1) Create your own Leadership Model (Paradigm) and explain thoroughly the essenceSand its

possible application

Answer: U

Coachi
ng C
Confiden
ce
C
Challen
ge
E

S
The model is based on the idea that leaders exist because individuals need guidance, without
which they do not always know what they can accomplish, what they should accomplish, or how to
accomplish it.

Of the 3 aspects of leadership, challenge is the one that is practiced most widely by managers S as
they ask their employee's to set increasingly higher goals and monitor and maintain overall performance
against plan to achieve the task. A challenge brings people out of their comfort zones, often resulting in a
drop in their confidence level. Without confidence, the challenging goals that caused the drop in
confidence in the first place become even more difficult to reach. Therefore, a major responsibility of a
leader is to build confidence in his or her employees so that they will believe in their ability to reach their
objectives. Confidence is also a need in establishing agreement and communicates standards of
performance and behavior. It encourages the team towards objectives and aims - motivate the group and
provide a collective sense of purpose and develop team-working, cooperation, morale and team-spirit.
Empowering them by providing both responsibility and authority, thereby expressing confidence in them.
Coaching is the process of advising people in a way that facilitates their success. It may take various
forms, from training to offering a broader perspective. Coaching can help employees to better understand
how their efforts fit into the larger strategy, thereby allowing them to make better decisions. As a leader,
you must assist and support individuals - plans, problems, challenges, highs and lows and identify,
develop and utilize each individual's capabilities and strengths.
 2) Give 5 Internet annotations (with reactions) and 5 literature review on a certain political/
managerial/ industrial/ health care related issues.

Political:

1) The Political Economy of the Government Auditing

Carlos Santiso; Routledge (2009)

Reviewed by Andy Wynne

This book provides a welcome analysis of the role that government auditing can play in the quest
for greater transparency and accountability in the management of public finances across the Global
South. Whilst Carlos Santiso’s detailed analysis is limited to three countries in South America, his insights
will be of great value for all those interested in the role of government auditing (and as global citizens we
should all be in this position). Carlos examines what he terms autonomous audit agencies in Argentina,
Brazil and Chile. These three countries illustrate the three main models of such agencies – parliamentary
or auditor general; accounts court (cour des comptes); and the Germanic or board. He takes a political
economy approach that addresses the context in which audit agencies are embedded. Reforming
autonomous audit agencies, Carlos concludes, must consider the trajectory of state building, the role of
law in public administration and the quality of governance. His careful analysis of the key relationship
between the audit agency and parliament highlights the challenges which any of the models may have.
Carlos explains this relationship as follows:
[Autonomous audit agencies] are essentially oversight agencies which depend on
accountability institutions to enforce accountability on government. Accountability
institutions are those state powers endowed with the constitutional prerogatives to hold
government to account. In the constitutional model of separation of powers, those
accountability institutions are the legislative and the judiciary (page 57).
As a result, Carlos argues that:
Therefore, a central paradox of [autonomous audit agencies] resides in that their
effectiveness depends both on their independence from government and the efficacy of
their functional linkages with the legislatures and the courts (page 58).
This raises the important issue of who an audit agency should be independent from. Many commentators
merely state that the audit agency should be independent or autonomous to use Carlos’s term. Carlos
considers carefully which institutions the audit agency needs to be free to criticize without fear of suffering
repercussions (line ministries and especially the ministry of finance), but also those institutions (primarily
the legislature) where a positive and constructive inter-relationship is key to the success of the agency.
But even here the relationship may be complex as it depends on politicians acting in an a-political or
selfless manner. Something which can be incredibly difficult to achieve in many countries.

Managerial:
1) The Review of PFM Reform Literature

Carole Pretorius & Nico Pretorius

DFID Evaluation Working Paper EV698 (2008)
Reviewed by Andy Wynne

This review of literature on experience with Public Financial Management Reform was
commissioned by DFID on behalf of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Swedish International
Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and
the African Development Bank (AfDB). It aims to synthezise the main theoretical approaches and findings
from evaluations of PFM reform programmes, and to identify knowledge gaps. The literature reviewed
includes academic and technical articles, development practitioner guides, manuals, handbooks and
websites. The review seeks to address two sets of information: an overview of models and approaches,
and a review of reform experience. It did not prove possible to relate reform experience to the models
presented, which represents a significant shortcoming in our understanding of PFM reform. In reality, the
links between theoretical and practical approaches are weak – in the case of the newer approaches,
reform experience has pre-dated the models, and indeed informed their development. The evaluations
reviewed here did not make use of theoretical models to inform their evaluation frameworks. It would
therefore contribute to the PFM evaluation literature if the forthcoming evaluation was to base its design
framework explicitly on recent theoretical models, and our understanding of the institutional basis of each
model.

Industrial:

1) Industry Specific Criteria

Journal of Operations Management 19 (2001) 161–184

James Guthrie

This research paper is based on the concept of postponement. Postponement is an

organizational concept; it means the activities in the supply chain are performed when order is received
from customer. Companies designed their products according to the demands and preferences of
customers and in anticipation of future orders. The scrutiny explained that the recent growth in
publications reflects a rediscovery of postponement driven by market turbulence within the organizational
context of the supply chain and customization some directions for research are formulated in terms of
content and methodology.

In this research paper the researchers suggested that industry factors are primary determinants of firm
performance. The industry–level effects on performance in two ways. First, new measure of performance
and second, impact of outliers. The performance is measured by operating values such as EP or ROA or
MV in spite of ROA ratio. Secondly, for a few dominant value creators (leaders) and destroyers (losers)
do firm-specific assets seems to matter significantly more than industry factors. Regulators and other
industry associations have recognized the importance of considering the industry setting when
determining Social and environmental (SE) policy and reporting requirements. The researcher in this
paper addressed the limitation by developing an industry-specific reporting framework to examine SE
performance, based on an empirical analysis of the issues that apply within the chosen industry.

The sample companies reported more on industry-specific issues than general SE issues. The need for
researchers examining SE disclosures to consider incorporating industry-specific items into their
disclosure instruments. The companies tended to utilize corporate websites for their SE reporting more so
than annual reports, indicating the need for researchers to consider alternative media.

Health Care:

1) Dual Diagnosis - Literature review

There is an extensive overseas literature on dual diagnosis, and an emerging literature in Australia.
This review observes some of the most important and significant issues on dual diagnosis it does not try
to be an extensive overview of the topic. Such a task is beyond the scope of this report.

The issue of effectively diagnosing and treating consumers with dual diagnosis has been a vexed one for
some time. Adrian Bradley and Barry Toohey (Bradley & Toohey, 1995) told a special NSW symposium
on the issue: this population is dually burdened, underdiagnosed and generally not offered specialised
treatment programsit is not surprising that their global functioning is generally poorer than non-dual
diagnosis psychiatric patients.

There is no doubt that service providers find it difficult to respond well to people with a dual diagnosis.
People who have co-existing problematic substance use and a mental illness invariably end up being sent
to a significant array of different agencies. They frequently front up to clinicians who are not able to
identify their problem, or dont know what to do about their predicament and thus are not able to design a
case management plan or propose an adequate treatment plan. Lehman has observed that most human
service agencies lack the capacity to deal directly with all of the problems of (dual diagnosis) clients. If
agencies identify a problem, then they must say how they address it. If they have no capacity to address
it, then administrative concerns arise. This creates an incentive to under identify problems (Lehman,
1995). Brian ONeill of the Illawarra Health Service asserts that the problem lies more in the systems of
care, because they run diagnosis-specific programs (ONeill, 1998).

People with a dual diagnosis have been seriously unidentified by the health system, not only in the ACT
and Australia, but internationally. This is beginning to be addressed by agencies, who are setting up ways
to identify, assess and treat those people with a dual diagnosis who many refer to as being in double
jeopardy. Fiona McDermott, in her groundbreaking Australian report Not Welcome Anywhere, points out
the extent of the problem being faced (McDermott and Pyett, 1993). She observes that in the USA dual
diagnosis was fast becoming the majority of the population in need of mental health services, and argued
that it was highly likely a similar pattern was emerging in Victoria during the 1990s. While reliable figures
are not available in the ACT, health authorities in the USA claim that the number of people with a mental
illness with a dual diagnosis could be between 50 and 80%.

The evidence suggests that someone who is mentally ill is four times more likely to have problematic
substance use than someone who is not mentally ill. In a study of 149 people with schizophrenia, 47%
had a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol abuse. Trend data shows 56% of

• people with a bipolar disorder have a dual diagnosis, while 27% of those with a major depression
and 22% of those with anxiety disorders do (Mueser et al., 1995). Three major American studies
support these findings and there is no reason to think Australia figures are markedly different. A
conference on problematic drug and alcohol use and mental illness was told last year by a
spokesman for the Commonwealth Government that comorbidity is now one of the major mental
health issues facing this country (University of Melbourne, 1998).

The conference mentioned above made a number of recommendations on dual diagnosis, which included
looking at the issue in a more holistic way and integrating services. Founders of the well known New
Hampshire model argue that traditional treatment approaches have failed the people who are dually
diagnosed (Drake et al., 1990). The New Hampshire program is based on a model of integrated services
in which chemical dependency is addressed appropriately in all components of the community support
program. Such a comprehensive, integrated treatment approach depends on heightened awareness and
the expanded skills of all staff involved in working with people with a dual diagnosis. The New Hampshire
model uses a four-stage approach: engagement, persuasion, active treatment and relapse intervention. It
assumes that a very long-term commitment is required and that achieving engagement is never easy.

Training is a vital part of moving towards an integrated approach. The issues around training of staff have
been neatly summarised by Grella (1996):

One of the most pervasive barriers to coordinated servicesis the lack of knowledge and training
among providers of health, mental health and substance abuse treatment services regarding
issues specific to this population. Medical providers may ignore symptoms of mental illness or
substance abuse. Alcohol and drug abuse counsellors often view mental illness as a symptom or
outgrowth of alcohol or drug abuse, and staff in mental health treatment programs may define
substance abuse as self-medication for an underlying mental disorder. Substance abuse
treatment providers may advocate a drug-free, self help approach that discourages the use of
pharmacotherapy, whereas mental health treatment providers may ignore self help approaches.

Dr Grella suggests:
Staff in substance abuse treatment programs need training on psychiatric assessment and
diagnosis, pharmacological treatment approaches, stages of recovery in mental illness, and the
effects of trauma. Mental health treatment staff need training in detoxification procedures and
effects, assessment of addiction, differences in type of addiction (eg, alcohol, drugs, polydrug),
the role of self help and 12 step programs, and stages of recovery from addiction.