama.blogspot.com)

11
Advantages of Cloud Computing
Despite its possible security and privacy risks, Cloud Computing - according to a magazine article due to be published
later this Fall - has six main benefits that the public sector and government IT organizations are certain to want to take
advantage of. In very brief summary form they are as follows:
 ReducedCost
Cloud technology is paid incrementally, saving organizations money.
 IncreasedStorage
Organizations can store more data than on private computer systems.
 HighlyAutomated
No longer do IT personnel need to worry about keeping software up to date.
 Flexibility
Cloud computing offers much more flexibility than past computing methods.
 MoreMobility
Employees can access information wherever they are, rather than having to remain at their desks.
 AllowsITtoShiftFocus
No longer having to worry about constant server updates and other computing issues, government organizations will
be free to concentrate on innovation.
The final article will appear in a magazine called Public CIO.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing:

 Privacy
The cloud model has been criticized by privacy advocates for the greater ease in which the companies hosting the
cloud services control, and thus, can monitor at will, lawfully or unlawfully, the communication and data stored
between the user and the host company.
 Compliance
In order to obtain compliance with regulations including FISMA, HIPAA and SOX in the United States, the Data
Protection Directive in the EU and the credit card industry's PCI DSS, users may have to adopt community or hybrid
deployment modes which are typically more expensive and may offer restricted benefits
 Open Standards
Most cloud providers expose APIs which are typically well-documented but also unique to their implementation and
thus not interoperable.
 Security
The relative security of cloud computing services is a contentious issue which may be delaying its adoption. Issues
barring the adoption of cloud computing are due in large part to the private and public sectors unease surrounding the
external management of security based services. It is the very nature of cloud computing based services, private or
public, that promote external management of provided services. This delivers great incentive amongst cloud
computing service providers in producing a priority in building and maintaining strong management of secure
services.
 Availability and Performance
In addition to concerns about security, businesses are also worried about acceptable levels of availability and
performance of applications hosted in the cloud.
 Sustainability and Sitting
Although cloud computing is often assumed to be a form of "green computing", there is as of yet no published study
to substantiate this assumption. Siting the servers affects the environmental effects of cloud computing. In areas
where climate favors natural cooling and renewable electricity is readily available, the environmental effects will be
more moderate. Thus countries with favorable conditions, such as Finland, Sweden and Switzerland, are trying to
attract cloud computing data centers.
SmartBay, marine research infrastructure of sensors and computational technology, is being developed using cloud
computing, an emerging approach to shared infrastructure in which large pools of systems are linked together to
provide IT services.

12
Threats for Cloud Computing:

The Cloud Security Alliance, a not-for-profit industry organization, has published a report identifying the top cloud security
threats to help enterprises better understand and mitigate the risks associated with adopting cloud computing. The report
was sponsored by Hewlett-Packard and released at the RSA Conference in San Francisco in March 2010 The Alliance
listed seven top threats which it said represent existing vulnerabilities. It said the threats, listed below, are not listed in any
order of severity:

Threat 1: Abuse and Nefarious Use of Cloud Computing

The Alliance noted some Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) providers do not have strong controls on who may sign up for
their services and often offer free limited trials. As a result, spammers, malicious code authors, and other criminals have
been able to take advantage of the services to conduct their activities. It noted IaaS providers have been found to be
hosts of the Zeus botnet, InfoStealer Trojans, and downloads for Microsoft Office and Adobe exploits.

Threat 2: Insecure Interfaces and APIs

Cloud computing providers expose a set of software interfaces or APIs that customers use to manage and interact with
cloud services. Reliance on a weak set of interfaces can expose an organization to a variety of security issues related to
confidentiality, availability, and password integrity.

Threat 3: Malicious Insiders

The dangers posed by a malicious insider at any organization are well known, and the same level of risk has to be
considered with cloud service providers. For example, a provider may not reveal how it grants employees access to
physical and virtual assets, how it monitors employees or how it analyzes and reports on policy compliance. The level of
access granted could enable a malicious insider to harvest confidential data or gain control over the cloud services.

Threat 4: Shared Technology Issues

Cloud vendors deliver their services in a scalable way by sharing infrastructure. Virtualization hypervisors provide a
means of creating virtual machines or operating systems, but hypervisors have exhibited flaws. The flaws have allowed,
for example, a user to gain inappropriate levels of control over the underlying platform, thus impacting other customers on
the shared platform.

Threat 5: Data Loss or Leakage

The threat of data compromise increases in the cloud due a number of underlying risks and challenges. Examples include
insufficient authentication, authorization or audit controls, operational failures, and data center reliability.

Threat 6: Account or Service Hijacking

Attack methods such as phishing, fraud, and exploitation of software vulnerabilities present a risk for account hijacking.
With cloud services, if an attacker gains access to credentials, they can eavesdrop on activities, transactions, and
manipulate and falsify data.

Threat 7: Unknown Risk Profile

One of the tenets of cloud computing is a reduction in hardware and software ownership and the associated
maintenance. There is a danger, however, that in handing over ownership, responsibility for ensuring security procedures,
policies and controls are followed may lapse - out of sight, out of mind. This can result in unknown exposures, particularly
over time.

13
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Appendix

(www.dolcera.com/wiki/)

(www.dolcera.com/wiki/)

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(www.dolcera.com/wiki)

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