Supplementary material for

Information and Communication Technologies: people and interactions

Copyright © 2009-2010
Arab Open University T209B

Tutor-Marked Assignment 01
Cut-Off Date: 29 April, 2011

Total Marks: 100

Contents
Part I:
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
Overview of the assignment ............................................................................................................................. 2
The design for the web pages .......................................................................................................................... 3
Question 1 ............................................................................................................................................................ 3
Question 2 ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
Question 3 ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
Summary of what you need to do .................................................................................................................... 6
Further Notes....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Overview .............................................................................................................................................................. 8

Part II:
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................9
Scenario for Questions 4 ..................................................................................................................9
Question 4 ........................................................................................................................................9
Question 5 ......................................................................................................................................10
Question 6 ......................................................................................................................................11
Appendix 1: Tables for Question 4(a) ........................................................................................................... 13

Plagiarism Warning:
As per AOU rules and regulations, all students are required to submit their own TMA work and
avoid plagiarism. The AOU has implemented sophisticated techniques for plagiarism detection. You
must provide all references in case you use and quote another person's work in your TMA. You will
be penalized for any act of plagiarism as per the AOU's rules and regulations.

Declaration of No Plagiarism by Student (to be signed and submitted by student with

TMA work):
I hereby declare that this submitted TMA work is a result of my own efforts and I have not
plagiarized any other person's work. I have provided all references of information that I
have used and quoted in my TMA work.
Name of Student:………………………………..
Signature:…………………………………………...
Date:……………………………………………………

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Introduction

This assignment covers and concludes Module 4 and 5 of this course. It has 3 questions in part I
and 2 questions in part II. In designated parts of each question, marks will also be awarded for good
communication skills; that is, for the structure, style, grammar, punctuation and spelling.

When you complete the assignment, compress all relevant files into one single compressed file.
This file should be submitted through the AOU's Learning Management System (AOULMS). Online
discussions related to this assignment should be posted in the forums labelled TMA01 Forum. If
this forum doesn't exist in the course main page, then contact your tutor so this forum is made
available.

Note the following important points about this assignment:

• The weighting of this assignment is 20%.

• The cut-off date is April 29, 2011.
• This assignment assumes T209 is offered through AOULMS.
• The assignment assumes the use of a special forum called TMA01 Forum.

Part I:

Overview of Part I of the assignment

This part of the assignment is builds on the group work and online activities you have been
engaged in during the course. For the assignment you will be working closely with other students in
small groups collaborating to carry out a group project, which forms the module assignment. The
small groups will be set up by your tutor at the beginning of the module.

The assessment task for your group is to create a suite of HTML pages covering a number of
significant areas related to the core concept in the course materials, which is ‘Cyborg’. Make sure
you read through the whole assignment so that you gain an overview of what you and your group
need to do.

The task is broken into group components and individual components, as described in Questions 1
to 3 below. You and your group will be allocated marks for the process of collaborating, as well as
for the final product.

Your tutor will not be the facilitator or manager of your group; part of the challenge of this TMA is for
the group to manage itself and its own processes.

When marking your assignment, your tutor will be assessing the structure, style and correctness of
your writing, as well as the content. You and your group will therefore need to give some attention
to:

• the organization of what you write;

• using a consistent style throughout all the pages, suitable for the audience, purpose and
medium;
• correct spelling, grammar and punctuation;
• correct use of references and quotations;
• staying within the word limits

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The design for the web pages

The HTML template should offer a basic consistent layout so that the pages link together into a
coherent whole.

We would expect each group to build on this very simple template. The files, which make up the
template can be edited using any text editor (for example, Windows Notepad) or any HTML editing
tool or web editor. If you have not worked with HTML (or created web pages before), you are
advised to refer to the introductory HTML guides. It would also be worth looking back at Module 1’s
brief introduction to HTML in the ‘In Touch and Informed’ area of the T209 CD-ROM. Whatever you
produce should ensure it:

• Does not disadvantage group members who may be less at ease with creating web pages
(for example Flash animations and complex JavaScript or DHTML scripts would be
inappropriate).
• Can easily upload to the AOULMS (moderate file sizes).

Question 1 (10 marks) – Individual and Group Work

For this question, you and your group will be assessed on the process of your collaboration. The
messages in your TMA01 Forum should show that you have planned, discussed and carried out
the work for this module sensibly and cooperatively. In particular, it should be clear to your tutor
what contribution each group member has made to the planning and implementation of the
overview page (see Question 2). Your tutor will monitor TMA01 Forum and assess each individual
and the group as a whole based on the content of the TMA01 Forum when he/she marks your
assignment.

For the individual marks, your tutor will be looking for evidence of your skill in group working,
commitment to the group and overall level of involvement. This includes taking part in the Group
Activities in the CD-ROM study guide, as well as playing an active role in your group’s discussion,
decision-making and shared work for the group project.

Each group member should provide constructive comments on the drafts of two other members of
the group. As a group you should decide:

• When drafts must be submitted for comment.

• Who is to provide feedback for whom?
• When feedback comments must be provided.

These decisions should be clearly reported in TMA01 Forum in a message with the title ‘Peer
review decisions’. This is for your own benefit, and so that your tutor can easily see what you have
agreed. For the peer review activity to be useful, it is important that each group member submits
their draft, and their feedback, by the agreed dates.

Each of you should submit your draft pages by attaching the HTML documents to a TMA01 Forum
message. Again, the message should be clearly titled to indicate that it contains your draft pages.
Drafts should be reasonable first attempts at the pages, but not ‘polished’ pieces of work. They
should have enough of the 3 parts (introduction, main part and conclusion) for the reviewer to get a
good idea of your overall report and writing style, and should include any resources and quotations.
They should be within 20% of the word limit in either direction, and should be in full sentences
rather than note form.

You should then provide constructive comments on the draft pages of two group members, as
agreed in your group. Do this in your group conference by replying to the messages, which have the
group members’ draft pages attached. Your feedback messages must be posted to the conference
by the date agreed in your group.

If a draft you are expecting to comment on has not arrived by the date agreed, you should e-mail
the group member concerned immediately. If the problem persists for longer than two days, contact
your tutor.

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For each of the two group members you should provide constructive comments of between 150 and
200 words, but there is no penalty associated with writing more than this.

In your feedback you should comment on:

• aspects of the draft which you particularly liked;

• aspects which you think could be improved.

You should aim to provide feedback, which will help the draft’s author to improve their work. In your
comments you should consider the content, structure and style of the draft.

When you have received feedback from other members of the group, make appropriate
improvements to your pages. Make sure you consider seriously the feedback you have received,
and make a reasoned judgment about how (and whether) to act on it.

You should send to your tutor:

• Two messages you submitted as feedback.

• The feedback you received.
• A brief explanation of 150-200 words of how you used the feedback to improve your work.

For the group mark, your tutor will be looking for evidence of planning and scheduling,
implementation of the group’s plan, dealing sensibly with any problems, which arise, and good
collaborative working in general.

Marks are allocated for the group process as a whole. Each active member of the group will be
given the same mark for this aspect of the assignment, but your tutor will withhold this group mark
from anyone who does not genuinely play a part in the work of the group.

Question 2 (10 marks) – Group Work

Overview page
As a group, you should create a single web page, which gives an overview of key aspects of the
Cyborg concept. The page should be aimed at under-graduate students who are interested in
technology and social issues, but who are not familiar with Cyborg ideas. The group’s ‘home’ (or
index) page should therefore provide an introduction to these ideas.

You will need to decide how to go about creating this group product, and how each member will
contribute to the work. This should be made clear in your group conference.

The overview page should include two quotations, which define or explain the term ‘Cyborg’. One
of these quotations should be taken from among the module documents, the other should be
sourced from elsewhere whether other articles or web sites. Choose quotations, which your group
considers best represent the ‘Cyborg’ concept. You should discuss in your group the reasons for
your choices. The page should also contain at least one appropriate image (as visual impact is an
important aspect when writing for the web).

The overview page should also link to individuals’ specialist pages (as described in Question 3),
which explore different topics in more depth.

As a group you should agree on a member of the group who will coordinate the production of the
group page and ensure it is linked into the individual pages.

You should report in your group conference which group member will do this, so that your tutor
knows in advance.

The overview page should be between 400 - 500 words long, including the quotations, references
and links to the specialist pages. The page should be well structured and should have correct
spelling, grammar, and punctuation. The style and design should be suitable for the audience,

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purpose and medium. At the bottom of the overview page you should state the total number of
words you have used.

As part of your assignment, you should include the overview page. Once all members have
completed their individual pages, these should be integrated with the overview page, to create the
complete HTML suite. The pages should be in a consistent style, to create a coherent suite.

Marks will be allocated for the quotations, correctly referenced, for the quality of the overview page
as a whole and for the coherence of the HTML suite, including whether all the pages link together
correctly, presentation and design of the suite of pages.

Each group member will be given the same mark for this question, but your tutor will withhold this
group mark from anyone who does not genuinely contribute to creating the overview page.

Question 3 (20 marks) – Individual Work

Within the group, you should decide which topic each member will have as a specialist topic. The
possible topics are taken from different sections of the module’s material:

• Cyber classes
• Bionics
• Robotics
• Cyborg perspectives
• Cyberpunk
• Cybernetics
• Identity
• Views

No two members should specialize in the same topic.

Each group member should create a set of three linked web pages for her/his topic – an
introduction page, discussion page and conclusion page. You should envisage your audience for
the specialist pages as students who have come to the overview page and been sufficiently
interested to follow the links and learn more. Your pages should:

• introduce the specialist topic;

• discuss key ideas, themes and issues;
• draw a conclusion

You should use the template provided which the group, may modify, so that your introduction,
discussion and conclusion are on separate, but linked, pages.

As a minimum, the pages should refer to the following resources, suitably referenced:

• at least one document from the CD-ROM study guide (i.e. one of the textual resources
which are embedded in the Activities and listed in the bibliographies)
• at least one relevant web resource from outside the module materials (i.e. not referred to on
the T209 CD-ROM or web site).

The pages should also correctly integrate at least one related quotation from the study guide. This
should not be from a quotation that has already been used on your group’s overview page. It could
be from a different document, from the main text of the study guide, or from a media clip. In all
cases the quotation must be suitably referenced.

Your pages should be well structured, with correct spelling, grammar and punctuation and contain
at least one related image. The style and presentation should be suitable for the audience, purpose
and medium. Your pages should minimally include the navigation links to the overview page and all
your 3 pages, and links to your selected web resources.

In total the pages should contain between 800 – 1000 words, including quotations and any tables
and figures used but excluding the reference list at the end. At the end of your reference list on the

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conclusion page you should state the total number of words you have used. You will be penalized if
you are outside the limits set.

You should submit your final pages to the TMA01 Forum as attachments to a message as the
coordinator will need to ensure all the pages have been linked into a coherent suite. Make sure you
do this in time for the group to tidy it all up and allow enough time for others to download the final
version of your pages.

Marks are allocated for your introduction; discussion of the main ideas, themes and issues; and
conclusion, for referring to, and quoting from, resources as specified above and for structure, style,
spelling, punctuation, grammar and length and presentation.

Group members will each be assigned individual marks for this question.

Summary of what you need to do

What you all need to do

1) Contribute to the group activities, group discussion and planning of the group’s work and
the overview page and its content and design, in the group conference.
2) Write drafts of your specialist pages, and submit them to TMA01 Forum by the agreed time.
Provide constructive comments on two other group members’ drafts in by the agreed time.
3) Make improvements to your pages based on the feedback you receive.
4) Create the final versions of your topic pages, and submit copy to the TMA01 Forum.
5) Write a reflective review of the how the group worked together.

What your group needs to do

6) Discuss and plan the group’s work, in the group conference.

7) Create an overview page and integrate it with the specialist pages to create a linked HTML
suite.
8) Ensure that everyone downloads a copy of the final version of all the pages to send with the
written parts of their TMA.

What you need to send to your tutor

9) A copy of the group’s HTML.

10) The overview page created by the group.
11) The final version of your own specialist pages
12) Two messages you submitted as feedback to fellow group members.
13) The feedback you received
14) An explanation of how you used the feedback to improve your work.

Further Notes

Question 1
Make sure any important discussions either take place, or are clearly reported, in the TMA01 Forum.
It is important that the conference messages show clearly how you plan and schedule the work, and
how you manage the group process and tasks.

The peer review activity required for this question provides you with a good opportunity to benefit
from working in a group. The feedback comments of other group members will help you to see your
work from a reader’s point of view, rather than only from your own – the writer. The process of
reading other peoples’ drafts, and commenting constructively on them, is also a valuable activity.
You will see alternative approaches to the ideas, and different styles of writing. Thinking about other
people’s work should help you to improve your own. When you give your constructive comments,
be honest about aspects, which you think could be improved, as well as highlighting good points.
Remember that your aim is to help the author of the draft to improve his or her work. You can only
provide this help if you are prepared to be open in your criticisms and also thoughtful in how you
present them.

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Be prepared to comment on major aspects such as the choice of content and the structure of the
draft. Try not to restrict your comments to just spelling, wording and so on.

There is guidance in the CD-ROM study guide on how to give helpful feedback. You will find this in
the Study Note ‘Constructive Comments’. You can access this, and all the other Study Notes, from
the navigation side-bar in the Module Introduction. You should also look back to Module 1: Book C
Communication skills, which presents criteria which you can use to assess your own or other
people’s, written work.

When you receive constructive comments, try to use them to improve your work. Allow yourself time
to consider the feedback thoughtfully, and to pay attention to the details of the advice you have
received. But you don’t have to act on the advice if, on reflection, you disagree! If you pay careful
attention to the feedback, you are very likely to improve your work and gain a higher mark. You will
need to describe to your tutor how you used the feedback. You should explain what changes you
made, and why. If you decide not to act on some of the advice, you should also explain why.

Make sure that you submit your draft, and provide feedback to others, by the dates agreed,
otherwise you will forfeit marks for this aspect of the assignment.

Your tutor will be using the TMA01 Forum messages to consider how well the group worked
together, and the part each member has played in the life of the group. Your tutor will give a joint
mark to the group as a whole, and an individual mark to each member. You will only be entitled to
the group mark if you play a genuine part in the group. Arriving in the group conference a week
before the TMA deadline and expecting to join in will not count.

Question 2
Your group will need to work closely together in order to produce the overview page. You will need
to discuss how to organize the page, how you will go about creating it, and what quotations to
include, how the page (and therefore the other pages) will ‘look’, how to make links to the other
pages etc.

The mark for this question is again a joint one for the whole group, so it is important for your tutor to
see that everyone has played a part in creating the page. If some group members have clearly left
all the work to others, they will not be entitled to the mark for this question. So make sure you all
join in with planning and carrying out the task, and deciding which quotations to include.

Question 3
This question forms the main part of your individual work for the group project. Here you can show
what you have learned from studying the module and researching your specialist topic. But don’t
forget that you are still working as part of a group. Use TMA01 Forum to share ideas with fellow
group members. In this module you are working with a wide range of different resources. This
question gives you an opportunity to show that you can use these resources well in your own work.
This involves finding relevant material, reviewing it in order to choose what to use, and then
presenting your own perspective of it, backed up by suitable references and quotations.

One final point: do make sure that you use correct and consistent referencing. There is guidance on
referencing and using quotations in this module's CD-ROM study guide, and in Module 3, Book W
Writing Reports. There is also some very helpful material in the Course Guide. Given this range of
resources, your written material should be correctly referenced.

Overview
1. Each group member will specialize in a topic linked to one of the study guide sections, and will
build a set of linked HTML pages for that topic.

2. One of the group members will build an introductory page which links out to the different
specialist pages build by other group members.

3. You will need to negotiate in your group to decide which topics to cover and who will specialize
in which topic.

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4. Each member of the group will gain an individual mark for her/his specialist pages, and a group
mark (which will be the same for all group members) for the introductory page. Marks will also
be allocated for how well the group plans and carries out the work and for each individual’s
contribution to that process.

5. You will also submit examples of work you have done on activities from the course material and
carry out a peer review exercise that will help improve your individual work before you submit it.
Each group member will post a draft of their individual HTML pages to TMA01 Forum, and will
then give constructive feedback on the draft pages of two other group members. Your group will
need to organize and schedule this exercise carefully so that all group members can give,
receive and make use of constructive feedback in adequate time to complete the assignment.

6. The final part asks for your personal, reflective review of how the group worked together. Marks
will be allocated individually for this.

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Part II:

Scenario for Questions 4 and 5

GAP Group is a multinational national consultancy group with branches throughout the world.
Recently it has been earning itself a reputation for its success in workforce issues, and William
John, the newly elected Chief Executive, is keen to build on this. He believes that every employee
of a company has valuable and innovative ideas they can contribute and that, by giving them a
voice, a company builds loyalty, enthusiasm and job satisfaction within its staff.

William wants to experiment with a system that rewards employees who contribute suggestions that
could take a company forward. He is also aware that some people may feel shy about their ideas
and wish to remain anonymous until their idea has been accepted as worthwhile. He is therefore
looking for a way in which employees can send their suggestions privately to the management team
who can then evaluate all the suggestions received and award prizes for the three best. He has
specified that such a system must:

• operate electronically throughout

• ensure that all suggestions come from bona fide employees
• ensure that each employee can submit only one suggestion
• ensure that each suggestion remains anonymous until the prizes are awarded.

It is intended that prize-winners’ names will be made public after the judging.

William, who’s previous job was Managing Director with an IT company, has been chatting to an ex-
colleague who told him there was a way of achieving these objectives by using encryption to
perform an operation known as ‘blinding’. William’s knowledge of encryption is only that it provides
a means of secretly coding information. He’d like to know more about it and in particular have an
understanding of how blinding works.

Imagine that you are the technical officer who has responsibility for information security for GAP
Group. William has asked you to prepare a report that explains what he wants to know. As well as
informing William, this report will be circulated to the members of the Group’s Management Team to
help them prepare for discussion at their next full meeting. All these people are experienced
management professionals who are involved with information technology during the normal course
of their working lives but who have no specialist knowledge in that field.

Question 4 (25 marks) – Group Work

Show that the method of blinding described in Section 8.2 of the Monograph is sound.

For this question you will need to use three of the software tools introduced in Book E:

• the Modular Calculator

• the Modular Table Maker
• the Encryption Tool, which should be set to use the alternative character set.

You will also need to download a copy of the Table for TMA 01 Question 4 which is available in
Appendix 1. You should then insert in the right-hand column of the table the values or messages at
each stage indicated. (Your completed table will form Appendix 1 for the report detailed in Question
3.)

For the purposes of this exercise assume that:

• Leen is an employee of GAP Group and that she has a suggestion S to submit to the
management team.

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 • Leen must first send her blinded suggestion to Mark, the Personnel Officer with
responsibility for checking that Leen is a bona fide employee who has not already submitted
a suggestion.
• Leen’s suggestion (S) is ‘TELEMATICS’.
• Leen selects the nonce N = 17.
• All calculations use a modulus of n = 29.
• Mark’s public key consists of the number KM = 17 and the modulus n.
• Mark’s private key consists of the number K M = 5 and the modulus n.

Question 5 (25 marks) – Group Work

Write the short formal report called for in the ‘Scenario for Questions 4 and 5 preceding Question 4.

Your report should include simple explanations of:

• the role of encryption for obfuscation of messages

• the role of modulo arithmetic in encryption techniques
• how public key encryption systems work
• a system based on blinding that satisfies the specification given in the scenario and makes
reference to the appendices you prepared in your answer to Question 4. Also suggest how
Leen could incorporate a nonce in her message in such a way that, if her suggestion was
one of the winning entries, she could prove it had been generated by her and claim the
prize.

You should also take into account the notes below. Marking criteria for this question are given at the
end of this TMA.

Notes for Question 5

1. Your report should be no more than 1200 words in length (over-length reports will be
penalized). Submit your finished report as a printout of a word-processed document, adding
your name, personal identifier and the assignment number at the top of each page.

2. You should append the results of your calculations for Question 4 as Appendix 1. This should
be correctly cross-referenced within the main body of your report. For the purposes of this
assignment, Appendix 1 will not be included in the word count, but any other appendices you
add will be included.

3. At the end of your answer you should state the total number of words you have used (excluding
figure captions, reference list, Appendix 1 and any other tables). You will be penalized if you do
not do this.

4. You are advised to remind yourself of the issues concerning plagiarism by rereading Section
7.2 ‘Plagiarism: how to avoid it’ of the Course Guide, and ‘Plagiarism: a reminder’ on page 6 of
Module 1 Companion. If you have used any quotations or external sources (It is preferred to be
from AOU e-library) these should be properly listed. You will be penalized if you include
material from other sources without proper attribution.

Notes to help you answer the TMA

For Questions 4 and 5:

• your report
• Appendix 1

Marking criteria for Question 5

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In Question 5 you will be assessed against the following criteria:

Criterion Marks

Is the content of the report appropriate to the audience and purpose? That is: 17 marks

• Is the choice of content appropriate?

• Is the report factually accurate?
• Is the report within the stipulated word count?
• Have any quotations used been properly referenced?

Is the report well structured for the audience and purpose? That is: 4 marks

• Does it have an appropriate title, introduction, main body and conclusion?

• Is the content presented in an appropriate order, with concerns separated?
• Are headings and subheadings used appropriately?
• Are paragraphs well structured and are verbal signals used effectively?
• Have the Appendices and any other supplementary material been correctly cross-
referenced?

Are the style and technical level throughout the document appropriate for the audience and
purpose? That is: 2 marks

• Is the language used in the report and the level of explanations appropriate for the
audience?
• Have any unfamiliar terms been explained?

Are there any errors in English? That is: 2 marks

• Are there any grammatical, punctuation or spelling errors?

• Have any words been used incorrectly or inappropriately?

Question 6 (10 marks) – Group Work

This question provides you with an opportunity to demonstrate your proficiency in the use of PGP
freeware and rewards you for successful completion of some of the experiments in Book E. As
evidence of having carried out the experiments you should send a printout of the messages detailed
below.

(a) In Book E Experiment 16 ‘Exchanging public keys’ you are asked to make your public key
available to other students in your tutor group by sending it in the body of an e-mail message.
The message should be sent to TMA01 Forum. Submit to your tutor a copy of this message. (2
marks)

(b) Submit to your tutor printouts of three encrypted messages you have sent to other students in
your tutor group. (6 marks)

Note: You can send the same message to each student, but each message should be
encrypted with that student’s public key.

(c) Submit to your tutor printouts of one encrypted message you have received plus a printout of
the decrypted text of this message. (2 marks)

Note: Hopefully you will have at least one encrypted message sent to you as a result of part (b).
If, however, you don’t receive an encrypted message during this process you may have to put a
message into TMA01 Forum asking that one be sent to you. As a last resort ask your tutor to
send you an encrypted message.

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What you should submit to your tutor

For Question 6:
• a printout of the message containing your public key that you sent to your tutor group PGP
Keys TMA01 Forum.
• printouts of three encrypted messages you have sent to other students in your tutor group
• a printout of one encrypted message you have received from either another student in your
tutor group or (as a last resort) from your tutor
• a printout of the decrypted text of the encrypted message.

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Appendix 1: Tables for Question 4

Leen’s suggestion (S)

Value for the nonce (N)

Value for the modulus n

Value for Mark’s public key

(KM)
Value for Mark’s private key
( KM )

Leen’s nonce encrypted with Mark’s public key

k =
generates a number k giving k ≡ N M mod n
K

Leen encrypts her suggestion S by multiplication

modulo n with k to get S × k mod n which can be written {S}k =
as {S }k so that {S } k ≡ S × k mod n .

Mark encrypts the blinded suggestion {S}k by

exponentiation modulo n, with her private key KM {{S }k }K M
mod n =
giving {{S }k }
KM
mod n

Leen calculates a value N such that N × N ≡ 1 mod n

N =
(Study tip: use the modulus table generator to derive this
value. Make sure it is set to the correct modulus!)
Leen takes Mark's encrypted version of the blinded
suggestion ( {{S }k }
KM
mod n ) and encrypts it by
KM
multiplication modulo n with N . Because of the {s} mod n =
properties of modulo arithmetic the result is equal to
KM
{s} mod n

KM
Leen encrypts {s} mod n by exponentiation with K
KM KM {{s} M }K M mod n =
Mark's public key K A giving {{s} } mod n . Leen
uses the result to check that Mark hasn't meddled with
her suggestion

K
Leen sends {s} M mod n to William who can use Mark's public key to decrypt the message
and read the suggestion. There is nothing to link this suggestion to Leen.

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