disajikan pada
WORKSHOP PERTAMBANGAN BATUBARA INDONESIA
KONFERENSI TAHUNAN “SAVE INDONESIAN COAL” KE 3
PERHAPI-APBI-ICS
Hotel Sultan Jakarta, 23 Maret 2011
oleh:
Chairul Nas (MAusIMM)
Ketua Working Group Eksplorasi, Sumberdaya, dan Cadangan PERHAPI
Ketua Komite Competent Person PERHAPI
Dosen Universitas Trisakti - Jakarta
GOOD EXPLORATION PRACTICES
COAL RESOURCE ESTIMATION
• Good HSE
– good health
– good safety
– good environment
• Good Legal Compliance
– Government Regulations
– Internal SOP
• Good Technical
– Efficient and Effective
– Technical compliance (Standards and
Codes)
– Coal Exploration Manual
TECHNICAL COMPLIANCE
(Referred to standards and codes in coal exploration practices)
Geological certainty
– Intensity/density of information points (DATA)
– Quality of information (DATA)
– Geological interpretation
TIGA AZAS PENTING “JORC”
Berkenaan dengan DATA:
• TRANSPARAN: Proses didapatnya data hingga proses
pengolahannya harus dijelaskan secara transparan,
termasuk metoda dan teknik yang digunakan, mulai dari
pengambilan contoh, uji lapangan, dan analisis/uji
laboratorium - hingga pengolahan data tsb;
• MATERIALITAS: Data dan informasi harus cukup untuk
menunjang pernyataan-pernyataan dan kesimpulan yang
dibuat, sehingga apa-apa yang diharapkan dan
dibutuhkan oleh pembaca laporan bisa terpenuhi; dan
• KOMPETEN: Proses pengambilan data dan contoh di
lapangan serta pengolahan/analisis data hingga
pelaporannya harus dikerjakan atau paling kurang
disupervisi oleh seorang “COMPETENT PERSON”
DATA TERPADU
• Data terdiri dari: DATA KUALITATIF dan DATA
KUANTITATIF;
• Data bisa berupa: Data Primer dan Data Sekunder;
• Data tidak boleh terpisah-pisah;
• Data tidak boleh jalan sendiri-sendiri;
• Data harus bisa ditelusuri sampai ke sumbernya
(“traceable”);
• Proses pengolahan dan analisa data juga harus terpadu:
informasi yang diperoleh dari geostats tidak boleh lepas
dari informasi geologi lainnya; dan
• Agar tidak mengecoh, Metoda dan Teknik pengolahan
dan manipulasi data harus dinyatakan secara jelas.
Database
Singkapan
DATA GEOLOGI
Database
Pemboran
Database Database
Validasi dan Rekonsiliasi Lab Geofisika
Manipulasi dan
PEMODELAN GEOLOGI
Pengolahan Data
PEMODELAN Model
Model Model
Kualitas Geologi Topografi
DATA SINGKAPAN
Log Drill Equip Gepphysic Log Standing Date commenced Date complete
Hole diam Core diam Case depth Core barrel Total Depth (m)
initial Contr Unit L S G C w ater level D D M M Y Y D D M M Y Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
Log Basis
Weathering
Bit type
Separation
% Litotype
Roundnes
Mec state
Grainsize
Core rec
Lithotype
Strength
Descript
Descript
Porosity
Spacing
Descrip
Permea
Horizon seam Top of interval Base on interval Qualifers
Sorting
Colour
Shade
Matrix
Grain
Hue
Dip
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
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REKONSILIASI
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KOTOR
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Log Drill Equip Gepphysic Log Standing Date commenced Date complete
Hole diam Core diam Case depth Core barrel Total Depth (m)
initial Contr Unit L S G C w ater level D D M M Y Y D D M M Y Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
Log Basis
Weathering
Bit type
Separation
% Litotype
Roundnes
Mec state
Grainsize
Core rec
Lithotype
Strength
Descript
Descript
Porosity
Spacing
Descrip
Permea
Horizon seam Top of interval Base on interval Qualifers
Sorting
Colour
Shade
Matrix
Grain
Hue
Dip
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
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BERSIH
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AWAL LANJUT
TAHAP
LUAS AREA KECIL
BESAR
DALAM PROGARM EKSPLORASI BERTAHAP
SETIAP TAHAP:
• COKING COAL IS A VERY DIFFERENT COMMODITY TO THERMAL COAL. IT IS A BASIC INGREDIENT OF STEEL MAKING WITH HIGH
COST SUPPLIERS AND BALANCED SUPPLY & DEMAND
• THERE IS POTENTIAL FOR COKING COAL IN REMOTE PARTS OF KALIMANTAN AND SUMATRA, TO 100-150 KM FROM WATER. THE
HIGHER PRICES WILL BALANCE THE TRANSPORT COSTS.
• THERMAL COAL IS OVERSUPPLIED, PRICES AT AN ALL-TIME LOW. PRICES MAY RECOVER, BUT NOT STRONGLY. THERE ARE
ABUNDANT DIVERSE SUPPLIES AND MANY MINES OPERATE ON A LOW RETURN AND MARGINS.
• THEREFORE THERMAL COAL EXPLORATION OR ACQUISITION MUST FOCUS ON THE RESOURCES LOW ON THE COST CURVE. WE
CAN HOPE FOR BUT CANNOT RELY ON HIGHER PRICES.
• COAL FOR MINE-MOUTH POWER IS OF INTEREST TO SUPPLY POWER FOR MINERAL PROCESSING OR INDUSTRIAL ESTATES – AND
WHERE THERE IS NO STRONG COMPETITION OR WE CAN MONOPOLISE THE FUEL SUPPLY.
• ANE MUST FOCUS MORE ON GRASS-ROOTS COAL EXPLORATION, TO BRING US A LARGE DISCOVERY. WE MUST GIVE PRIORITY TO
HIGH CV TARGETS, IN AREAS NOT HELD BY OTHERS. WE MUST COVER MORE GROUND AND DO MUCH MORE FIELDWORK.
• TO DO THIS EFFECTIVELY WE NEED TECHNICAL FOCUS; A SENSE OF URGENCY; AND PROBABLY A LARGER TEAM. CURRENT
BUDGETS ARE SUFFICIENT.
• ACQUISITION ACTIVITY WILL CONTINUE BUT WILL NOT BE ALLOWED TO SLOW THE GRASS ROOTS EXPLORATION. WE WILL FOCUS
ON EXPERIENCED GROUPS WITH TECHNICALLY SOUND PROJECTS AND REALISTIC EXPECTATIONS.
• ACQUISITION TARGETS WILL BE GENERATED FROM OUR REGIONAL WORK; WE WILL REVIEW SUBMITTALS, WITH QUICK DECISION
MAKING TO REJECT THOSE THAT DO NOT MEET OUR STRATEGY (IE ARE UNLIKELY TO BE ECONOMIC).
TAHAP-TAHAP EKSPLORASI
TAHAP RISET
TAHAP REKONAISAN
TAHAP PEMETAAN GEOLOGI
TAHAP EKSPLORASI RINCI (DRILLING)
TAHAP STUDI KELAYAKAN (FS)
TAHAP-TAHAP EKSPLORASI
(Friederich, 2009)
Data collection; Reconnaissance Detailed Satellite Wide spaced Typically 2 to 4 Drilling typically Drilling typically
prepare GIS data mapping Imagery Interp drilling km spacing 1 km spacing 500m spacing
Quality, seam Estimate Initial
Study regional thickness, inferred geotechnical Geotechnical
geological setting Outcrop Logging Field Mapping resource potential resources studies drilling
TASKS
Reliable Bulk Sample; or
Preliminary Coal rank / quality topographic large diameter
depositional model assessment Scout Drilling maps core
Check Estimate Estimate
environmental Indicated Measured
issues / land status Resources Resources
Increasing confidence
KEGIATAN EKSPLORASI
“Eksplorasi adalah tahapan kegiatan usaha
pertambangan untuk memperoleh informasi
secara terperinci dan teliti tentang lokasi,
bentuk, dimensi, sebaran, kualitas dan
sumber daya terukur dari bahan galian,
serta informasi mengenai lingkungan sosial
dan lingkungan hidup.”
1. TAHAP RISET
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. 32
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6
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UA
AB
PT. TORAH ANTAREJA MINING
t
Uni
oal
CENTRAL KALIMANTAN
Upp
• Pada tahap awal eksplorasi, lokasi pemboran lebih dikontrol oleh perkiraan
penyebaran singkapan lapisan batubara (cropline), karena tujuannya hanya
untuk mendapatkan data dan informasi tentang lapisan batubara di dekat-
dekat cropline tersebut.
• Pada kegiatan eksplorasi lanjut – dimana dilakukan pemboran rinci, maka
lokasi bor harus direncanakan berdasarkan: konfigurasi grid (kisi) atau
konfigurasi traverse (lintasan).
• Kerapatan titik-titik bor disesuaikan dengan kondisi geologi yang ada,
dimana hal ini ditentukan oleh senior atau chief geologist pada proyek
bersangkutan.
• Pada dasarnya, semakin komplek geologinya maka semakin rapat titik-titik
pemboran yang dibutuhkan.
• Penentuan lokasi titik bor harus dipandu oleh peta dan penampang geologi
rinci yang sudah ada.
• Koordinat titik bor akan ditetapkan kemudian setelah dilakukannya survai
pematokan lokasi bor.
• Mungkin saja lokasi bor sesungguhnya bergeser dari rencana semula
sesuai dengan kondisi medan dan morfologi.
• Untuk menentukan koordinat dan ketinggian sesungguhnya, setiap lobang
bor harus disurvai kembali.
• Lokasi semua titik bor harus disinkronkan dengan peta topografi daerah
bersangkutan.
PERENCANAAN PEMBORAN
Penyebaran Titik Bor Kondisi geologi, penyebaran lapisan Penentuan titik bor:
batubara, rencana penambangan, tujuan Untuk bor pemandu: mengikuti penyebaran
pemboran (stratigrafi – bor pemandu - detil cropline
– infill) Untuk pemboran rinci: Sistim lintasan bor
st:rike (tentukan jarak antar lintasan,
jumlah lubang setiap lintasan, kedalaman,
dll.)
Sistm kisi (tentukan spasi titik bor)
“Infilling Drilling” (untuk rencana
tambang)
Peralatan Pemboran Sasaran, kedalaman, topografi, sifat-sifat Pemilihan Peralatan:
fisik batuan, lingkungan (geografi). Mata Bor, Mesin Bor, Batang Bor
, Pompa, Tabung Penginti Slang/Pipa
air
Teknik Pemboran Sasaran, ketersediaan peralatan, Penentuan Teknik Pemboran:
ketersediaan air, rencana kedalaman, Diamond drilling vs Reverse Circulation
Konvensional vs Wire Line Pakai pembilas
air
Pakai media udara
Pemboran kering
Pakai lumpur
Penggunaan mata bor
Pengelolaan Hasil Bor Pemanfaatan/penggunaan hasil pemboran, Penetapan prosedur:
penanganan contoh Pengambilan contoh
Pemerian contoh
Penyimpanan contoh
Pengiriman contoh
Analisis dan pengujian contoh
Data pemboran
Penggambaran Log Litologi
PELAKSANAAN PEMBORAN
Log Drill Equip Gepphysic Log Standing Date commenced Date complete
Hole diam Core diam Case depth Core barrel Total Depth (m)
initial Contr Unit L S G C w ater level D D M M Y Y D D M M Y Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
Log Basis
Weathering
Bit type
Separation
% Litotype
Roundnes
Mec state
Grainsize
Core rec
Lithotype
Strength
Descript
Descript
Porosity
Spacing
Permea
Descrip
Horizon seam Top of interval Base on interval Qualif ers
Sorting
Colour
Shade
Matrix
Grain
Hue
Dip
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
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SEDIMENTARY LITHOLOGY LOG (SHEET 01)
ROUNDNESS BED SURFACE SEPARATION 3 mod, wide (20 - 60 cm) FD fining down to
V very angular E erosional base 4 close (6 - 20 cm) FR fragmented
A angular G gradational base 5 very close (2 - 6 cm) FU fining up to
S subangular I irregular base 6 extremely close (< 2cm) GD grades into unit below
U subrounded K slickesided at base 7 vertical / sub-vertical GR grading into
R rounded L load casting at base IB interbedded with
W well rounded S sharp base FOSSIL / MIN, ABUNDANCE IC irregular basal contract
BA bauxite IL interlaminated. With
SORTING SEDIMENT, STRUTURE BI bivalves IM intermixed with
W well sorted BT with bioturbation BR brachiopods IR irregularly interbedded with
M moderately sorted BW with burrowing CA calcite LM with larninae of
P poorly sorted CB current bedding CB carbonate LN with lanses of
B bimodal sorting CC cone-in-cone structure CH chlorite LP with pebbles of
CF compaction features CL coaly larnellae LR with stringers of
GRAIN DESCRIPTION CV with convoluted bedding CO coal LS with streaks of
FS grains with faceted DB with disturbing bedding CP coprolites MS matrix supported by
surfaces FB flaser bedding CW coaly wisps SE sharp erosional contact
PS grains with faceted FC flute casts FB charcoal with unit below
polished surface GB graded bedding FM foraminifera SI sharp irregular contact
SS grains with striated LB with lenticular beds FO fossils with unit below
surfaces LC load casts GL glauconite SP sharp contact with unit below
LM larninas GY gypsum
MATRIX DESCRIPTION LX with large scale cross HE hematite COAL TYPE
CA calcareous matrix larninations IL illite F6 floats RDI.60
CM clayey matrix MB massive bedding KL kaolinite RC raw coal composite
FE ferruginous matrix MF microfaulting LI limonite RW raw ply sample
SI siliceous matrix MP with mud pellets MG magnetite
SL silty matrix MX with medium scale cross MI mica
larninations MO montraorillonite
POROSITY RB with ripple bedding PF plant fragments
H high porosity SL with slumping PY pyrite
L low porosity SX with small scale cross RS resin
M medium porosity larninations RT rootlets
XB cross bedding TF trace fossils
PERMEABILITY WM white mica
I impermeable TECT, STRUCTURE TYPE
M moderately B with brecciation FOSSILS / MIN, ASSOC
permeable C with cleats BN bands
S slightly permeable D with dykes BP on bedding planes
V very permeable F with faults CE cement
J with joints CT in cleats
WEATHERING K with kink bands DS disseminated throughout
WE extremely weathered R with fractures FD infilling faults discontinuities
FR fresh S with shearing FR fragments
HW highly weathered V with veina IV infilling vesicles
MW moderately weathered JT on joint surface
SW slightly weathered TECT, STRUCT SPACING LM larninae
WE weathered, 1 discontinuities soil filled LN lenses
undifferentiated 2 open planar smooth ND nodules
3 open planar rough ST staining
BEDDING SPACING 4 open non-planar VE veining
PENANGANAN INTI BOR
Log Drill Equip Gepphysic Log Standing Date commenced Date complete
Hole diam Core diam Case depth Core barrel Total Depth (m)
initial Contr Unit L S G C w ater level D D M M Y Y D D M M Y Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
Log Basis
Weathering
Bit type
Separation
% Litotype
Roundnes
Mec state
Grainsize
Core rec
Lithotype
Strength
Descript
Descript
Porosity
Spacing
Descrip
Permea
Horizon seam Top of interval Base on interval Qualifers
Sorting
Colour
Shade
Matrix
Grain
Hue
Dip
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
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REKONSILIASI
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Log Drill Equip Gepphysic Log Standing Date commenced Date complete
Hole diam Core diam Case depth Core barrel Total Depth (m)
initial Contr Unit L S G C w ater level D D M M Y Y D D M M Y Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
Log Basis
Weathering
Bit type
Separation
% Litotype
Roundnes
Mec state
Grainsize
Core rec
Lithotype
Strength
Descript
Descript
Porosity
Spacing
Descrip
Permea
Horizon seam Top of interval Base on interval Qualifers
Sorting
Colour
Shade
Matrix
Grain
Hue
Dip
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
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– batubara yang telah mengalami pelapukan tidak boleh diambil; bila lapuk
harus dikupas lagi sampai diperoleh batubara segar;
– lapisan atap setebal 10cm juga diambil;
– bagian paling atas batubara setebal 10cm juga harus dipisahkan;
– Sama halnya dengan lapisan lantai batubara dan bagian paling bawah
lapisan batubara;
– parting setebal 10cm keatas adalah pemisah contoh-contoh berikutnya;
– jika lapisan batubara tebal tanpa parting, maka contoh harus diambil
untuk setiap interval 1 meter;
– jika parting >30cm, maka ia diperlakukan sebagai interburden;
– harus dengan segera dimasukkan kedalam kantong plastik yang kuat
dan diberi label, dan disegel dengan baik sehingga tidak kehilangan
moisture.
SAMPLING BATUBARA
CATATAN PENTING:
• Yang perlu diingat adalah: pengambilan contoh batubara
pada singkapan harus dilakukan dengan secermat dan
sebaik mungkin, sehingga memerlukan waktu yang
cukup ( tidak boleh tergesa-gesa);
• Untuk batubara peringkat rendah (lignit dan sub-bit):
jangan biarkan contoh mengering sebelum masuk lab; ini
mengakibatkan moisture total akan berkurang secara
signifikan, dan akan menghasilkan Nilai Kalor (CV) ”as
received (ar)” menjadi lebih tinggi. Jadi, agar tidak
mengecoh pembaca, CV sebaiknya dilaporkan dalam
basis ”ar”;
• Untuk batubara kokas, lamanya kemasukan angin juga
akan sangat berpengaruh kepada sifat-sifat
pengkokasannya seperti: CSN, Dilatasi, dan Fluiditas;
• Untuk memenuhi prinsip JORC (TCM): metoda dan tenik
sampling harus dilaporkan secara gamblang.
SAMPLING BATUBARA PADA PEMBORAN
• Proximate
• Total Sulphur
• Calorific Value
• Relative Density
• HGI
• Ultimate analysis
• Ash analysis
• Ash fusion temperatures
• Trace elements
• Chlorine
PARAMETER KUALITAS DASAR UNTUK BATUBARA KOKAS
• Proximate analysis
• Ultimate analysis
• Chlorine
• Phosphorus
• Relative density
• HGI
• Ash analysis
• Ash fusion temperatures
• CSN
• Gray-King coke type
• Dilatometer
• Gieseler plastometer
• Maceral analysis
• Vitrinite reflectance
PARAMETER KUALITAS BATUBARA
• Proximate Analysis:
– Moisture (M)
– Ash (Ash)
– Volatile Matter (VM), and
– Fixed Carbon (FC)
• Ultimate Analysis:
– Carbon (C)
– Hydrogen (H)
– Nitrogen (N)
– Sulfur (S),and
– Oxygen (O)
COAL CONVcoal_conv.XLS
CONTOH DATA PEMBORAN
DDH EASTING NORTHING SAMP. No. TOPDEP BOTDEP RD ASH MOIS VM CV SULPHUR
C2063 99429.4 201141.5 SN 10011 30.73 31.48 1.32 1.58 8.16 - - 0.26
C2063 99429.4 201141.5 SN 10012 31.48 32.53 1.32 0.67 8.73 - - 0.21
C2063 99429.4 201141.5 SN 10013 32.53 33.48 1.31 0.9 7.59 - - 0.2
C2063 99429.4 201141.5 SN 10014 33.48 34.84 1.32 0.75 7.61 - - 0.22
C2063 99429.4 201141.5 SN 10015 34.84 36.14 1.33 0.59 7.94 - - 0.23
C2063 99429.4 201141.5 SN 10016 36.14 37.06 1.32 1.91 7.86 - - 0.24
C2089 98776.4 197896.9 SNCM10031 46.21 48.05 1.32 2.43 5.35 - - 0.29
C2089 98776.4 197896.9 SNCM10032 48.05 49.62 1.3 0.52 5.4 - - 0.16
C2089 98776.4 197896.9 SNCM10033 49.62 51.25 1.29 0.96 4.83 - - 0.28
C2194 104845.6 205527.6 SN 10093 77.06 78.05 1.85 43.2 8.9 - - 1.69
C2194 104845.6 205527.6 SN 10095 79.45 80.6 1.39 1.8 13.8 - - 0.17
C2194 104845.6 205527.6 SN 10096 80.6 82.14 1.36 1.1 13.5 - - 0.19
C2246 98788.7 195847.5 SNDT10144 32.97 33.59 2.63 89.8 3.1 - - 0.08
C2246 98788.7 195847.5 SNDT10145 33.59 33.82 1.57 30.8 4.2 - - 0.41
C2246 98788.7 195847.5 SNCM10148 36.81 38.28 1.29 0.4 5.1 - - 0.26
C2246 98788.7 195847.5 SNCM10149 38.28 40.16 1.29 1.4 4.8 - - 0.26
C2246 98788.7 195847.5 SNDB10150 40.16 40.76 2.54 84.4 2.7 - - 1.7
C2246 98788.7 195847.5 SNDBD0150 40.16 40.26 2.54 84.4 2.7 - - 1.7
KORELASI LAPISAN BATUBARA
• Beberapa prinsip stratigrafi untuk korelasi
(prinsip Smith/Steno dan prinsip Walker):
– lapisan bawah lebih duluan dari lapisan diatasnya
– perubahan facies secara vertikal mencerminkan juga
perubahan facies secara lateral
• Perubahan bisa terjadi secara tiba-tiba (abrupt)
atau berangsur (gradual)
• Kontak tajam (sharp) bisa pula disertai dengan
gejala erosional
• Kontak tajam kadang-kadang juga disebabkan
oleh kontak patahan
KORELASI LAPISAN BATUBARA
• Fining upward menunjukkan pengendapan berlangsung
secara akresi lateral
• Coarsening upward menunjukkan pengendapan
berlangsung secara progradasi
• Thinning upward menunjukkan penurunan kecepatan
sedimentasi
• Thickening upward menunjukkan peningkatan kecepatan
sedimentasi
• Perubahan-perubahan fining dan thinning juga terjadi
secara lateral
• Memahami tingkat kompaksi dari berbagai jenis batuan
sedimen (pasir vs lempung vs gambut)
• Memahami konfigurasi cekungan sedimentasi
• Memahami lingkungan pengendapan (depositional
environment)
SEDIMENTOLOGI
COAL & COAL BEARING STRATA
• Pasokan sedimen
• Kecepatan sedimentasi
• Kecepatan penurunan
• Kondisi hidrologi
• Struktur syn-depositional
SEDIMENTOLOGI
COAL & COAL BEARING STRATA
• Mekanisme sedimentasi
– Vertical agradation
– Progradation
– Lateral accretion
– Regime of currents
– Space of sedimentation
• Facies Details
– Coarse-grained sediments
– Fine-grained sdiments
– Alternating Coarse-fine grained sediments
– Sedimentary features
SEDIMENTOLOGI
COAL & COAL BEARING STRATA
• Fluvial
– Channel
– Levee
– Crevasse splay
– Flood basin
– Abandoned channel plug
Alluvial fan
Braided stream
Lake
meandering river
Lacustrine
Oxbow lake
lagoon
SEDIMENTOLOGI
COAL & COAL BEARING STRATA
• Deltaic
– Upper deltaic (channel, delta plain, crevasse splay)
– Lower deltaic (distributary channel, delta plain,
interdistributary bay, delta front, prodelta)
• Lacustrine
– Lake
– Swamp
– Channel, crevasse splay
SEDIMENTOLOGI
COAL & COAL BEARING STRATA
No-peat
subsidence
TIS-05 TIS-09
M=1.8%; A=1.1%; VM=30.6% M=2.5%; A=1.2%; VM=29.7%
FC=66.5%; CV= 34.79MJ/kg; S=0.54% FC=66.6%; CV= 33.75MJ/kg; S=0.60%
02 03 Parting
32 20 Coal, bright, intensive cleats
05 05 Parting
Coal, bright, cleated
30 33 Coal, bright, intensive cleats
Mudstone, light gray, massive,
80 rootlet, seatearth Mudstone, light gray, massive
cm seat earth
Mudstone, gray, carbonaceous,
cm laminated