DENGAN PERSPEKT
PSIKOLOGI
DAFTAR ISI
iii
iv! Bagus Riyono
10 “Thought Experiment”!.................................................217
Hipotesis!................................................................................217
Desain eksperimen!.................................................................218
Hasil eksperimen!....................................................................234
Pembahasan!..........................................................................249
Penutup! 283
14 Rangkuman!.................................................................285
Teori RUH!...............................................................................286
Aplikasi Teori RUH!..................................................................291
Pustaka!............................................................................297
Index!................................................................................315
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH
vii
viii! Bagus Riyono
16. Ulir, Intan, Zelda, Poppy, Miftah, Jörg dan Anja, yang
telah bersedia menjadi responden dalam studi untuk
mendukung disertasi ini.
17. Tika, Astri, Fira, dan Thariq, anak-anakku yang selalu
menjadi cahaya hati dan sumber inspirasi dalam
memunculkan ide-ide aplikasi dari konsep yang
dibangun dalam disertasi ini.
18. Last but not least, kepada Emi, istriku tercinta yang
telah mendampingi seluruh perjalanan karir penulis
sampai dengan penyusunan disertasi ini, sebagai partner
setia dalam suka dan duka selama menempuh program
doktor, yang lebih dari sekedar pengalaman akademik
ini.
Di samping itu penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih
kepada semua pihak yang tidak mungkin disebutkan satu
per satu dalam kata pengantar ini. Penulis percaya bahwa
setiap karya akademik adalah hasil interaksi dari berbagai
pihak yang saling mendukung dan dengan ijin Allah
mewujud dalam sebuah tulisan yang terstruktur.
Penulis juga percaya bahwa tidak ada karya yang
sempurna, sehingga selalu ada kesempatan untuk
meningkatkan dan melengkapi sebuah karya akademik.
Oleh karena itu harapan penulis adalah agar karya yang
sederhana ini dapat memberikan inspirasi bagi karya-karya
selanjutnya yang akan memberikan manfaat pada
Ucapan terima kasih! xi
Yogyakarta, 2010
Bagus Riyono
Karya%sederhana%ini%kupersembahkan%untuk%
Emi,%Tika,%Astri,%Fira,%dan%Thariq%
guru9guruku%tentang%Cinta%Seja=%
yang%merupakan%sumber%mo=vasi%yang%tak%pernah%kering.%
! Bagus Riyono
“...dan&berdoalah&kepada/Nya&dengan&rasa&takut&dan&harapan.&
Sesungguhnya&Rahmat&Allah&amat&dekat&kepada&orang/orang&yang&
berbuat&baik”
&(QS&Al&A’raaf&(7):&56)
“Sesungguhnya&sesudah&kesulitan&itu&ada&kemudahan.&
Maka&apabila&kamu&telah&selesai&(dari&sesuatu&urusan),&kerjakanlah&dengan&
sungguh/sungguh&(urusan)&yang&lain,&
dan&hanya&kepada&Rabb/mu&lah&hendaknya&kamu&berharap.”&
(QS.&Al&Insyirah&(94):6/8)&
PENDAHULUAN
1
2! Bagus Riyono
Dekonstruksi
Teori-teori
Motivasi
5
1
JATUH BANGUNNYA
PERADABAN
7
8! Bagus Riyono
“Natural force”
Analisis Huntington (dalam McClelland, 1961) tentang
kemajuan peradaban mengemukakan kondisi iklim sebagai
faktor penting dalam memacu kemajuan suatu bangsa.
12! Bagus Riyono
“Socio-structural force”
Adam Smith (1776), yang dikenal sebagai bapak
kapitalisme, termasuk yang menentang perspektif “natural
force” ini dengan mengatakan:
“But%this%propor=on%must%in%every%na=on%be%regulated%by%two%different%
circumstances:%first,%by%the%skill,%dexterity,%and%judgment%with%which%its%
labour%is%generally%applied;%and,%secondly,%by%the%propor=on%between%
the%number%of%those%who%are%employed%in%useful%labour,%and%that%of%
those%who%are%not%so%employed.%Whatever(be(the(soil,(climate,(or(
extent(of(territory%of%any%par=cular%na=on,%the%abundance%or%
Jatuh Bangunnya Peradaban! 15
scan=ness%of%its%annual%supply%must,%in%that%par=cular%situa=on,%
depend%upon%those%two%circumstances”%(Smith,%1776,%hal%8).
“Group force”
Wacana tentang “the force” ini kemudian berkembang, atau
dapat juga dikatakan mengerucut pada tataran kelompok
tertentu dalam masyarakat. Max Weber (1930), seorang
sosiolog dari Jerman, berusaha untuk menggali sumber
kekuatan dari peradaban Barat yang mampu mendorong
masyarakatnya untuk mencapai kesejahteraan, “....to
uncover the forces in the West that caused people ....
acquiring goods and wealth” (The Hewett School, 2008).
Weber (1930) berargumentasi bahwa “the forces” tersebut
berakar pada “The Protestant Ethics”, suatu gerakan
keagamaan yang berkembang setelah Renaissance.
Thesisnya ini mengguncang sejarah dan menimbulkan
kontroversi di kalangan para ahli ilmu sosial dan juga di
kalangan pemuka-pemuka agama. Dengan tulisannya yang
provokatif dan masih mendatangkan kontroversi sampai
sekarang (McClelland, 1961) tersebut, Weber (1930)
berargumentasi bahwa kemajuan suatu bangsa bukanlah
karena faktor lingkungan tetapi didorong oleh suatu
kekuatan (“the force”) dari dalam diri individu-individu
sebagai komponen dari bangsa tersebut.
Jatuh Bangunnya Peradaban! 17
“Internal force”
David McClelland (1961), yang terinspirasi oleh thesis
Weber tersebut, mencoba untuk memberikan penjelasan
lain yang lebih “netral” dan terbebas dari nuansa agama
atau kelompok kepercayaan tertentu. Analisis McClelland
(1961)terhadap the force ini juga merupakan analisis yang
lebih “mendalam” daripada “The Protestant Ethic”.
McClelland (1961) menggali dan mempertajam thesis Weber
tentang “The Protestant Ethic” untuk mencari esensi dari
Jatuh Bangunnya Peradaban! 19
“Tujuan%dari%program%ini%adalah%agar%pengusaha%kecil%muncul%
minatnya%berwirausaha%dengan%lebih%bersemangat.%Tapi%program%ini%
seper=nya%dipaksakan,%gitu.%Katanya%surveinya%di%India%dan%
sebagainya%yang%bisa%meningkatkan%hasratnya%untuk%berwirausaha%
dengan%lebih%baik.%Menurutku%nggak%cukup%hanya%sekali%(ditraining%
AMT),%harusnya%dimonitor,%alamatnya%di%mana,%bisnisnya%apa,%
Jatuh Bangunnya Peradaban! 23
struktur%modalnya%seper=%apa.%Kalau%cuma%diperkenalkan%dengan%
konsep%mo=vasinya,%nggak%masuk.%
Belum%lagi%waktu%kita%menunjukkan%profil%orang%yang%berhasil%dalam%
berwirausaha%itu%kan%ada%achievement,%afisliasi%dan%power.%Harusnya%
kan%power%rendah%achievement%=nggi%dan%afiliasi%rendah.%Mereka%
sendiri%bilang%“kalau%seper=%ini%nan=%kita%=dak%diterima%teman9
teman”,%jadi%kan%ada%penolakan.%Menurut%hemat%saya%secara%kultural%
kurang%membumi.%Ke=ka%dilakukan%asessment,%hampir%semuanya%
yang%kuat%adalah%need%for%Affilia=on.%
Rasanya%dengan%mengajarkan%need%for%Achievement%ini%rasanya%
malah%mengganggu%harmoni%kehidupan%mereka%yang%cenderung%
afilia=f.”%
(Si=%Basrochah,%2008).
“Layers of forces”
Jika dirangkum, maka wacana tentang “the force” ini
memiliki empat lapisan analisis, yaitu “natural force”,
“socio-structural force”, “group force”, dan “internal force”.
Psikologi, yang dalam ulasan ini diwakili oleh McClelland,
memiliki fokus dalam menjelaskan dinamika “the force”
dari wacana “internal force”. Bagaimanapun juga, individu
adalah aktor utama dalam kemajuan peradaban manusia.
Kekuatan yang lain hanya berfungsi sebagai “antecedence”
yang akhirnya akan berujung pada terpicunya “internal
force”. Kesalingterkaitan di antara keempat lapisan
28! Bagus Riyono
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