 What is 3GPP?

 3GPP Stands for 3rd Generation Partnership Project

 The Partners are Standards Developing Organizations:

(Japan) (China) (Korea)

(USA) (Europe) (Japan)

 Standards availability

EDGE EDGE+
384Kb/s 1Mb/s

W-CDMA HSPA HSPA+

384Kb/s 18Mb/s 42Mb/s

LTE LTE-Advanced
100Mb/s 1000Mb/s

2000 2010

5
 240 Operators in > 100 countries…Forecast 1 billion subscriptions by 2011
 3GPP R5 & R7 added MIMO antenna and 16QAM (Uplink)/ 64QAM (Downlink)
modulation

 Improved spectrum
efficiency (modulation
16QAM, Reduced radio
frame lengths
 Latency reduced
(100ms for HSDPA and
50ms for HSUPA)

6
 Need for universal standard (Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System)
 Support for packet data services
 IP data in core network
 Wireless IP
 New services in mobile multimedia need faster data transmission and
flexible utilization of the spectrum
 FDMA and TDMA are not efficient enough
 TDMA wastes time resources
 FDMA wastes frequency resources
 CDMA can exploit the whole bandwidth constantly
 WCDMA was selected for a radio access system (air interface) for UMTS
(1997).
 Frequency plans of Europe, Japan and Korea are harmonized
 US plan is incompatible, the spectrum reserved for 3G elsewhere is
currently used for the US 2G standards
 IMT-2000 band in Europe:
 FDD 2x60MHz

Expected air interfaces and spectrums, source: “WCDMA for UMTS”

 New Radio Access
network needed mainly
Uu interface Iub interface
due to new radio access
technology
 Core Network (CN) is RNC
based on GSM/GPRS NodeB
 Radio Network UE
Controller (RNC)
CN
corresponds roughly to NodeB Iur interface
the Base Station
Controller (BSC) in GSM UE
 Node B corresponds
roughly to the Base NodeB RNC
Station in GSM

UTRAN
 Radio network controller (RNC)
 Owns and controls the radio resources in its domain
 Radio resource management (RRM) tasks include e.g. the following
▪ Mapping of QoS Parameters into the air interface
▪ Air interface scheduling
▪ Handover control
▪ Outer loop power control
▪ Call Admission Control
▪ Setting of initial powers and SIR targets
▪ Radio resource reservation
▪ Code allocation
▪ Load Control
 Node B
 Main function to convert the data flow between Uu and Iub interfaces
 Some RRM tasks:
▪ Measurements
▪ Inner loop power control
 The High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) concept was added to
Release 5 to support higher downlink data rates
 It is mainly intended for non-real time traffic, but can also be used for
traffic with tighter delay requirements.
 Peak data rates up to 10 Mbit/s (theoretical data rate 14.4 Mbit/s)
 Reduced retransmission delays
 Improved QoS control (Node B based packet scheduler)
 Spectrally and code efficient solution
 Agreed features in Release 5
 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
▪ QPSK or 16QAM
 Multicode operation
▪ Support of 1-15 code channels (SF=16)
 Short frame size (TTI = 2 ms)
 Fast retransmissions using Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
▪ Chase Combining
▪ Incremental Redundancy
 Fast packet scheduling at Node B
 Features agreed in Release 7
 Higher order modulation (64QAM)
 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
 HARQ: Discards erroneously received packets and requests
retransmission.
 HARQ with Soft Combining:
 Erroneously received packet is stored in a buffer memory and later combined
with the retransmission to obtain a single, combined packet to increase the
probability of successful decoding.
 If the decoding fails, a retransmission is requested.
 Hybrid ARQ with soft combining is therefore usually categorized into
 Chase combining (The retransmitted is the same as the original) and
 Incremental Redundancy (Not the same, my be contain parity bits not included
in the original one)
 Channel quality 16

Instantaneous EsNo [dB]

(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC) 14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Data -2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time [number of TTIs]
16QAM3/4
16QAM2/4

UE QPSK3/4
QPSK2/4
QPSK1/4

New base station functions

• HARQ retransmissions Users may be time and/or code
• Modulation/coding selection multiplexed
• Packet data scheduling (short TTI)

 Fast scheduling is done directly in Node-B based on feedback

information from UE and knowledge of current traffic state.
 Scheduling responsibility has been moved from RNC to Node B
 Due to this and the short TTI length (2 ms) the scheduling is dynamic and
fast
 Support for several parallel transmissions
 When packet A is sent it starts to wait for an acknowledgement from the
receiver, during which other packets can be sent via a parallel SAW (stop-and-
wait) channels
 UE informs the Node B regularly of its channel quality by CQI messages
(Channel Quality Indicator)
 Node B can use Channel State Information (CSI) for several purposes
 In transport format selection
▪ Modulation and coding scheme
 Scheduling decisions
 Power control
 User data is sent on High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
 Control information is sent on High Speed Common Control Channel (HS-
SCCH)
 HS-SCCH is sent two slot before HS-DSCH to inform the scheduled UE of
the transport format of the incoming transmission on HS-DSCH
 Peak data rates increased to significantly higher than 2 Mbps;
Theoretically reaching 5.8 Mbps
 Packet data throughput increased, though not as high throughput as
with HSDPA
 Reduced delay from retransmissions.
 Solutions
 Layer1 hybrid ARQ
 NodeB based scheduling for uplink
 Frame sizes 2ms & 10 ms
 Schedule in 3GPP
 Part of Release 6
 First specifications version completed 12/04
 In 3GPP specs with the name Enhanced uplink DCH (E-DCH)
Downlink HSDPA Uplink HSUPA
• Theoretical up to 14.4 Mbps • Theoretical up to 5.76 Mbps
• Initial capability 1.8 – 3.6 Mbps • Initial capability 1.46 Mbps
Max Max
# of codes Modulation # of codes TTI
data rate data rate
2 ms
5 codes QPSK 1.8 Mbps 2 x SF4 1.46 Mbps
10 ms

5 codes 16-QAM 3.6 Mbps 2 x SF2 10 ms 2.0 Mbps

10 codes 16-QAM 7.2 Mbps 2 x SF2 2 ms 2.9 Mbps

2 x SF2 +
15 codes 16-QAM 10.1 Mbps 2 ms 5.76 Mbps
2 x SF4

15 codes 16-QAM 14.4 Mbps

 A key characteristic of HSDPA is the use of Shared-Channel Transmission .
 Enables the possibility to rapidly allocate a large fraction of the downlink
resources for transmission of data to a specific user.
 Suitable for packet-data applications which typically have bursty
characteristics and thus rapidly varying resource requirements.
 The number of codes available for HS-DSCH transmission is configurable
between 1 and 15.
 Codes not reserved for HS-DSCH transmission are used for other
purposes, for example related control signaling, MBMS services, or
circuit-switched services.
 The dynamic allocation of the HS-DSCH code resource for transmission
to a specific user is done on 2 ms TTI basis.
 Scheduling controls to which user the shared-channel transmission is
directed at a given time instant.
 In each TTI(2 ms), the scheduler decides to which user(s) the HS-DSCH
should be transmitted and, in close cooperation with the rate-control
mechanism, at what data rate.
 At each point in time, there is almost always a radio link whose channel
quality is near its peak.
 High data rate can be used for this radio link that have a good channel
quality.
 The gain obtained by transmitting to users with favorable radio-link
conditions is commonly known as multi-user diversity and the gains are
larger, the larger the channel variations and the larger the number of
users in a cell.
 Rate control is implemented by dynamically adjusting the channelcoding
rate as well as dynamically selecting between QPSK and 16QAM
modulation.
 16QAM allows for higher bandwidth utilization than QPSK, but requires
higher received Eb / N0.
 The data rate is selected independently for each 2 ms TTI by the NodeB
and the rate control mechanism can therefore track rapid channel
variations.
 HARQ: Discards erroneously received packets and requests
retransmission.
 HARQ with Soft Combining:
 Erroneously received packet is stored in a buffer memory and later combined
with the retransmission to obtain a single, combined packet to increase the
probability of successful decoding.
 The terminal attempts to decode each transport block it receives and reports
to the NodeB its success or failure 5 ms after the reception of the transport
block. This allows for rapid retransmissions of unsuccessfully received data
and significantly reduces the delays
 If the decoding fails, a retransmission is requested.
 Hybrid ARQ with soft combining is therefore usually categorized into:
 Chase combining (The retransmitted is the same as the original) and
 Incremental Redundancy (Not the same, my be contain parity bits not included
in the original one)
 New MAC sub-layer in the NodeB, the MAC-hs (MAC high speed),
responsible for
 scheduling,
 rate control and
 hybrid-ARQ protocol operation.
 Each UE using HSDPA will receive HS-DSCH transmission from one cell,
the serving cell .
 The serving cell is responsible for scheduling, rate control, hybrid ARQ, and
all other MAC-hs functions used by HSDPA.
 … is the transport channel used to support shared-channel transmission
and the other basic technologies in HSDPA.
 HS-DSCH corresponds to a set of channelization codes (15 codes), each
with spreading factor 16.
 Each such channelization code is also known as an HS-PDSCH – High-
Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel(15 HS-PDSCHs) .
 Two or more UEs are scheduled simultaneously by using different parts
of the common code resource (different sets of physical channels).
 To maximize the utilization of the power resource in the base station, the
remaining power after serving other power-controlled channels, should
preferably be used for HS-DSCH transmission
 Small TTI:
 rapid allocation of the shared resources, and
 a small end-user delay, but
 excessive overhead as control signaling is required for each transmission.
 For HSDPA, this trade-off resulted in the selection of a 2 ms TTI.
 MAC-hs is a new sub-layer located in the NodeB.
 The MAC-hs consists of
 scheduling,
 priority handling,
 transport-format selection (rate control), and
 hybrid-ARQ protocol operation.

To Physical Layer
 24-bit CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) is attached to each transport
block.
 The CRC is used by the UE to detect errors in the received transport block.
 For 16QAM, requires amplitude knowledge at the receiver in order to
correctly form the soft values prior to Turbo decoding, so we use bit
scrambling after CRC attachment.
 For QPSK, where no such knowledge is required as all information is contained in
the phase of the received signal.
 Turbo coder results in a sufficiently random sequence out to cause both
inner and outer signal points in the 16QAM constellation to be used to
aid the UE for estimating the amplitude reference of the signal.
 Bit scrambling is done regardless of the modulation scheme used.
 Rate Matching used to match the number of coded bits to the number of
physical-channel bits available.(To obtain the code rate selected by the
rate-control mechanism in the Mac-hs.
 Physical-channel segmentation distributes the bits to the channelization
codes used for transmission, followed by channel interleaving.
 Constellation rearrangement is used only for 16QAM.