Far field sound pressure on-axis http://www.klippel.de/measurements/sound-radiation-and-propagation/f...

Far field sound pressure on-axis

KLIPPEL QC System
KLIPPEL R&D System <URL: our-products/rd- <URL:
Characteristics:
system.html> our-products/qc-
system.html>

LPM <URL: our-products/rd-system/modules

QC Standard <URL:
/linear-parameter-measurement.html>, TRF <URL:
SPL sensitivity at our-products/qc-system
our-products/rd-system/modules/transfer-function-
1W and 1m on-axis /standard-
measurement.html>, DIS <URL: our-products/rd-
qc-system.html>
system/modules/3d-distortion-measurement.html>

QC Standard <URL:
TRF <URL: our-products/rd-system/modules
Mean level in our-products/qc-system
/transfer-function-measurement.html>, CAL <URL:
frequency band /standard-
our-products/rd-system/software/calculator.html>
qc-system.html>

An important acoustical characteristic of loudspeakers operated in a free-field or half-space free-field

condition is the transfer response between electrical input voltage and the sound pressure output
generated at a reference point at a stated distance on a reference axis (usually on-axis) in the far field. The
sensitivity is defined as the sound pressure level SPL in a stated frequency band generated by a voltage Up
corresponding to an input power of 1 W at rated impedance Zn for a distance of 1m. A band-limited pink
noise signal, impulsive test signal or a sinusoidal stimulus may be used as stimulus giving the same results
as long as the loudspeaker behaves linearly and the signal noise ratio of sound pressure and voltage is
sufficient. The effective frequency range is defined by the upper and lower frequency limits, for which
the SPL frequency response is not more than 10 dB below the mean value of the SPL averaged over a
bandwidth of one octave in the region of maximum sensitivity (or otherwise stated by manufacturer).

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KLIPPEL R&D SYSTEM (development) <URL: our-products/rd-system.html>
Module
Transfer Function Module (TRF) <URL:
our-products/rd-system/modules/transfer-
function-measurement.html>
Linear Parameter Measurement (LPM) <URL:
our-products/rd-system/modules/linear-
parameter-measurement.html>
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Comment
TRF may be used to measure voltage at the
terminals using a four-wire technique and the
sound pressure and calculates the transfer
function which is independent on the amplitude
of the sinusoidal sweep. TRF also provides post
processing for windowing, smoothing and level
correction to give the SPL sensitivity versus
frequency at a distance of 1m and a 1W input
signal.
LPM primarily calculates the sensitivity of the
loudspeaker by using the linear parameter
(Thiele/Small) of the lumped equivalent circuit.
LPM also measures the sound pressure signal by
using a multi-tone stimulus.
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Module
3D Distortion Module (DIS) <URL:
our-products/rd-system/modules/3d-distortion-
measurement.html>
Scanning Vibrometer (SCN) <URL:
our-products/rd-system/modules/scanning-
vibrometer-system.html>
Simulation (SIM) <URL: our-products/rd-system
/modules/simulation.html>
Mean SPL in band (CAL)
Effective Frequency Range (CAL)
KLIPPEL QC SYSTEM (end-of-line testing) <URL: our-products/qc-system.html>
Module
QC Standard <URL: our-products/qc-system
/standard-qc-system.html>
System Task (preview)
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Comment
DIS measures the fundamental component of the
sound pressure input signal with a steady-state
sinusoidal excitation signal. The voltage at the
terminals may be measured simultaneously and
the transfer function and sensitivity is calculated.
SCN calculates the SPL response on the basis of
the mechanical vibration parameter and the
geometry of the radiator using the laser scanning
technique and the Rayleigh integral.
SIM predicts the sound pressure output (SPL
response) in the small and large signal domain by
the linear, nonlinear and thermal parameters.
A particular script is provided for the CAL
module to calculate the mean SPL in a stated
frequency band according IEC 60268-5 paragraph
20.6.
A particular script is provided for the CAL
module calculating the effective frequency range
according IEC 60268-5 paragraph 21.2.
Comment
SPL task measures the fundamental component of the
sound pressure signal at high speed using a sweep
with speed and amplitude profile. The mean SPL level
is calculated in a user specified frequency band.
Standard compliant (1W / 1m) measurements in a
baffle are possible.
The system task can compensate automatically for
microphone distance variations (floating limits on
fundamental). The polarity based on phase check is
calculated when the delay caused by microphone
distance has been removed.
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Application Notes:

AN 24 Measuring Telecommunication Drivers, Microspeaker, Headphones <URL: fileadmin/klippel

/Files/Know_How/Application_Notes/AN24-telecomm_driver.pdf>
AN 26 Cone Vibration and Radiation Diagnostics <URL: fileadmin/klippel/Files/Know_How
/Application_Notes/AN26-Suspension_part_measurement.pdf>
AN 34 Mean SPL in a stated Frequency Band <URL: fileadmin/klippel/Files/Know_How
/Application_Notes/AN34-Mean_SPL_in_a_stated_frequency_band.pdf>
AN 35 Effective Frequency Range <URL: fileadmin/klippel/Files/Know_How/Application_Notes
/AN35-Effective_Frequency_Range.pdf>
AN 38 Near-field Measurement with multiple Drivers and Port <URL: fileadmin/klippel/Files
/Know_How/Application_Notes/AN38-Nearfield_Measurement_with_multiple_Drivers_and_Port.pdf>
AN <URL: fileadmin/klippel/Files/Know_How/Application_Notes/AN39-
Merging_Near_and_Farfield_measurements.pdf>39 Merging Near and Far-field Measurements
<URL: fileadmin/klippel/Files/Know_How/Application_Notes/AN39-
Merging_Near_and_Farfield_measurements.pdf>
AN 41 Measurement at defined terminal voltage <URL: fileadmin/klippel/Files/Know_How
/Application_Notes/AN41-Measurement_at_defined_terminal_voltage.pdf>

Templates of KLIPPEL products

Name of the Template Application

IEC 20.6 Mean SPL Mean sound pressure level in a stated frequency band
according IEC 60268-5 chapter 20.6

IEC 21.2 Frequency Range Effective frequency range according IEC 60268-5 chapter
21.2

IEC 22.4 Mean Efficiency Mean efficiency in a frequency band according IEC 60268-5
chapter 22.4

Response Smoothness Frequency response smoothness

SPL Merging Near / Farfield Merges near-field response and far-field response according
to Application Note AN 39

TRF 3rd oct. spectr. analyzer Continuous loop measurement giving the spectrum of the
signal acquired via IN1 integrated over 1/3 octave

TRF cumulative decay Cumulative spectral decay

TRF mic calibration for IN1 Calibration of the microphone at IN1 using a pistonphone

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Name of the Template Application

TRF Scanning Cone Vibration Manual scanning of cone vibration using a laser sensor with
high cut-off frequency (>15 kHz)

TRF sensitivity (Mic 2) Calibration of the microphone at IN2 using a pistonphone

TRF SPL + waterfall Sound pressure level and cumulative decay spectrum

TRF true acoustical phase Total phase without time delay

SIM closed box analysis Maximal displacement, dc displacement, compression, SPL,

distortion using large signal parameters imported from LSI
BOX

SIM vented box analysis Maximal displacement, dc displacement, compression, SPL,

harmonic distortion using large signal parameters imported
from LSI BOX

MAT Add curve (dB) Adding the sound pressure of two curves given in 'dB'; The
weighting is applied to the sound pressure.

MAT FreqTranslate Transformation of the frequency axis

MAT Sub curve (dB) Subtracts "CurveB" weighted with "weightB" from "CurveA"
weighted with "weightA" using curves in various formats
(real, complex, dB + phase)

CAL Add curves Adds "CurveA" weighted with "weightA" to "CurveB"

weighted with "weightB"

CAL Add curves (power) Adding the power of two curves given in 'dB' considering
weighting factors applied to the power of the input curves;
Phase information is accepted but neglected in the
calculation.

CAL Add curvs (dB) Adding the sound pressure of two curves given in 'dB'
considering weighting of the sound pressure

CAL Sub curves Subtracts "CurveB" weighted with "weightB" from complex
"CurveA" weighted with "weightA" using curves in various
formats (real, complex, dB + phase)

Diagnost. MIDRANGE Sp1 Comprehensive testing of midrange drivers with a resonance

30 Hz < fs < 200 Hz using standard current sensor 1

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Name of the Template Application

Diagnost. SUBWOOFER (Sp1) Comprehensive testing of subwoofers with a resonance 10

Hz < fs < 70 Hz using standard current sensor 1

Diagnostics MICROSPEAKER Sp2 Comprehensive testing of microspeakers with a resonance

100 Hz < fs < 2 kHz using sensitive current sensor 2

Diagnostics TWEETER (Sp2) Comprehensive testing of tweeters with a resonance 100 Hz

< fs < 2 kHz using sensitive current sensor 2

Diagnostics VENTED BOX SP1 Comprehensive testing of vented box systems using standard
current sensor 1

Diagnostics WOOFER (Sp1) Comprehensive testing of subwoofers with a resonance 30

Hz < fs < 200 Hz using standard current sensor 1

Diagnostics WOOFER Sp1,2 Comprehensive testing of subwoofers with a resonance 30

Hz < fs < 200 Hz using current sensor 1 and 2

Standards:

IEC Standard IEC 60268-5 Sound System Equipment, Part 5: Loudspeakers

AES2-1984 AES Recommended practice Specification of Loudspeaker Components Used in
Professional Audio and Sound Reinforcement
AES56-2008 AES standard on acoustics – Sound source modeling – Loudspeaker polar radiation
measurement

Papers and Preprints:

Mark R. Gander, “Ground Plane Acoustic Measurement of Loudspeaker Systems, ” J. of Audio Eng. Soc.,
Volume 30, Issue 10, pp.723-731, October 1982.

Other related tests:

Area of radiation <URL: measurements/sound-radiation-and-propagation/area-of-radiation.html>

Directional radiation characteristics <URL: measurements/sound-radiation-and-propagation
/directional-radiation-characteristics.html>
Near field measurement <URL: measurements/sound-radiation-and-propagation/near-field-
measurement.html>
Impulse response <URL: measurements/signal-and-system-analysis/impulse-response.html>
Magnitude and phase response <URL: measurements/signal-and-system-analysis/magnitude-

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and-phase-response.html>
Time-frequency analysis <URL: measurements/signal-and-system-analysis/time-frequency-
analysis.html>
Radiation analysis <URL: measurements/sound-radiation-and-propagation/radiation-
analysis.html>
Typical test objects:

Low frequency drive unit <URL: test-objects/low-frequency-drive-units.html>

Mechanical actuator <URL: test-objects/mechanical-actuators.html>
Micro-speakers and headphones <URL: test-objects/micro-speakers-and-headphones.html>
High-frequency drive units <URL: test-objects/high-frequency-drive-units.html>
Wide-band drive unit <URL: test-objects/wide-band-drive-unit.html>
Passive loudspeaker system <URL: test-objects/passive-loudspeaker-systems.html>
Active loudspeaker system <URL: test-objects/active-loudspeaker-systems.html>
Microphones <URL: test-objects/microphones.html>

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