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This document provides an overview of several articles in the Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology that discuss various tests and methods for detecting response bias and malingering in forensic neuropsychological assessments. The articles describe tests such as the Portland Digit Recognition Test, Victoria Symptom Validity Test, Test of Memory Malingering, Word Memory Test, Validity Indicator Profile, and Warrington's Recognition Memory Test. Each article reviews the validation research on the tests and how they can help determine whether neuropsychological test scores are valid or invalid based on a person's response style or effort level. Taken together, the articles argue that these malingering detection tests meet the Daubert standards for admitting scientific evidence in court.
This document provides an overview of several articles in the Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology that discuss various tests and methods for detecting response bias and malingering in forensic neuropsychological assessments. The articles describe tests such as the Portland Digit Recognition Test, Victoria Symptom Validity Test, Test of Memory Malingering, Word Memory Test, Validity Indicator Profile, and Warrington's Recognition Memory Test. Each article reviews the validation research on the tests and how they can help determine whether neuropsychological test scores are valid or invalid based on a person's response style or effort level. Taken together, the articles argue that these malingering detection tests meet the Daubert standards for admitting scientific evidence in court.
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This document provides an overview of several articles in the Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology that discuss various tests and methods for detecting response bias and malingering in forensic neuropsychological assessments. The articles describe tests such as the Portland Digit Recognition Test, Victoria Symptom Validity Test, Test of Memory Malingering, Word Memory Test, Validity Indicator Profile, and Warrington's Recognition Memory Test. Each article reviews the validation research on the tests and how they can help determine whether neuropsychological test scores are valid or invalid based on a person's response style or effort level. Taken together, the articles argue that these malingering detection tests meet the Daubert standards for admitting scientific evidence in court.
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of Response Bias in Forensic Neuropsychology Part I Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology Volume 2, Numbers 3/4
CONTENTS
Preface xv
A Review of Rey’s Strategies for Detecting Malingered
Neuropsychological Impairment 1 Richard I. Frederick André Rey was a pioneer in clinical psychology, child clinical psychology, and neuropsychology. His contributions to the understanding of brain-behavior rela- tionships were novel, creative, and highly regarded. Rey developed many epony- mous tests and procedures. Three are relatively well known in American neuro- psychological literature as “tests of malingering”: The Rey 15-Item Memory Test (RMT), the Rey Word Recognition Test (WRT), and the Rey Dot Counting Test (DCT), referred to collectively in this paper as the “Rey malingering tests.” By cit- ing his original work, this article reports Rey’s method of assessing the validity of clinical presentation, his instructional sets for each test, and his process of inter- preting test results. Additionally, this article reviews published research regarding the efficacy of the Rey malingering tests as they have been used in this country. Most instructional sets and interpretive strategies generally have not followed Rey, but have followed those represented as Rey’s by Lezak (1983, 1995). KEYWORDS. Malingering, neuropsychological assessment, psychological evi- dence, André Rey
The Portland Digit Recognition Test: A Review
of Validation Data and Clinical Use 27 Laurence M. Binder The Portland Digit Recognition Test (PDRT) is a valid measure of motivation to perform poorly on memory tests that is useful in forensic evaluations. Validation data and clinical use are described. The PDRT meets standards of the Daubert de- cision for the admissibility of scientific data into the courtroom by expert wit- nesses. The PDRT has been tested in scientific studies, results of scientific studies have appeared in peer-reviewed journals, the error rate is known, and it is well ac- cepted in the scientific community according to published articles. A survey showed that 27% of forensic neuropsychologists reported using the PDRT consis- tently (Essig, Mittenberg, Petersen et al., 2001). Cutoff scores are available with 100 percent specificity, and these cutoff scores have moderate sensitivity for detec- tion of poor motivation. The strongest psychometric evidence of faking a memory deficit occurs when a forced choice test result is significantly worse than chance. Data indicate that worse than chance results occur regularly on the PDRT. KEYWORDS. Malingering, brain injuries
The Victoria Symptom Validity Test: An Enhanced Test
of Symptom Validity 43 Garrie B. Thompson III The Victoria Symptom Validity Test (VSVT) is a computer-administered and scored, two-alternative, forced-choice symptom validity test designed to assess the validity of a patient’s purported cognitive impairments (Slick, Hopp, Strauss, & Thompson, 1997). The VSVT benefits from numerous enhancements that increase its sensitivity beyond that of other earlier symptom validity tests without increas- ing its administration time or decreasing its specificity. It also has the ability to generate graphs and reports that can be used to assist the jury and the court in as- sessing whether a plaintiff’s purported cognitive impairments are valid without the requirement of an extensive understanding of binomial probability theory. The VSVT’s reliability and validity is inherent in its use of binomial probability theory, which has been used in many other well known symptom validity tests, and recent studies have demonstrated the VSVT’s ability to detect response bias or malinger- ing. Therefore, the VSVT likely meets the new Daubert standards for the admissi- bility of scientific evidence presented in a courtroom. Recent studies have also identified empirically validated cut-off scores for the VSVT that may further serve to enhance its sensitivity. KEYWORDS. Victoria Symptom Validity Test, malingering, Daubert decision, forced-choice test
The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) in Forensic
Psychology 69 Tom N. Tombaugh The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) is described with particular emphasis directed towards the historical setting within which the TOMM was developed. This includes a review of the criteria for developing a memory malingering test, and the use of the empirically derived decision along with a discussion of the rela- tive merits of empirically based vs. statistically based rules for detecting malinger- ing. Data from a series of five experiments showing the sensitivity of the TOMM to feigned memory impairments, guidelines for interpretation of TOMM scores, and answers to frequently asked questions about the TOMM are provided. Finally, the ability of the TOMM to meet the Daubert guidelines is addressed. KEYWORDS. Malingering, neuropsychological assessment, TOMM The Word Memory Test and the Validity of Neuropsychological Test Scores 97 Paul Green Paul R. Lees-Haley Lyle M. Allen III The Word Memory Test (WMT; Green, Allen, & Astner, 1996) contains measures that are very sensitive to exaggeration or poor effort but insensitive to all but the most extreme forms of cognitive impairment. The WMT is unique among symptom validity tests because of its extensive validation in clinical forensic settings, rather than relying on simulation research with healthy volunteers. Effort measured by the WMT predicted 50% of the variance in a total of 30,736 neuropsychological test results from 904 consecutive patients involved in compensation claims. In group data, WMT-measured effort was sufficient to eliminate or reverse major ef- fects, such as the presence of greater impairment in people with severe versus mild head injuries. The removal of invalid data from people failing the WMT was found to make a major difference to the conclusions of several studies. Properly inter- preted, the WMT will meet Daubert challenges. KEYWORDS. Effort, malingering, brain injury, symptom validity
Review of the Validity Indicator Profile 125
Richard I. Frederick The Validity Indicator Profile (VIP; Frederick, 1997) is a two-alternative forced- choice test procedure intended to identify when the results of cognitive and neuropsychological testing may be invalid because of malingering or other prob- lematic response styles. The test consists of 100 problems that assess nonverbal abstraction capacity and 78 word-definition problems. The VIP attempts to estab- lish whether an individual’s performance in an assessment battery should be con- sidered representative of his or her true overall capacities (valid or invalid). This paper reviews the development and cross-validation of the VIP, and the paper dis- cusses how demonstrations of the construct validity of the VIP support a conclu- sion that its use as described above fulfills Daubert evidentiary standards. The author discusses the benefits of using the VIP and identifies some potential chal- lenges for using the VIP in making decisions about the response styles of individu- als who are having their cognitive abilities assessed. KEYWORDS. Malingering, neuropsychological assessment, psychological evi- dence, effort
Warrington’s Recognition Memory Test in the Detection
of Response Bias 147 Scott R. Millis Use of Warrington’s Recognition Memory Test (RMT) for the detection of re- sponse bias and malingering is evaluated. The RMT’s psychometric characteris- tics are reviewed. A method for using the RMT to detect response bias is presented: determining the probability of obtaining specific RMT scores; comparing the indi- vidual patient’s RMT scores with group data from patients with established neuro- logic disorders; combining RMT data with other test data; integrating injury characteristics and psychosocial factors with RMT scores; and use of prevalence rates with the RMT. RMT data from a sample 90 persons with acute traumatic brain injury, stratified by injury severity, are presented to provide clinical bench- marks. The evidentiary reliability of the RMT is also discussed in light of Daubert factors. KEYWORDS. Recognition memory test, malingering, psychophysiologic disor- ders, neuropsychological tests
Detection of Response Bias in Forensic Neuropsychology, Part II,
will follow in Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, Volume 3, Numbers 1/2.