1.

Introduction:

The re-emergence of technical analysis as a viable and efficient approach to

individual stock selection and market analysis has drawn a great deal of
interest among practitioners and academicians.

Technical analysis, or the use of past prices to predict future prices, has been
popular among investors and financial analysts despite its criticisms levelled
at it. All stock broking firms and major daily newspaper analyze and publish
technical commentary on the performance of the market as whole and
selected stocks on a daily basis. Public seminar and consulting firms that
solely based on technical analysis are even formed.

In today’s world companies become known or considered big when they are
listed on reputed Stock Exchanges namely NSE (NIFTY) & BSE (SENSEX)
for India, Dowjones for USA, HANGSENG for Hong Kong, NIKKEI for
Japan, RTS for Russia etc.

Once the company is listed everything a company does / doesn’t is reacted

upon by the public and the prices of the share of the respective company
fluctuate. Now the company would always want a true picture of the
company to be represented by share price, they wouldn’t mind if its over
valued but it hurts when the stocks get under valued.

But this uncertainty of the price gives people a chance to make money both
in long term & short term. Long term investment is mainly based upon

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studying fundamentals of the company and its growth potential. A general
investor can apply the principles by using the simplest of tools: pocket
calculator, pencil, ruler, chart paper & your cautious mind, watchful
attention. It should be pointed out that, this analysis does not discuss how to
buy & sell shares, but does discuss a method which enables the investor to
arrive at buying & selling decision. The financial analysts always need
yardsticks to evaluate the efficiency & performances of any business unit at
the time of investment. Fundamental analysis is useful in long term
investment decision. In Fundamental analysis company s goodwill, its
performances, liquidity, leverage, turnover, profitability & financial health
was checked & analysis with the help of ratio analysis for the purpose of
long term successful investment.
Technical analysis refers to the study of market generated data like prices &
volume to determine the future direction of prices movements. Technical
analysis mainly seeks to predict the short term price travels. The focus of
technical analysis is mainly on the internal market data, i.e. prices & volume
data. The real piece of magic lies in making money by trading shares either
Intraday or holding for a short term It appeals mainly to short term traders. If
one wants to make money in this way he / she needs to know the technical
side of the stock i.e. charts, trends etc. This analysis uses varied technical
patterns and indicators for predicting future prices and trends in the stock.

The main objective is to know the answers of following questions:

1. Where will stocks go from here?

2. Which stock will rise today and which ones will fall?
3. Should I hold it or square off my positions?

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4. Why is hedging required / how is it done?

The emergence of equity markets in Asia provides great opportunities for

local and global investors. This paper examines some popularly used
technical indicators and patterns, namely the moving average, Moving
Average Convergence and Divergence (MACD), relative strength index
(RSI), Stochastic Oscillator, Bollinger bands, Commodity Channel Index
(CCI) etc. and the patterns like Double Top, Double Bottom, Head and
Shoulder Bottom Reversal / Top Reversal, Rounding Top, Rounding
Bottom, Flag and Pennant continuation, Triangles ( ascending, descending
and symmetrical), Wedges, Megaphone Patterns etc. and breakout by using
different levels of length which are considered to be appropriate in the local
trading environment. The blue chip stocks of the National Stock Exchange
(NSE) are used in this study. The index is influenced more by local factors
and forces rather than global information variables.

This paper contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the

predictive ability and technical analysis of stocks listed in NSE.

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2.Literature Review:
Technical analysis is explained by “The technical approach to investigate is
essentially a reflection of the ides prices moves in trends which determined
by the changing attitudes of the investors toward a variety of economic,
monitory, political and psychological forces. Technical analyst do not
attempts to measure a security’s intrinsic value, but instead use charts to
identify the patterns that can suggest future activity. Testing of technical
analysis is important to enjoy the benefits. William sharpe said “if you
torture the data long enough, it will confess to any crime” so the important is
the rule must work on data other than that used to discover it.

There are many evidence to support technical analysis, in July 1990 journal
of finance article, Jaegadeesh found predictable patterns in monthly returns
for the period 1934 to 1987. his study reveals that stocks with large losses in
one month tend to show a significant reversal in the following month and
vice versa. In December 2002 journal of finance article Lo, Mamaysky, and
Wang found that several technical indicators have some practical value as
they provide incremental information.

Brown and Jennings (1989) showed that technical analysis has value in a
model in which prices are not fully revealing and traders have rational
conjectures about the relation between prices and signals.
Frankel and Froot (1990) showed evidence for the rising importance of
chartists.
Neftci (1991) showed that a few of the rules used in technical analysis
generate well-defined techniques of forecasting, but even well-defined rules

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were shown to be useless in prediction if the economic time series is
Gaussian. However, if the processes under consideration are non-linear, then
the rules might capture some information. Tests showed that this may indeed
be the case for the moving average rule.

Taylor and Allen (1992) report the results of a survey among chief foreign
exchange dealers based in London in November 1988 and found that at least
90 per cent of respondents placed some weight on technical analysis, and
that there was a skew towards using technical, rather than fundamental,
analysis at shorter time horizons.

In a comprehensive and influential study Brock, Lakonishok and LeBaron

(1992) analyzed 26 technical trading rules using 90 years of daily stock
prices from the Dow Jones Industrial Average up to 1987 and found that
they all outperformed the market.

Blume, Easley and O’Hara (1994) show that volume provides information
on information quality that cannot be deduced from the price. They also
show that traders who use information contained in market statistics do
better than traders who do not.

Cheol-Ho Park and Scott H. Irwin wrote ‘the profitability of technical

analysis: A review’ Park and Irwin (2004), an excellent review paper on
technical analysis.

Kavajecz and Odders-White (2004) show that support and resistance levels
coincide with peaks in depth on the limit order book 1 and moving average

5
forecasts reveal information about the relative position of depth on the book.
They also show that these relationships stem from technical rules locating
depth already in place on the limit order book.

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3.Objective of Study:
The professional objectives which are being covered by me in this project
are as following-

 To understand the Technical Analysis which is a security analysis

technique that claims the ability to forecast the future direction of
prices through the study of past market data
 To understand the use of charts and other tools to identify patterns
that can suggest future activity.
 To understand the use of various technical indicators and patterns
for evaluating securities by analyzing the statistics generated by
market activity, such as past prices and volume.
 To test whether the investment yields any extra returns in stocks
with the help of technical indicators and patterns or not.

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4.Methodology:
a) The study:

Technical analysis is a security analysis technique that claims the ability to

forecast the future direction of prices through the study of past market data,
primarily price and volume. In its purest form, technical analysis considers
only the actual price and volume behavior of the market or instrument.
Technical analysts may employ models and trading rules based on price and
volume transformations, such as the relative strength index, moving
averages, regressions, inter-market and intra-market price correlations,
cycles or, classically, through recognition of chart patterns.
Technical analysis stands in distinction to fundamental analysis. Technical
analysis "ignores" the actual nature of the company, market, currency or
commodity and is based solely on "the charts," that is to say price and
volume information, whereas fundamental analysis does look at the actual
facts of the company, market, currency or commodity.

For example, any large brokerage, trading group, or financial institution will
typically have both a technical analysis and fundamental analysis team.
Just as there are many investment styles on the fundamental side, there are
also many different types of technical traders. Some rely on chart patterns;
others use technical indicators and oscillators, and most use some
combination of the two. In any case, technical analysts' exclusive use of
historical price and volume data is what separates them from their
fundamental counterparts. Unlike fundamental analysts, technical analysts
don't care whether a stock is undervalued - the only thing that matters is a

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security's past trading data and what information this data can provide about
where the security might move in the future.

The major technical indicators will be uses for the study are:

A simple moving average (SMA) is the un weighted mean of the previous

n data points.[ For example, a 10-day simple moving average of closing price
is the mean of the previous 10 days' closing prices. If those prices are
then the formula is

When calculating successive values, a new value comes into the sum and an
old value drops out, meaning a full summation each time is unnecessary,

In technical analysis there are various popular values for n, like 10 days, 40
days, or 200 days. The period selected depends on the kind of movement one
is concentrating on, such as short, intermediate, or long term. In any case
moving average levels are interpreted as resistance in a rising market, or
support in a falling market.

An exponential moving average (EMA), also known as an exponentially

weighted moving average (EWMA), is a type of infinite impulse
response filter that applies weighting factors which decrease
exponentially. The weighting for each older data point decreases

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 exponentially, never reaching zero. The formula for calculating the
EMA at time periods t > 2 is

Where:

• The coefficient α represents the degree of weighting decrease, a

constant smoothing factor between 0 and 1. A higher α discounts
older observations faster. Alternatively, α may be expressed in terms
of N time periods, where α = 2/(N+1). For example, N = 19 is
equivalent to α = 0.1. The half-life of the weights (the interval over
which the weights decrease by a factor of two) is approximately
N/2.8854 (within 1% if N > 5).
• Yt is the observation at a time period t.
• St is the value of the EMA at any time period t.

Bollinger Bands is a technical analysis tool invented by John Bollinger in

the 1980s. Having evolved from the concept of trading bands, Bollinger
Bands can be used to measure the highness or lowness of the price relative
to previous trades.

Bollinger Bands consist of:

• a middle band being an N-period simple moving average (MA)

• an upper band at K times an N-period standard deviation above the
middle band (MA + Kσ)
• a lower band at K times an N-period standard deviation below the
middle band (MA − Kσ)

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Typical values for N and K are 20 and 2, respectively. The default choice for
the average is a simple moving average, but other types of averages can be
employed as needed. Exponential moving averages are a common second
choice. Usually the same period is used for both the middle band and the
calculation of standard deviation.

Relative Strength Index: is a technical indicator used in the technical

analysis of financial markets. It is intended to chart the current and historical
strength or weakness of a stock or market based on the closing prices of a
recent trading period.

And many other indicators and Patterns will be used for the purpose.

b) The Sample:

For the purpose of this study a sample size of 3 real estate companies
(UNITECH Limited, DLF Limited and Housing Development &
Infrastructure Limited (HDIL)) listed in the NSE and they were the most
active securities during the year 2009-2010. The data of the companies are
then constructed with help of information available on their websites and on
the other financial service providers’ website. The technical parameters
being used in the study are the different patterns and indicators like moving
average, Moving Average Convergence and Divergence (MACD), relative
strength index (RSI), Stochastic Oscillator, Bollinger bands, Commodity
Channel Index (CCI) etc. and the patterns like Double Top, Double Bottom,
Head and Shoulder Bottom Reversal / Top Reversal, Rounding Top,
Rounding Bottom, Flag and Pennant continuation, Triangles ( ascending,
descending and symmetrical), Wedges, Megaphone Patterns etc.

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C) The Tools

Tools for Data Collection:

This step helps in deciding and selecting the techniques that shall be used to
collect relevant information which can be used to solve the research
problem. The techniques used by me for data collection are:

• Secondary data
• Tertiary data

SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data means data are already available i.e., they refer to the data,
which have already been collected and analyzed by someone else.

Secondary data are:

 Internet
 Books
 Newspapers
 Publication of various associations
 Research reports

My research will be based on the information available on the different

secondary data sources and guidance provided by my research guide who
helped in interpreting the intricate data.
Tools for Data Analysis:
• Moving Average

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• Accumulation/Distribution
• Bollinger Bands
• Commodity Channel Index:
• MACD
• Momentum

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5.References:

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Book- Research Methodology Methods and Techniques by C.R.

Kothari, All About Stock [Author - Mr. Esmehe Faerber], V. K.

Bhalla- working capital management, security ananlysis and portfolio
management by Punithavathy Pandian.
 Newspapers ( Economic Times, Business Standard etc)
 Other Research Papers: Technical Analysis in the Malaysian Stock

Market: An Empirical Evidence, Understanding and Implementing

Technical Analysis on Capital Markets, Technical Analysis and the
Stochastic Properties of the Jordanian Stock Market Index Return,
The Evaluation of the Lithuanian Stock Market with the Weak-form
Market Efficiency Hypothesis etc.

WEBLIOGRAPHY

 Moneycontrol.com
 www.nseindia.com
 www. Chittorgarh.com
 Profit.ndtv.com

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 www.investopedia.com
 Websites of each Company.

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