Mathematics Olympiad Coachs Seminar, Zhuhai, China 1

03/22/2004

Geometry
1. Let O be the circumcenter and H the orthocenter of an acute triangle ABC. Prove that the area of
one of the triangles AOH, BOH and COH is equal to the sum of the areas of the other two.

2. Let A = (0, 0) and B = (b, 2) for some positive real number b. Let ABCDEF be an convex equilateral
hexagon such that ∠F AB = 120◦ , AB k DE, BC k EF , CD k F A, and the y-coordinates of its
vertices are six consecutive nonnegative even integers. The area of the hexagon can be written in the
√
form m n, where m and n are positive integers and n is not divisible by the square of any prime.
Find m + n.

3. The perimeter of triangle AP M is 152, and ∠P AM = 90◦ . A circle of radius 19 with center O is on
segment AP is drawn so that it is tangent to both segments AM and P M . Given that OP = m/n,
where m and n are relative prime integers, find m + n.

4. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral such that ∠ABC = ∠ADC = 135◦ and

AC 2 · BD2 = 2AB · BC · CD · DA.

Prove that the diagonals of quadrilateral ABCD are perpendicular.

5. Let P be a point in the plane of triangle ABC such that the segments P A, P B, and P C are the
sides of an obtuse triangle. Assume that in this triangle the obtuse angle opposes the side congruent
to P A. Prove that ∠BAC is acute.

6. Let ABC be a triangle. Prove that there is a line ` (in the plane of triangle ABC) such that the
intersection of the interior of triangle ABC and the interior of its reflection A0 B 0 C 0 in ` has area
more than 2/3 the area of triangle ABC.

7. Let ABC be a triangle and let P be a point in its interior. Lines P A, P B, and P C intersect sides
BC, CA, and AB at D, E, and F , respectively. Prove that
1
[P AF ] + [P BD] + [P CE] = [ABC]
2
if and only if P lies on at least one of the medians of triangle ABC. (Here [XY Z] denotes the area
of triangle XY Z.)

8. Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral. Prove that

|AB − CD| + |AD − BC| ≥ 2|AC − BD|.

9. A convex polygon P in the plane is dissected into smaller convex polygons by drawing all of its
diagonals. The lengths of all sides and all diagonals of the polygon P are rational numbers. Prove
that the lengths of all sides of all polygons in the dissection are also rational numbers.

10. Triangle ABC has the following property: there is an interior point P such that ∠P AB = 10◦ ,
∠P BA = 20◦ , ∠P CA = 30◦ , and ∠P AC = 40◦ . Prove that triangle ABC is isosceles.

11. Let ABC be a triangle, and draw isosceles triangles BCD, CAE, ABF externally to ABC, with
BC, CA, AB as their respective bases. Prove that the lines through A, B, C perpendicular to the
lines EF, F D, DE, respectively, are concurrent.
2 Zuming Feng (zfeng@exeter.edu), Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter 03833, USA

12. Let C1 and C2 be concentric circles, with C2 in the interior of C1 . From a point A on C1 one draws
the tangent AB to C2 (B ∈ C2 ). Let C be the second point of intersection of AB and C1 , and let D
be the midpoint of AB. A line passing through A intersects C2 at E and F in such a way that the
perpendicular bisectors of DE and CF intersect at a point M on AB. Find, with proof, the ratio
AM/M C.

13. Let the x-axis and the line y = mx be the common exterior tangent lines of the circles C1 and C2 .
Suppose that the two √
circles meet at point (9, 6) and the product of the two radii is 68. The value of
m can be written as a b/c, where a, b, c are positive integers, b is not divisible by the square of any
prime, and a and c are relatively prime integers. Find the value of a + b + c.

14. Let A1 A2 A3 be a triangle and let ω1 be a circle in its plane passing through A1 and A2 . Suppose
there exist circles ω2 , ω3 , . . . , ω7 such that for k = 2, 3, . . . , 7, ωk is externally tangent to ωk−1 and
passes through Ak and Ak+1 , where An+3 = An for all n ≥ 1. Prove that ω7 = ω1 .

15. Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral and let E and F be the feet of perpendiculars from the inter-
section of diagonals AC and BD to AB and CD, respectively. Prove that EF is perpendicular to
the line through the midpoints of AD and BC.

16. Let S be the set of all triangles ABC for which

µ ¶
1 1 1 3 6
5 + + − = ,
AP BQ CR min{AP, BQ, CR} r

where r is the inradius and P, Q, R are the points of tangency of the incircle with sides AB, BC, CA,
respectively. Prove that all triangles in S are isosceles and similar to one another.

17. Let ABC be a triangle such that

µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶2
A 2 B 2 C 2 6s
cot + 2 cot + 3 cot = ,
2 2 2 7r

where s and r denote its semiperimeter and its inradius, respectively. Prove that triangle ABC
is similar to a triangle T whose side lengths are all positive integers with no common divisor and
determine these integers.

18. Suppose that n(r) denotes the number of points with integer coordinates on a circle of radius r > 1.
Prove that
√3
n(r) < 6 πr2 .

19. To clip a convex n-gon means to choose a pair of consecutive sides AB, BC and to replace them
by the three segments AM, M N , and N C, where M is the midpoint of AB and N is the midpoint
of BC. In other words, one cuts off the triangle M BN to obtain a convex (n + 1)-gon. A regular
hexagon P6 of area 1 is clipped to obtain a heptagon P7 . Then P7 is clipped (in one of the seven
possible ways) to obtain an octagon P8 , and so on. Prove that no matter how the clippings are done,
the area of Pn is greater than 1/3, for all n ≥ 6.

20. In triangle ABC, ∠B = 2∠C. Let P and Q be points on the perpendicular bisector of segment BC
such that rays AP and AQ trisect ∠A. Prove that P Q < AB if and only if ∠B is obtuse.
Mathematics Olympiad Coachs Seminar, Zhuhai, China 3

21. Let ABC be a triangle and let ω be its incircle. Denote by D1 and E1 the points where ω is tangent to
sides BC and AC, respectively. Denote by D2 and E2 the points on sides BC and AC, respectively,
such that CD2 = BD1 and CE2 = AE1 , and denote by P the point of intersection of segments AD2
and BE2 . Circle ω intersects segment AD2 at two points, the closer of which to the vertex A is
denoted by Q. Prove that AQ = D2 P .

22. Let n ≥ 5 be an integer. Find the largest integer k (as a function of n) such that there exists a convex
n-gon A1 A2 . . . An for which exactly k of the quadrilaterals Ai Ai+1 Ai+2 Ai+3 have an inscribed circle.
(Here An+j = Aj .)

23. Consider the family of non-isosceles triangles ABC satisfying the property AC 2 + BC 2 = 2AB 2 .
Points M and D lie on side AB such that AM = BM and ∠ACD = ∠BCD. Point E is in the plane
such that D is the incenter of triangle CEM . Prove that exactly one of the ratios

CE EM MC
, ,
EM MC CE

is constant (i.e., is the same for all triangles in the family).

24. Let ABCD be an isosceles trapezoid with AB k CD. The inscribed circle ω of triangle BCD meets
CD at E. Let F be a point on the (internal) angle bisector of ∠DAC such that EF ⊥ CD. Let the
circumscribed circle of triangle ACF meet line CD at C and G. Prove that GF > BF .

25. Let AH1 , BH2 , and CH3 be the altitudes of an acute scalene triangle ABC. The incircle of triangle
ABC is tangent to BC, CA, and AB at T1 , T2 , and T3 , respectively. For k = 1, 2, 3, let Pi be the point
on line Hi Hi+1 (where H4 = H1 ) such that Hi Ti Pi is an acute isosceles triangle with Hi Ti = Hi Pi .
Prove that the circumcircles of triangles T1 P1 T2 , T2 P2 T3 , T3 P3 T1 pass through a common point.

26. Let ABC be a triangle inscribed in a circle of radius R, and let P be a point in the interior of ABC.
Prove that
PA PB PC 1
+ + ≥ .
BC 2 CA2 AB 2 R

27. Let AA1 , BB1 , CC1 be the altitudes of an acute triangle ABC, and let O be an arbitrary point inside
the triangle A1 B1 C1 . Let M, N, P, Q, R, S be the perpendicular projections of O onto lines AA1 ,
BC, BB1 , CA, CC1 , AB, respectively. Prove that lines M N , P Q, RS are concurrent.

28. Let ABCD be an isosceles trapezoid with bases AD and BC. An arbitrary circle tangent to lines
AB and AC intersects side BC at M and N . Let X and Y be the intersections closer to D of the
incircle of triangle BCD with segments DM and DN , respectively. Show that line XY is parallel to
line AD.

29. The perpendicular bisectors of sides AB and BC of non-equilateral triangle ABC meet lines BC and
AB at A1 and C1 , respectively. Let the bisectors of angles A1 AC and C1 CA meet at B 0 , and define
C 0 and A0 analogously. Prove that the points A0 , B 0 , C 0 lie on a line passing through the circumcenter
of triangle ABC.

30. Let KL and KN be lines tangent to the circle C, with L, N ∈ C. Choose M on the extension of
KN past N , and let P be the second intersection of C with the circumcircle of KLM . Let Q be the
foot of the perpendicular from N to M L. Prove that ∠M P Q = 2∠KM L.
4 Zuming Feng (zfeng@exeter.edu), Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter 03833, USA

31. Let ABC be a triangle and let ω be a circle passing through A and C. Sides AB and BC intersect
circle ω again at D and E, respectively. Let γ be the incircle of the circular triangle EBD and let
S be its center. Suppose that circle γ is tangent to arc DE at M . Prove that the angle bisector of
∠AM C passes through the incenter of triangle ABC.

32. Let M, N, and K be the points of tangency of the incircle of triangle ABC with the sides of the
triangle, and let Q be the center of the circle drawn through the midpoints of M N , N K, and KM .
Prove that the incenter and circumcenter of triangle ABC are collinear with Q.

33. Let ABC be an scalene acute-angled triangle, and let A1 , B1 , and C1 are the midpoints of sides
BC, CA, and AB, respectively. Circle ωa passes through A, A1 , and the circumcenter of triangle.
Circles ωb and ωc are defined analogously. Prove that circles ωa , ωb , and ωc pass through two common
points.

34. Let ABC be a triangle with AB > AC, and let M, D, H be points on side BC such that AM, AD, AH
are median, angle bisector, altitude, respectively. The circumcircle of triangle ADH intersects side
AB at A and X. The circumcircles of triangles ABM and ACH intersect at A and Y . The
circumcircle of triangle ADM intersects side AC at A and Z. Prove that quadrilateral AXY Z is
cyclic.

35. Let ABC be a triangle with AC 6= BC and AB < AC, and let ω be its circumcircle. The tangent
line through A to circle ω intersect ray CB at D. Circle ω1 is tangent, from exterior, to circle ω and
is tangent to segments BD and AD at M and N , respectively. Prove that ∠DAM = ∠M AB if and
only if AC = CM .

36. Let I be the incenter of non-equilateral triangle ABC, and let T1 , T2 , T3 be the tangency points of
the incircle with sides BC, CA, AB, respectively. Prove that the orthocenter of triangle T1 T2 T3 lies
on line OI, where O is the circumcenter of triangle ABC.

37. Using only a compass, a point may be inverted with respect to a circle of known center.

38. Using only a compass, a point may be reflected across a line.

39. Given a circle centered at O, passing through Q (the center of the circle of inversion), and its image,
line AB, the image of O under inversion is the reflection of Q across the line AB.

40. Given a circle in the plane, construct its center using only a compass.

41. Let AB be a diameter of circle ω. Line ` is tangent to ω at A. Let C, M , and D be points on ` such
that CM = M D, and let segments BC and BD meet with ω at P and Q, respectively. Prove that
there is a point R on line BM such that lines P R and QR are tangent to ω.

42. Let ABC be a triangle with ω as its circumcircle. Circle ω1 is tangent interiorly to circle ω and is
tangent to sides AB and AC at points P and Q, respectively. Prove that the midpoint of segment
P Q is the incenter of triangle ABC and that
2AB · AC
AP = AQ = .
AB + BC + CA

43. Let A1 and B1 be two points on the base AB of an isosceles triangle ABC (∠C > 60◦ ) such that
∠A1 CB1 = ∠ABC. A circle externally tangent to the circumcircle of triangle A1 B1 C is tangent also
to the rays CA and CB at points A2 and B2 , respectively. Prove that A2 B2 = 2AB.
Mathematics Olympiad Coachs Seminar, Zhuhai, China 5

44. Circles ωk are internally tangent to a circle ω at Tk , and ωk is externally tangent to ωk+1 , k =
1, 2, . . . , 6 where ω7 = ω1 . Prove that T1 T4 , T2 T5 , and T3 T6 are concurrent.

45. The Gergonne line and the Soddy line are perpendicular