DAN KEHAMILAN
Departemen Fisiologi FK UNISSULA
2018/2019
Sasaran belajar :
• Memahami fungsi organ reproduksi wanita
• Memahami perubahan fisiolgi organ
reproduksi wanita pada menarche
• Memahami perubahan fisiologi sistem organ
pada kehamilan
Anatomi Reproduksi Wanita
Figure 27.11
Ovarium
• Sepasang organ terletak disamping uterus yang
difiksasi oleh beberapa ligametum
– Lig. Ovarika – mengikat ovarium dengan uterus
pada bagian tengah
– Lig. Suspensorium ovarii – mengikat ovarium pada
bagian samping ke dinding panggul
– Mesovarium – menahan ovarium pada sekitarnya
• Ligamentum Broad – terdiri dari lig.
Suspensorium ovarii dan mesovarium
Ovarium
Ovarium
Figure
27.14a
Dinding uterus
• Terdiri dari 3 lapis
– Perimetrium – lapisan serosa terluar kelanjutan
dari peritoneum viseralis
– Myometrium – lapisan tengah, berupa otot polos
yang saling menyilang
– Endometrium – lapisan mukosa merupakan
dinding kavum uterus
Dinding uterus
Figure 27.15b
Endometrium
• Terdapat beberapa kelenjar uterina yang dapat
berubah panjang dan ketebalannya
• Stratum fungsional:
– Terjadi perubahan secara siklus yang berespon
terhadap hormon ovarium
– Stratum ini akan dikeluarkan saat menstruasi
• Stratum basalis:
– Berperan mengganti stratum fungsional setelah
akhir menstruasi
– Tidak berespon terhadap hormon ovarium
Reference:
The Johns Hopkins University and Ronald Gray. School of Public health. Copyright 2007
Mean Age of Menarch
• The median age of menarche worldwide is 14,
and that there is a later age of onset in Asian
populations compared to the West. Risk
Factors for Breast Cancer in India: an INDOX Case-Control Study. 2010
Mechanism of Menarche
• Mechanism unknown, but is linked to GPR54
(G-Protein Coupled receptor) gene on
chromosome 19 which is needed for GnRH
activity.
• Mutations lead to sexual infantilism, pubertal
delay which can be corrected by GnRH
treatment
Reff:
The Johns Hopkins University and Ronald Gray. School of Public health. Copyright 2007
Factors associated with menarche
• Delayed menarche associated with physical,
nutritional, or psychosocial stress – Studies in
athletes, ballet dancers, poorly nourished
populations
• Stress → cognitive response → hypothalmic
corticol releasing hormone (CRH) → β-
endorphin release → GnRH pulse inhibition →
LH/FSH pulse suppression
• Stress before menarche causes delays in onset
Reff:
The Johns Hopkins University and Ronald Gray. School of Public health. Copyright 2007
(e.g., ballet dancers, athletes)
Fertility and Menarche
• Fertility is low for 5-7 years following
menarche
• Menarche is not indicative of ovulation and
the frequency of ovulatory cycles is lower for
5-7 years after menarche
• Adolescent subfertility is due to anovulation
and luteal phase inadequacy
Reff:
The Johns Hopkins University and Ronald Gray. School of Public health. Copyright 2007
Siklus reproduksi
Reff:
The Johns Hopkins University and Ronald Gray. School of Public health. Copyright 2007
Oogenesis
I. Oogonia (ova primordial) di korteks ovarium folikel primordial
(dilapisi selapis sel granulosa), ovum didalamnya masih immature
dan disebut oosit primer
II. UK. 5 bulan : Oogonia (replikasi mitosis) dan meiosis I (profase I)
Selanjutnya tidak ada lagi oosit yang akan dibentuk.
III. Saat lahir : ovarium berisi 1-2 jt oosit primer.
IV. Saat Pubertas : 300,000 oosit primer tersisa, sedikit yang akan
matur. Ratusan ribu sisanya akan ber-degenerasi.
V. Selama usia subur dewasa sekitar usia 13 – 46 tahun: hanya 400-
500 folikel primordial yang cukup berkembang untuk diovulasikan
sebulan sekali, sisanya ber-degenerasi (menjadi atretik).
VI. Menopause : hanya sedikit folikel primordial yang tersisa di
ovarium dan segera berdegenerasi.
Oogenesis : Puberty
• At puberty, one activated primary oocyte produces two
haploid cells
– The first polar body
– The secondary oocyte
• The secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and is
ovulated
• If penetrated by sperm the second oocyte completes
meiosis II, yielding:
– One large ovum (the functional gamete)
– A tiny second polar body
Event in oogenesis
Ovarian Cycle
• Monthly series of events associated with the
maturation of an egg
• Follicular phase – period of follicle growth
(days 1–14)
• Luteal phase – period of corpus luteum
activity (days 14–28)
• Ovulation occurs midcycle
Follicular Phase
• Fol primordial fol primer fol sekunder
• Selama perkembangan folikel sekunder :
– The theca folliculi and granulosa cells cooperate
to produce estrogens
– The zona pellucida forms around the oocyte
– The antrum is formed
Follicular Phase
• Fol sekunder fol vesikular
– Antrum semakin luas, oosit dan corona radiata
akan terisolasi dari antrum ke dinding folikel
– The full size follicle (vesicular follicle) bulges from
the external surface of the ovary
– The primary oocyte completes meiosis I
become secondary oocyte and the stage is set for
ovulation.
Development of Antral and Vesicular
Follicles
• Selama siklus seksual wanita tiap bulan,
konsentrasi FSH-LH meningkat sedikit-moderate, FSH
> LH.
• FSH
Pertumbuhan 6-12 folikel primer/bulan.
proliferasi sel granulosa menjadi berlapis-lapis terbagi
2 : theca dan antrum. Theca interna dan eksternaI.
Theca interna karakter sama dengan sel epiteloid
granulosa (mampu mensekresi hormon steroid E&P).
Theca eksterna berkembang menjadi suatu kapsul
jaringan ikat bervaskular yang menjadi kapsul dari folikel
yang berkembang.
Pertumbuhan folikel yang cepat ini disebabkan
oleh mekanisme berikut:
1. Sel granulosa folikel E reseptor FSH ber+ di
sel granulosa feedback + karena membuat sel
granulosa semakin sensitif thd FSH.
2. FSH dan E memacu reseptor LH sel granulosa
mempermudah stimulasi LH dan semakin
meningkatkan sekresi folikular.
3. Peningkatan E dari folikel + LH hipofisis anterior
proliferasi sel theca folikel dan meningkatkan
sekresinya. Perkembangan antral terjadi secara
eksplosif. Ovum membesar 3-4X lipat.
Folikel makin besar, ovum tetap tertutup massa sel
granulosa di kutub folikel.
Only One Follicle Fully Matures Each Month, and the
Remainder Undergo Atresia
Cont’
• The LH spike stimulates the primary oocyte to
complete meiosis I, and the secondary oocyte
continues on to metaphase II
• Day 14 – LH triggers ovulation
• LH transforms the ruptured follicle into a
corpus luteum, which produces inhibin,
progesterone, and estrogen
cont’
• These hormones shut off FSH and LH release
and declining LH ends luteal activity
• Days 26-28 – decline of the ovarian hormones
– Ends the blockade of FSH and LH
– The cycle starts a new
Involution of the Corpus Luteum and Onset of
the Next Ovarian Cycle
• E dan P (terutama E) feedback (-) untuk menekan
FSH dan LH.
• Sel lutein sekresi inhibin (menghambat sekresi FSH).
• Konsentrasi FSH-LH yang rendah menyebabkan
corpus luteum degenerasi disebut involusi corpus
luteum.
• Involusi akhir : sekitar hari ke-26 siklus seksual wanita,
2 hari sebelum menstruasi dimulai hilangnya
sekresi E, P, inhibin yang mendadak (mentruasi)
feedback () ke hipofisis anterior Hilang sekresi FSH-
LH kembali meninggi pertumbuhan folikel baru
Feedback Mechanisms in Ovarian
Function
Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
• Series of cyclic changes that the uterine
endometrium goes through each month in
response to ovarian hormones in the blood
• Days 1-5: Menstrual phase – uterus sheds all but
the deepest part of the endometrium
• Days 6-14: Proliferative (preovulatory) phase –
endometrium rebuilds itself
• Days 15-28: Secretory (postovulatory) phase –
endometrium prepares for implantation of the
embryo
Menses
• If fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels
fall, depriving the endometrium of hormonal
support
• Spiral arteries kink and go into spasms and
endometrial cells begin to die
• The functional layer begins to digest itself
• Spiral arteries constrict one final time then
suddenly relax and open wide
• The rush of blood fragments weakened capillary
beds and the functional layer sloughs
Gonadotropins Hormones, and the
Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
Fungsi estrogen
Efek E pada uterus dan genitalia eksterna
• Anak-anak : E sekresi kecil
• Pubertas : hormon gonadotropin hipofisis ++20X lipat
genital eksterna membesar (mons, labia
mayorminor)
• E epitel vagina kuboid menjadi tipe stratified
(berlapis) yg lebih resisten thd trauma dan infeksi.
• Uterus 2-3X lipat, proliferasi stroma endometrium
dan meningkatnya kelenjar endometrium (nutrisi untuk
ovum yang implantasi).
Efek Estrogen pd Tuba Fallopi.
• Sama seperti efek E pada endometrium.
• Meningkatkan kelenjar dan jumlah dan aktivitas
sel epitel bersilia tuba fallopi. (membantu
pergerakan ovum ke arah uterus)
Efek pada Kelenjar Mamae.
(1) development of the stromal tissues of the
breasts
(2) growth of an extensive ductile system, and
(3) deposition of fat in the breasts.
• Efek Estrogen pada Tulang: menghambat aktivitas
osteoklastik dan menstimulasi pertumbuhan tulang
• E sedikit meningkatkan deposisi protein (tdk sebesar
testosteron pd laki-laki)
• E meningkatkan metabolisme dan deposisi lemak.
• E pd kulit : melembutkan kulit, kulit semakin
tervaskularisasi
• E pd keseimbangan elektrolit: like aldosterone and
some other adrenocortical hormones, cause sodium
and water retention by the kidney tubules (especially
during pregnancy)
Fungsi progesterone
• Selama fase sekresi siklus uterine
mempersiapkan implantasi
• Menurunkan intensitas dan frekuensi kontraksi
uterus mencegah keluarnya ovum yang
implantasi
• Memacu sekresi mucosa tuba fallopi.
• Memacu perkembangan payudara.
(lobulus dan alveoli mamae). Memacu
selsel alveolar proliferasi, pembesaran, dan
menjadi sekretorik.
Respon tubuh terhadap kehamilan
Pernafasan
• Peningkatan BMR, jumlah total O2 yg dipakai
meningkat 20% ventilasi semenit meningkat
• Progesteron meningkatkan sensitivitas pusat
pernafasan thd CO2 ventilasi semenit meningkat
50% dan PCO2 menurun
• Peningkatan besar uterus menekan diafragma
keatas pergerakan diafragma berkurang RR
meningkat utk mempertahankan ventilasi
• Dilatasi kapiler paru (Ro;hipervaskularisasi)
Gastrointestinal
• Gastrointestinal motility, food absorption, and
lower esophageal sphincter pressure are
decreased during pregnancy, probably due to an
increased level of plasma progesterone.
• Lower esophageal sphincter pressure is decreased
during pregnancy, on the other hand intragastric
pressure is increased during the last trimester
reduced barrier pressure Heartburn
• Gums may swell and bleed easily. Incidence of
caries is increased.
Skin
• Pigmentation due to melanogenic stimulant of estrogen
nipple, areola, perineum, vulva
around the eyes and cheekbones in a masklike pattern
(chloasma)
in the linea alba of the lower abdomen (linea nigra).
• Striae (stretch marks) over the abdomen can occur as
the uterus enlarges, and hair loss increases
• Spider naevi and palmar erythema due to high level
of Estrogen
Breasts Development
• At puberty: The
breasts begin to
develop stimulated by
the estrogens by
stimulation of the
breasts' mammary
glands plus the
deposition of fat to
give the breasts mass.
• At the high-estrogen
state of pregnancy:
the glandular tissue
become completely
developed for the
production of milk.