INTRODUCTION

Rapid growth of mobile Internet and other mobile services has resulted in increasing demand
for higher data transmission capacity. Based on WCDMA, UMTS is one of the evolving 3G
mobile communications systems designed to meet this demand. High bit rates for both circuit
and packet switched services allow mobile multimedia, i.e. voice, data, video, etc in the same
call. Since UMTS uses the same core network as GSM and GPRS, it allows operators to use
existing infrastructure during the rollout phase. Coverage planning is performed with a
planning tool including a digital map with topography and population distribution
information of the area.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The task of planning a network can be very challenging as it involves many careful studies
with a lot of considerations, and at times trial and error. The aim of this project is to
undertake initial pilot channel coverage plans for a 3G network within the ring road boundary
of Oxford City. The target for coverage planning is to find optimal locations for base stations
to build continuous coverage according to the planning requirements.

ASSET3G is a network planning and analysis tool containing a complete range of

functionality for the design and simulation of GSM, PCS, AMPS, TDMA, TACS,
PMR/TETRA/iDEN, UMTS, DVB-H, W-CDMA, CDMA2000, EV-DO, TD-SCDMA and
WiMAX networks. Its functionality includes hierarchical network planning, propagation
modelling, service definition, analysis arrays, neighbour list definition, automatic frequency
planning, CW data analysis, detailed reporting and simulation of network performance

-1-
LOCATION AREA AND SITE SURVEY

Oxford is a city and the county town of Oxfordshire in South East England located at
51°45′07″N, 1°15′28″W. The city has population of just fewer than 165,000, with 151,000
living within the district boundary with a total area of 17.6 sq mi (45.59km2) and a population
density of 8,469.3/sq mi (3,270/km2).

MAP OF OXFORD CITY

Fig 1: Map of Oxford city

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POPULATION DENSITY CATEGORY AREAS

The population within the city can be categorised into 3 sub division:

- Densely populated areas.

Areas such as city centre, Cowley and Headington

-Medium population areas

Areas such as Marston, Abingdon Rd, Church hill pack hospital, and Woodstock Rd

- Low population areas

Areas such as Wolvercote and North Hinksey village

Fig 2: Map of Oxford city showing settlements density

-3-
TOTAL COVERAGE AREA ANALYSIS3

A C
B

Fig. 3: Oxford city map showing the intended area to be served

From the map in fig.3 above, to provide full coverage within the ring road, the circle in the
figure has to be considered, since Oxford ring road is not a perfect sphere.

The area inside the ring road can be calculated as follows:

The longest (A) and shortest (B) distance from the center of the circle to the boundary of the
ring road are:

A=4.78km, B=2.48km, then the longest area A1 and shortest areas A2 can be calculated as
follows:

-4-
A1  r 2
 3.142 * (4.78) 2
 71.78km2

Similarly A2=19.32km2 while taking the average A1+A2/2

=45.55km2 then considering the extension C which is about 1.3km from B. Therefore, the
area within the circle is approximately 58km2, and from Wikipedia the area of Oxford is
found to be approximately equal to 46km2 which is going to be considered in this project.

TASK1

ANTENNA CONCEPTS

An antenna is a device that is made to efficiently radiate and receive radiated electromagnetic
waves. Antenna transform wire propagated waves into space propagated waves by receiving
electromagnetic waves and pass them onto a receiver or they transmit electromagnetic waves
which have been produced by a transmitter.

There are several important antenna characteristics that should be considered when choosing
an antenna for an application, the characteristics are explained below.

• Power Gain
• Directivity
• Polarization
• Antenna radiation patterns

ANTENNA POWER GAIN

The power gain of an antenna is a ratio of antenna power input to the power output from the
antenna as shown in equation (1). Unless otherwise specified, the gain refers to the direction
of maximum radiation. The gain is a dimension-less factor related to power and usually
expressed in decibels.

................................................................................ (1)
-5-
EQUIVALENT ISOTROPICALLY RADIATED POWER (E.I.R.P)

Is the amount of power that an isotropic antenna will emit to produce the peak power density
observed in the direction of maximum antenna gain. As given by the relation below:

......................................... (2)

Where PT is the power transmitted in dBm, Lc is the cable loss in dB and G is gain expressed
dBi.

The EIRP is used to estimate the service area of the transmitter and to co-ordinate
transmitters on the same frequency so that their coverage areas do not overlap. In built-up
areas, regulations may restrict the EIRP of a transmitter to prevent exposure of personnel to
high power electromagnetic fields however, EIRP is normally restricted to minimise
interference to services on similar frequencies.

DIRECTIVITY AND RADIATION EFFICIENCY

The directive gain of an antenna is a measure of the concentration of the radiated power in a
particular direction. It may be regarded as the ability of the antenna to direct radiated power
in a given direction. It is usually a ratio of radiation intensity in a given direction to the
average radiation intensity.

Directivity relates to the power radiated by antenna (PO) and Gain relates to the power
delivered to antenna (PT).

-6-
where η is the radiation efficiency (0.5-0.75)

POLARIZATION

Polarization is the orientation of electromagnetic waves far from the source. The power
received by antenna from a particular direction is maximal if polarization of the incident
wave and the polarization of the antenna in the wave arrival direction have the same axial
ratio, sense of polarization and spatial orientation. So for best performance you will need to
match up the polarization of the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna.

There are several types of polarization that apply to antennas.

Linear Polarisation this comprises, Vertical, Horizontal and Oblique
Circular Polarisation this comprises, Circular Right Hand (RHCP); Circular Left Hand
(LHCP), Elliptical Right Hand and Elliptical Left Hand.

Polarization is most important if you are trying to get the maximum performance from the
antennas.

ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERNS

The radiation pattern is a graphical depiction of the relative field strength transmitted from or
received by the antenna. Antenna radiation patterns are taken at one frequency, one
polarization, and one plane cut.

Antenna radiation patterns usually take two forms, the elevation pattern and the azimuth
pattern. The elevation pattern is a graph of the energy radiated from the antenna looking at it
from the side as shown in fig.4a. The azimuth pattern is a graph of the energy radiated from
the antenna as if you were looking at it from directly above the antenna as shown in fig 4b.

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When you combine the two graphs, we have a 3-D representation of how energy is radiated
from the antenna as shown in Fig.4c

Y
Z

φ
X

Sin2θ
4a 4b

4c
Fig.4 Representation of antenna radiation pattern

ELEMENTS OF RADIATION PATTERN

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When chosen a radiation pattern there are some key elements to be considered the major
elements includes.
- Gain
- Beam Width
- Nulls (Positions)
- Side-lobe levels
- Front-to-back ratio
- Beam Tilt
Beamwidth

Beamwidth of an antenna pattern is a measure of its directivity, the angle between the half
power (-3dB) points of the main lobe. In other words is defined as the angle between the
directions in which the radiated power is 3dB below the maximum. It is usually expressed in
degrees as shown below.

Fig5: Radiation pattern showing beamwidth

Nulls

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Null fill is used in radio antenna systems which are located on mountains or tall towers, to
prevent too much of the signal from overshooting the nearest part of intended coverage
area. Null fill does not come without a penalty, however, generally slightly lowers the gain of
the antenna.

Front-to-back ratio

The front-to-back ratio (F/B) is used as a figure of merit that attempts to describe the level of
radiation from the back of a directional antenna. Basically, the front-to-back ratio is the ratio
of the peak gain in the forward direction to the gain 180-degrees behind the peak. On a dB
scale, the front-to-back ratio is the difference between the peak gain in the forward direction
and the gain 180-degrees behind the peak.

Beam tilt
Beam Tilt is used in radio to aim the main lobe of the vertical plane radiation pattern of an
antenna below (or above) the horizontal plane.

The simplest way is mechanical beam tilt, where the antenna is physically mounted in such a
manner as to lower the angle of the signal on one side. However, this also raises it on the
other side, making it useful in only very limited situations. More common is electrical beam
tilt, where the phasing between antenna elements is tweaked to make the signal go down
(usually) in all directions. This is extremely useful when the antenna is at a very high point,
and the edge of the signal is likely to miss the target entirely.

Side-lobe levels

Side-lobes are the lobes of the far field radiation pattern that are not the main beam as shown
in Fig.2 above. The power density in the side lobes is generally much less than that in the
main beam. It is generally desirable to minimize the side lobe level (SLL).

ANTENNA SECTORISATION

- 10 -
Sectorisation is commonly used technique to enhance capacity or coverage by equipping the
site with (more) sectors. It is traditionally provided by means of directional high gain
antennas. Each of the sectors creates a new cell.

With sectorisation, due to the newly created cells, coverage and capacity can be improved in
both directions. Depending on the application, the site may be comprised of one sector
(omnidirectional antenna) or sectored (Directional antenna).

Omnidirectional antenna, an omnidirectional antenna is an antenna that has a non-

directional pattern (circular pattern) in a given plane with a directional pattern in any
orthogonal plane.

Directional antenna A, a directional antenna is one that radiates its energy more effectively
in one (or some) direction than others. Typically, these antennas have one main lobe and
several minor lobes

To provide services in an isolated area, single sector (omnidirectional antenna) approach is

applicable to micro or pico cells, as well as macro cells; the cell requires being isolated from
the remaining network by, e.g., terrain obstacles.

Two sectors may be employed for line coverage at macro layer (e.g. sites along the
motorway) or for coverage and capacity of dense areas at micro layer. Three sectors can be
used to provide regular footprints of the network service at macro layer with low or medium
load, and six sectors to provide additional capacity and improved coverage to regular macro
layers.

The performance of a sectorised site is mainly given by the horizontal (azimuth)

characteristics of the used antennas and, obviously, the number of sectors. The more the
sectors are used, the narrower the beamwidth of the antennas has to be. A narrower antenna
provides usually a higher directional gain, and hence improves the link budget in both
directions. In addition, less overlapping between neighbouring sites is provided; thus, less
interference is received from other cells and less soft handover overhead is present.

- 11 -
 REALISTIC ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERN

Realistic antenna pattern can be found from Andrew Comnscope Company. Some antenna
with details of their product specifications are provided below.

THREE SECTOR ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERN

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Model number HBX-6517DS-VTM, sectored antenna 1710-2180MHz

ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Table 1: showing the general specifications of three sector antenna
Frequency band, MHz 1920-2180
Beam width, Horizontal, degrees 65
Gain, dBd 17.1
Gain, dBi 19.5
Beam width, Vertical, degrees 4.4
Beam Tilt, degrees 0-6
Upper side lobe suppression (USLS), typical dB, 18
Front-to-back ration at 1800, dB 35
VSWR | Return Loss, db 1.4:1 | 15.6
Intermediation Products, 3rd Order, 2 x 20 W, dBc -153
Input Power, maximum, watts 250
Polarization Vertical
Impedance, ohms 50
Lightning Protection dc Ground

JUSTIFICATION OF USING THE ANTENNA IN THREE SECTOR SITE

Beam width=65
Approximately 8dB
below the maximum - 12 -
Approximately 8dB
below the maximum
Fig 6: Three sectros antenna radiation pattern
In fig.6 above the antenna has 650 horizontal beamwidth. This means that the maximum gain
is achieved at 00 and 3dB below maximum at 0
directions. The pattern can be used
for 1200 sectorisation (three sectored cell) since the power radiated at the boundaries 600 and
3000 are approximately 8dB below maximum power at 00, this can still be accepted within a
good coverage.

- 13 -
Fig. 7 Horizontal and vertical radiation pattern for three sectors antenna

The fig. 7 above shows the screen shot of vertical and horizontal radiation profile for the
three sectors antenna.

SIX SECTOR ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERN

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

Model number HBX-3319DS-VTM DualPol antenna 1710-2180MHz

ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Table 2: showing the electrical specifications of the six sectors antenna
Frequency band, MHz 1920-2180
Beam width, Horizontal, degrees 32
Gain, dBd 18.9

- 14 -
Gain, dBi 21
Beam width, Vertical, degrees 6.2
Beam Tilt, degrees 0-9
Upper side lobe suppression (USLS), typical dB, 18
Front-to-back ration at 1800, dB 40
Isolation, dB 30
VSWR | Return Loss, db 1.5:1 | 14.0
Intermediation Products, 3rd Order, 2 x 20 W, dBc -150
Input Power, maximum, watts 300
Polarization Vertical
Impedance, ohms 50
Lightning Protection dc Ground

JUSTIFICATION OF USING THE ANTENNA IN THREE SECTOR SITE

Fig 8: Radiation pattern of six sectors

In fig.8 above the antenna has 330 horizontal beamwidth. This means that the maximum gain
is achieved at 00 and 3dB below maximum at 0
directions. The pattern can be used for
600 sectorisation (six sectored cell) since the power radiated at the boundaries 300 and 3300

- 15 -
are approximately 9dB below maximum power at 00, this can still be accepted within a good
coverage.

Fig 9: Horizontal and vertical Radiation pattern of six sectors antenna

The fig.9 above show the screen shot of vertical and horizontal radiation profile for the six
sectors antenna

FOUR SECTOR ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERN

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

- 16 -
Model number UMWD-09014B-2DH
Table 3: showing the electrical specifications of the four sectors antenna

JUSTIFICATION OF USING THE ANTENNA IN THREE SECTOR SITE

Fig 10: Horizontal and vertical Radiation pattern of four sectors antenna
In fig.10 above the antenna has 900 horizontal beamwidth. This means that the maximum
gain is achieved at 00 and 3dB below maximum at ±450 directions. The pattern can be used

- 17 -
for 900 sectorisation (four sectored cell) since the power radiated at the boundaries 450 and
3150 are approximately 7dB below maximum power at 00, this can still be accepted within a
good coverage.

TASK 2 & 3
By Ibrahim Mohammed Gumel

TASK 2
Path loss is the reduction in power density (attenuation) of an electromagnetic wave as it
propagates through space. Path loss is a major component in the analysis and design of
the link budget of a telecommunication system.

This term is commonly used in wireless communications and signal propagation. Path loss
may be due to many effects, such as free-space loss, refraction, diffraction, reflection,
aperture-medium coupling loss, and absorption. Path loss is also influenced by terrain
contours, environment (urban or rural, vegetation and foliage), propagation medium (dry or
moist air), the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, and the height and location
of antennas.

The aim of this task is to relate the general path loss formula for the Macrocell cell model 3
used in this coverage and the Hata model. These models determine the path losses of the
radio signal.

MACROCELL MODEL 3

The asset3G uses generic path loss model which can be adjusted using various parameters. In
our work we used Macrocell model 3 for all cells. The general path loss formula for the
Macrocell model is:

Where
d Distance from the base station to the mobile station (km)
- 18 -
Hm Height of the mobile station above ground (m)
Heff Effective base station antenna height (m)
Diffn Diffraction loss calculated using either the Epstein-Peterson, Bullington,
Deygout or Japanese Atlas knife edge techniques
k1, k2 Intercept and Slope. These factors correspond to a constant offset (in dBm) and
a multiplying factor for the log of the distance between the base station and
mobile.
k3 Mobile Antenna Height Factor, Correction factor used to take into account the
effective mobile antenna height.
k4 Multiplying factor for Hm
k5 Effective Antenna Height Gain, this is the multiplying factor for the log of the
effective antenna height.
k6 Multiplying factor for log (Heff)log(d)
k7 Multiplying factor diffraction loss calculation
C_Loss Clutter specifications such as heights and separation are also taken into account
in the calculation process.

HATA MODEL

The original established Hata path loss model is

LdB=

Where A(hr)= the correction factor for the height of the

receiving antenna and ht and hr are the transmitter and receiver height respective the A(hr) for
small or medium sized city, and is only valid 150 MHz to 1500 MHz

The original Hata model is only valid for frequencies between 150 and 1500 MHz, but has
been extended by COST 231 to 1500 to 2000 MHz.

The basic equation for predicting path loss in (dB) using COST-231 Hata model is shown in
Equation below.

- 19 -
LdB=

Where, R is the frequency in MHz, d is the distance in km.

C=

A(hr)=

COMPARISM OF THE PATH LOSS MODELS

Using 2000MHz frequency the starting values for k1-k7 in Macro cell model3
k1= 162.5
k2=44.9
k3=-2.55
k4=0.00
k5=-13.82
k6=-6.55
k7=0.8
diff =2.8

Substituting k1-k7 values in our general path loss formula for Macrocell model we have

............................................................................................................................................ (2.1)

Substituting diff = 2.8 and C_Loss=0 in (2.1) we have

- 20 -
 …
……………………………………………………………………………………………(2.2)

HATA MODEL

Using 2000MHz frequency and substituting in our Hata model (2.2) below

LdB=
.....
……………………………………………………………………………………………..(2.3)

Where, f is the frequency in MHz, d is the distance in km.

C=

A(hr)= .................................................. (2.4)

A(hr)= ................................................................................................. (2.5)

Using medium cities with C= 0dB in (2.3)

Substituting 2000MHz frequency and (2.5) in (2.3) we have

LdB=

LdB=

LdB= .................. (2.6)

Comparing this simplified Hata model equation (2.6) with simplified general path loss
formula for Macrocell model3 equation (2.2) above.
- 21 -
PLdB ........
.......................................................................................................................................... (2.2)

PLdB= ................ (2.6)

The two path models are same with only small discrepancies when comparing the constant in
which Hata model shows 164.15 and Macrocell model 3 shows 164.74. Also comparing the
coefficients of Hm, Hata model shows 2.93 while Macrocell model 3 shows 2.55. Apart from
this the two models are the same.

This comparison shows great similarities between the models as also shown in the graph in
fig.11 below

Fig 11: Graph of Path loss models against distance

- 22 -
TASK 3

The aim of this task is to find values for k1-k7 parameters which would make the path loss
model for a UMTS macrocell represent a FSPL model.

The free space path model is shown in equation (3.1) below

FSPL= ..................................................................................... (3.1)

Simplifying the equation we have

= ................................................................................... (3.2)

Taking f=2000MHz, c= 3x108m/s

Where c, is velocity of light in the air, f and are the frequency and wavelength
of transmission respectably

, =0.15m

Substituting in equation (3.2) above

FSPL =

FSPL =

FSPL = .................................................................................................... (3.3)

To determines k1-k7 parameters values, simplified free space path loss in equation (3.3)
above is compared with general path loss formula for Macrocell model below

We have

K1= 38.47

K2=20, while k3= k4=k5=k6=k7= 0

- 23 -
This indicates that free space path model is not suitable for mobile environment because it
does not take care of many factors that cause losses in the mobile environment. This is shown
in the fig 11 above which shows the free space path model is far below the macrocell model 3
and Hata model.

TASK 4

Figure below shows the location of Vodafone node Bs within and just outside the ring road,
Oxford.

F B

C
D
E

Fig 12: showing Vodafone Node B within the ring road oxford

- 24 -
Table 4: showing transmitter power and height of some Vodafone Node Bs

Node B Transmitter Power (dBW) Height (m)

A 24.59 22
B 26.5 43.2
C 27.0726 15
D 13.09 3
E 28.881 10
F 26.44 17.5

Task 5, 7 and 8 By Nasir Faruk

Task 5

SCRAMBLING CODE

In both the UL and DL, spreading codes are used to spread the signals to the required chip
rate and provide channelization. The signals spread by the channelization process is also
scrambled

-There are 64 code groups

-Each group containing 8 primary codes

-The scrambling ID can be calculated by 64*8=512, so there are 512 primary scrambling
codes

The sequence can be generated as follows:

Each Node B differ from each other in the scrambling code ID by a factor 8 while each cell
within the given Node B differ by a factor of 1

Let Node Bkn represents a base station where

k can take a value from 0 to m (0 been the first Node B and m the last Node B)

- 25 -
n can take values 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 ……,

Then let Bi represents cells within the base station, where i =0 to N-1 and N is the maximum
number of sectors

Then, Bi=Bk n + i

FOR THE FIRST NODE B WITH THREE SECTORS

K=0, n=0, i=0 to 2

Cell 1= NodeA1 (i=0) = 0+0=0

Cell 2=Node A2 (i=1) =0+1=1

Cell 3=Node A3 (i=2) =0+2=2

FOR THE SECOND NODE B WITH THREE SECTORS

K=1,n=8, i=0 to 2

Cell 1= NodeB1 (i=0) =8+0 =8

Cell 2= NodeB2 (i=1) =8+1=9

Cell 3= Node B3 (i=2)=8+2=10

TASK 6

NOISE RISE AND ORTHOGONALITY FACTOR

Noise rise (NR) is the ratio of the total received wideband noise to the thermal noise power.
The orthogonality factor: orthogonal codes in the down link is used to separates users and the

- 26 -
codes remain orthogonal if there is no multipath, but with multipath the orthogonality
degrades, accounted by  j

1
NR= ……………………………………………………………………….. (6.0)
1   

Where  is Load factor which can be either in the uplink or downlink

Considering downlink, the load factor can be written as follows:

 Eb 
 No 
 j
 
1   j   i j ……………………………………………….. (6.1)
N
 DL  U j
j 1 W Rj

The corresponding noise rise can be written as:

Noise rise (dB)=10log10(1- DL )……………………………………………………… (6.2)

Where:

 j =Orthogonality of the channel of user j (orthogonal codes used in downlink to separate

users) (1= fully orthogonal, 0= no Orthogonality)

ij=Ratio of the other cell to own cell base station power, received by user j

from equation (6.0) above it can be seen that as the load factor increases and approach one (1)
the thermal noise goes to infinity

equation (6.1) can be decoupled as:

 Throughput (1  BLER ) 
 DL  Eb No   1   i   i 
 w 

Where, throughput= NR(1-BLER) and N, R, Eb No  ,  , W are the number of users, coded
channel data rate, block error ratio, ratio of required energy to noise spectral density, activity
factor and chip rate respectively. Using the following values
- 27 -
Eb No  =5dB=3w, BLER=0.1, W=3.84x106, i=0.65,  j =0.5,  =0.67

Noise rise (dB) against throughput (kbps)

4
Noise rise (dB)

0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000

Throughput (kbps)

Fig 13: Noise rise and throughtput

Noise rise (dB) Vs Throughput (kbps)

1
for different orthoganality factor
8 0.9
7
0.8
0.7
6 0.6
0.5
5
Noise rise(dB)

0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000

Throughput (kbps)

Fig 14: Noise rise and throughput for different orthogonality factor

- 28 -
Fig 13 show the graph of noise rise with throughput or capacity, as the throughput increases
the noise rise increases. A point is reached where by as the noise rise increases the penalty is
so large where by there is no power budget available for the radio path loss and this point is
called the pole capacity and the maximum noise at this point is called the noise rise limit

From fig. 14 above it clearly show that the noise rise decrease as the Orthogonality factor
increases with an increase in distance.

TASK 7

Pilot Power is 33dBm

Maximum power is 43dBm

EIRP is 62.5dBm

Pilot power +29.5 =EIPR

Maximum power +19.5 =EIRP

EIRP = PT+G where PT and G are the transmit power and antenna gain respectively

The gain of antenna used was 19.5 and by decreasing the maximum transmit power at the
fixed gain the EIRP decreases, similarly increasing the maximum power increases the
antenna EIRP

TASK 8

The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is transmitted by a base station in each cell to make the
channel estimation possible. Therefore, the CPICH carries an unmodulated signal which is
spread at the spreading factor equal to 256 and is scrambled with the cell-specific scrambling
code. It has to be detected in the whole cell. Besides channel estimation, the CPICH channel
is used in measurements in handover and cell selection operations. Therefore, it has to be
broadcasted within the cell with high power.
- 29 -
Using maximum transmit power of 43dBm,
let X be the pilot channel power in mW.
Therefore 43= 10log(X)
X= Antilog (4.3)
X= 19952mW ≈ 20W.

This is comparable with the transmit power of the Vodafone Node B’s obtained from the site
finder as shown in Table.4 above.

TASK 9

Information carried on PCCPCH

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH) is the downlink physical channel that
carries the BCH (broadcast channel) in the downlink direction. The BCH channel is used to
send network and cell specific information to UEs in a cell.

The PCCPCH is transmitted with very high power from the base station to reach all terminals
in the cell. The PCCPCH is available in a way that all the terminals populated within the cell
coverage are able to demodulate its contents.

The PCCPCH uses a fixed channelization code and thus its spreading code is fixed. This is a
must because otherwise the terminals will not able to "see" and demodulate the PCCPCH.
The PCCPCH bit rate is 30 kbps with a spreading factor value of 256. The bit rate must be
low because this channel is transmitted with relatively high power. If using higher bit rates,
the interference starts to increase thus limiting the system capacity.

There is only one Primary Common Control Physical Channel within a cell, and it is used to
carry synchronization and broadcast information for users

TASK 10
Information carried on SCCPCH
- 30 -
The Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH) carries two transport
channels, the Paging Channel (PCH) and Forward Access Channel (FACH). The bit rate of
SCCPCH is variable bit rate and fixed spreading factor is used. PCH carries pages from the
base station to UE. While FACH sends information to a UE after the UE makes a random
access attempt on the PRACH uplink physical channel. SCCPCH contains no power control
information.

TASK 11

CELL COVERAGE AND ANTENNAS

Signal coverage can be predicted by coverage prediction models and is usually applied to a
start-up system. The task here is to cover the whole of area of Oxford city, approximately
45.5 km2 and population of about 165,000 people with a minimum number of cell sites. The
cell sites must be engineered so that the holes are located in the no-traffic locations. The
service areas as occurring in one of the following environments have to examine:

Human-made structures

In a building area

In an open area

In a suburban area

In an urban area

Natural terrains

Over flat terrain

Over hilly terrain

- 31 -
Over water

Through foliage areas

COVERAGE DIMENSION

Aim of the coverage dimensioning is to obtain the cell radius and estimate numbers of Node
B that will be used in the coverage.

Dimension Start

Input
parameters Link Budget

Propagation
Max Path loss
model

Coverage area
Cell Radius

Node B Number

- 32 -
 Fig 15: Coverage dimension

LINK BUDGET

Link budget parameters

The values in the tables below were used for the link budget.

Table 5: Link budget parameters for UE

UE Parameters Value
Mobile Tx Power 21 dBm

Antenna Gain 0 dBi

Body Loss 3 dB

In car loss 8 dB

Soft handover gain 3 dB

E.I.R.P 13 dBm

Table 6: Link budget parameters for Node B

Node B Parameters Value

Thermal Noise -174 dBm/Hz

Antenna Gain 19.5 dBi, 18.9 dBi

Interference Margin 3 dB

Base station Noise figure 7 dB

- 33 -
Fast Fading Margin 3 dB

Slow Fading Margin 4.3 dB

Noise rise Limit 3 dB

Cable loss 2 dB

Required Eb/No 5.0 dB

Receiver Noise power -108.2 dBm

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PATH LOSS

Thermal Noise density= -174 dBm/Hz

Soft handover gain= 3dB Noise in 3.84MHz = 65.8dB

Interference margin= 3.0dB

Node B antenna gain= 19.5dB
Base station noise fig =7.0dBm

Processing Gain=24dB Fast fading margin =3.0dB

Mobile Tx power= 21dB Slow fading margin= 4.3 dB

Noise rise limit = 3.0dB

Cable loss = 2.0dB

Required Eb/No= 5.0dB

Body loss = 3.0dB

In car loss = 8.0dB

Maximum allowable path loss

- 34 -
Maximum allowable path loss is 137.4dB when using bit rate of 15kbit/s coded data rate,
120km/hr in-car users .The general path loss formula for the Macrocell models is:

Using Okumura-Hata propagation model for urban cell

Where L= Allowed propagation loss

R= Range in km

Maximum allowable path loss is 137.4dB when using bit rate of 15kbit/s

R= 1km
The maximum cell radius should be 1km
Area of the cell=
=3.142km2

From the estimated area of Oxford (within the ring road) = 46km2

The estimated number of node B required is = 14.6 approximately 15 node Bs are

required to give coverage to the area.

RECEPTION SENSITIVITY

Reception sensitivity=
Where
Nt: thermal noise (-108dBm/3.84MHz)
Nf: Noise figure of NodeB
Eb/No:Bit energy divided by noise spectral density
I: Interference margin
Reception sensitivity= = -117.2dBm

- 35 -
This is receiver sensitivity for uplink budget. While for downlink budget is -121dBm at BER
of 10-3. The receiver sensitivity of -117.2dBm is the minimum sensitivity needed for any
serviced area.

COVERAGE DEPLOYMENT

Sectored directional antennas were used i.e. two; three and six sectors antenna and their
details are shown in the table. Three-sectored Node B with horizontal beam width of 65° and
six-sectored Node B with beam width of 33°. The general path loss model for macro cell was
used in the coverage.

Table 7: Generated simulation parameters

Parameters Values
Maximum transmit power 43dBm
Antenna EIRP 62.5dBm
Pilot power 33dBm
Common channel power 33dBm
Noise figure 5dB
Orthogonality factor 0.65
Noise rise Limit (dB) 3dB
P-CCPCH TX power 30dBm
SCCPCH TX 27dBm
S-SCH power (dBm) 27dBm
P-SCH power (dBm) 30dBm
Activity factor 0.96
HSDPA link power(dBm) 30dBm
Soft hand over gain (dB) 3

- 36 -
Noise figure (dB) 0

INITIAL COVERAGE DEPLOYMENT

The coverage deployment was started with twelve (12) Node Bs as shown in fig.16 (8 three
sectored, 1 two sectored and 3 six sectored). After initial deployment, a lot of patterns
overlaps among the neighbouring cells were observed. For instance where sector 1 of Node A
overshoot to Node B, Node C and Node D. similarly, sector 2 of Node A overshoot to Node
B, Node E and Node F. In location F also the boundary between Node G and Node H patterns
was not clearly defined, as they overlapped.

Also gaps were observed in some places such as in location Q and L. The terrain of the area
is responsible for the coverage gap, which is a hill about 93m high above the sea level at
location Q. Node I (at location, 001014’17.92’’W, 51046’28.58’’N) with 15m height the Node
B was meant to serve the site including Northern bypass road. Measuring the height profile
between the Node B and some locations on the Northern bypass road (e.g. location D) there
was no fresnel clearance to the road with LOS obstruction of 3.9m as shown in fig.18 Below.
The same thing happened at location E. This is because of the present of hill in the area with
elevation of about 108m above the sea level.

Another issue was the received signals along some part of the boundaries such as locations A,
B, C, D and E shown in the fig. 16 which was observed to be below the signal threshold
(minimum receiver sensitivity).

- 37 -
The coverage percentage was found to be 70.245%, which was a bad coverage and not
optimum enough to provide coverage to all residence and the motor ways. Therefore, various
optimisation techniques needed to be employed in the network coverage deployment to
increase the percentage coverage and to reduce the interference in the neighbouring cells.

Node H
F E

Node G Node I
L
D

Node F
Q Node C
A

Node B

Node D

Node E

B
C Node A

Fig 16: The initial pilot coverage

- 38 -
Fig 17: Initial outdoor coverage

D
Node B
Obstruction 340m
away from Node B

- 39 -
Fig 18 LOS obstruction of location D from a node B

COVERAGE OPTMIZATION

EFFECTS OF ANTENNA HEIGHT ON THE NETWORK COVERAGE

The antenna height play an important role in network coverage, as the height of the antenna
must be carefully optimized to improve coverage and signal strength due to the nature of the
terrain.

The effects of antenna height on the coverage using six sectors antenna was studied and
analysed using antenna height of 20m and 25m and bar chart was drawn as shown in fig 19 &
20 below. The table 8 below shows the increase in the percentage coverage with increasing
antenna height. The same procedure was used using three sectors antenna. The height of the
antenna was varied from 15m to 20m and bar chart plotted shows the increase in coverage
percentage with increasing the antenna height.

ANALYSIS USING SIX SECTORS ANTENNA

Table 8: The coverage area and total distance covered for six sectors antenna for 20m and
25m antenna height

Covered
Total Total Covered Covered Covered
area(km²)
area(km²) area(km²) area(km²) area(%) area(%)
Cell for 25m for 20m for 25m for 20m for 25m for 20m

Node8B 38.490 38.565 37.989 37.098 98.70% 96.20%

Node8C 41.835 29.287 39.660 26.441 94.80% 90.28%

Node8A 29.297 41.717 27.265 36.335 93.06% 87.10%

Node8E 47.887 47.892 40.914 39.984 85.44% 83.49%

Node8D 45.565 45.541 38.290 35.817 84.03% 78.65%

- 40 -
Node8F 50.870 50.856 33.169 31.098 65.20% 61.15%

Antenna height 20m 25m

Total displayed area(km²): 42.324 42.324
Covered area(km²): 30.85 32.42
Covered area(%): 72.90% 76.60%

60.000

50.000
Total area(km²) for 25m
40.000

30.000 Total area(km²) for 20m

20.000
Covered area(km²) for
10.000 25m
Covered area(km²) for
0.000
20m

Fig 19: Bar chart representation of total area and covered area for six sectors antenna

120.00%

100.00%

80.00%

60.00%
Covered area(%) for 25m
40.00%
Covered area(%)for 20m
20.00%

0.00%

Fig 20: Bar chart representation of covered area percentage for six sectors antenna

- 41 -
Observed from the table 8 above that as the height increases from 20m to 25m the corresponding
network coverage area increases from 30.85 (72.90%) to 32.42 (76.60%) therefore, the coverage area
percentage increased by 6%. Bar chart representation of the table is shown in Fig 19 & 20.

USING THREE SECTORS ANTENNA

Table 9: The coverage area and total distance covered for three sectors antenna for 15m and
20m antenna height

Covered Covered
Total area(km²) Total area(km²) area(km²) for area(km²)
Cell for 15m for 20m 15m for 20m

Node3C 70.780 70.845 69.087 69.256

Node3A 77.023 77.144 67.038 74.341

Node3B 98.544 98.806 83.792 88.800

Antenna height 15m 20m

Total displayed area(km²): 42.324 42.324

Covered area(km²): 32.81 34.67

Covered area(%): 77.53% 81.93%

- 42 -
 120.000

100.000

80.000

60.000 Node3C
40.000 Node3A

20.000 Node3B

0.000
Total Total Covered Covered
area(km²) for area(km²) for area(km²) for area(km²) for
15m 20m 15m 20m

Fig 21: Bar chart representation of total area and covered area for three sectors antenna

100.00%

95.00%

90.00%
Covered area(%)for 15m
85.00% Covered area(%) for 20m

80.00%

75.00%
Node3C Node3A Node3B

Fig 22: Bar chart representation of covered area percentage for three sectors antenna

From table 9 above the 15m antenna provide a coverage of 77.53% while 20m antenna
provide a coverage of 81.93% therefore it clearly shows that network coverage increase with
an increase in antenna height. Similarly for the same display area, 20m three sectors antenna
provides better coverage than 20m six sectors. The bar chart shows the representation of the
table in fig. 21 & 22.

- 43 -
EFFECT OF MECHANICAL DOWN TILT (MDT) ON THE PILOT COVERAGE

The impact of MDT on the coverage has been studied using three and six sectors antenna.
The main aim of this is to provide answers to two main questions

1-On how to select the down tilt angle of the NodeB

2-What are the impacts of antenna down tilt on the network coverage.

Using fixed EDT of 60, the effect of MDT on the network coverage was investigated as
shown in the table below

Table 10: showing the effect of MDT and heights on coverage for three and six sectors antennas

Effect Of MDT and Height and Coverage For 3-Sec and 6 Sec Antennas

Antenna
height MDT MDT MDT MDT MDT MDT MDT MDT
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(m) 3-sec 0 3-sec 2 3-sec 4 3-sec 6 6-sec 0 6-sec 2 6-sec 4 6-sec 60

15 83.85% 80.19% 75.34% 64.00% 63.55% 59.38% 39.39% 29.19%

20 84.85% 80.47% 76.73% 66.98% 72.90% 68.75% 54.15% 44.54%

25 86.08% 84.96% 79.86% 69.23% 76.60% 73.25% 62.58% 52.18%

- 44 -
 100.00%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
15m
50.00%
20m
40.00%
25m
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
MDT 3-sec 0 MDT 3-sec 2 MDT 3-sec 4 MDT 3-sec 6 MDT 6-sec 0 MDT 6-sec 2 MDT 6-sec 4 MDT 6-sec 6

Fig .23 showing the effects of MDT on coverage at different heights for three and six sectors antenna

From table 10 above, the MDT decreases the coverage area but it tends to reduce overlaps of
the pilot signal form neighbouring cells which reduce other cell interference in the main lobe
direction. The bar chart shows the representation of the table. Similarly the effect of MDT
and Heights on received signal and distance was also investigated; the graphs showing the
effects can be found in Appendix A.

FINAL COVERAGE DEPLOYMENT

From the above studies (Effects of antenna height and tilting on the coverage); it was found
that the percentage coverage can be improved with increasing the antenna height and by
adjusting the antenna mechanical down tilt specific areas can be served to prevent overlaps of
the pilot signals in the coverage. The initial deployment above was optimised by increasing
the various antennas height and adjusting the antenna mechanical tilt down where
appropriate.

Since the initial deployment percentage coverage recorded was only 70.245%, to improve the
coverage, additional two (2) Node Bs were employed to make the total number of Node Bs in
the network to be fourteen (14) as this was the number of Node Bs required based on the

- 45 -
estimation obtained above in the coverage dimension analysis, and Node C (six sectored
antenna) in fig. 16 was replaced by three sectored antenna because Node C could not provide
enough coverage for both residence and the motor way (Northern bypass road), the
population and expected traffic is not large to necessitate six sector deployment.

As an example to the methods employed to improve the coverage, the problem recorded
during initial deployment where obstruction observed from Node I base station to the
Northern bypass road was solved by increasing the node B height to 25m instead of 15m that
was initially used. The height profile after increasing the base station height is shown fig. 24
below with the LOS clearance of 8.9m, when measuring distance up to 1km away from the
node B.

New Node B
Height

Clearance of 8.9m 1400m

away from Node B

Fig 24: showing LOS clearance

Height profile measurements was undertaken to make sure there is Fresnel clearance from a
given Node B to any point within the area intended to be served by the Node B. Some figures
- 46 -
are provided and described below showing Fresnel clearance to the measured points within
the site.

Fig. 25 below shows a height profile using three sectored node B (BTS4 at 001015’37.89’’W,
51046’56.29’’N) with 15m height , it shows Fresnel clearance to a point 600m on the Elsfield
way which is almost the same for other points round the area.

Fig 25: showing LOS clearance

Fig. 26 below shows a point-to-point height profile using three sectored node B with 15m
height. The node B (BTS6 at 001017’32.86’’W, 51047’06.75’’N) shows Fresnel clearance to
points round the Wolvercoate area up to the Western bypass road 390m away with the LOS
clearance of 11m.

- 47 -
Fig 26: showing LOS clearance

Fig. 27 below shows a point-to-point height profile using three sectored node B with 15m
height. The node B (BTS2 at 001016’24.14’’W, 51044’52.30’’N) shows Fresnel clearance to
points on the Eastern bypass road 870m away with the LOS clearance of 13.1m.

Fig 27: showing LOS clearance

- 48 -
Fig. 28 below shows a point-to-point height profile using three sectored node B with 15m
height. The node B (BTS4 at 001015’37.89’’W, 51046’56.29’’N) shows Fresnel clearance to
points on the Southern bypass road 680m away with the LOS clearance of 11.7m.

Clearance of
11.7m

Fig 28: showing LOS clearance

The final coverage is shown in fig. 29 below with 14 Node B and one RNC at the centre.
Fig.30 shows the power levels in the coverage area. The table 11 show the detail of the Node
B and cells with their locations and their corresponding scrambling codes assigned.

The figures shows very good coverage and well defined boundaries apart from small
discrepancies.

- 49 -
Fig 29: Final pilot coverage

- 50 -
Fig. 30 Final outdoor coverage with signal level

- 51 -
Fig 31: Final pilot coverage indicating where there was low signals

The fig. 31 above shows the final outdoor coverage with indication of some areas with low pilot
power which is still within the acceptable receiver sensitivity range

NODE Bs POSITIONS AND JUSTIFICATION OF THEIR DEPLOYMENT IN THE

AREAS

BTS 6 BTS 4

BTS 5
BTS 1

BTS 12
BTS 13

BTS 7 BTS 14

BTS 2 BTS 9 BTS 3

BTS 10 BTS 11
BTS 15

Fig 32: Locations of deploying Node Bs

1- BTS1

Three sectors was placed along the Woodstock Rd. (0010 15’42.60”W, 510 46’7.27N) the
details of the antenna can be found in table 11 the expected population and traffic load is
medium and therefore, three sector antenna was chosen to provide foot print of the network
service. There was a clear Fresnel clearance, no hill, vegetation cover or propagation

- 52 -
absorption materials in the area and therefore, an average received power level of -68.40dBm
was recorded with Ec/I0 (dB) of -5.66dB at 1km distance from each sectors

2-BTS 2

BTS 2 was placed around North Hinskey Village (0010 16’24.14”W 510 44’ 52.30”N). the
area was considered to be micro layer with sparsely population (The load is very light). Three
sectors was used, two of the three sectors providing coverage for the southern bypass road
motor way while the other sector provide coverage to the Oxpens Road and Botley Rd which
are about 600m away from the base station. A total of -69.41dBm received power level and
-2.68dB Ec/I0 was recorded 600m away from the base station. While along the southern
bypass road an average received power of -79.85dBm and Ec/Io of -4.15dB at approximately
1km away from the BTS was recorded. This is a strong signal compared to the threshold of
-117dBm to maintain call while driving on a motor way. There was Fresnel clearance, the
elevation of the area is averagely 60m above the sea level.

3-BTS 3

This was placed at 0010 12’30.60”W, 510 43’ 46.40”N Due to some attraction centres such as
Oxford business park and Cowley, the has a medium population traffic load is medium and
an average of 75m elevation above the sea level. Therefore, three sector antenna was chosen
to provide coverage for Rose Hill, Church Hill, Cowley Rd and Oxford business park. Two
sectors was pointing the eastern bypass road to provide coverage along the motor way. An
average received power of -65dBm and Ec/Io of -2.63dB was recorded at distance of 600m
from each sectors.

4-BTS 4

The base station was placed 0010 15’ 37.89”W 510 46’ 56.29”N with three sectors to provide
coverage for residence of Elsfiled way 600m north side of the BTS and Bandbury Rd at 500m
north west of the BTS with total received power level of -73.82dBm and -64.70dBm
respectively

5-BTS 5

Three sectors was placed at 0010 14’17.92”W 510 46’28.58N. two of the three sectors
antenna was used to provide coverage along the northern bypass road while the third sector
- 53 -
was used to provide coverage to the Maston Ferry Rd with an average elevation of 62m
above the sea level.

6-BTS 6

Three sector antenna was placed at 0010 17’ 32.86”W, 510 47’ 06.75N. two sectors to
provide coverage along the western bypass road and Wolvercourte while the other sectors
providing coverage for the field which is located at 1.1km south of the Node B. a total of -
81.83dBm received power was recorded at a distance of 1.1km on the field from the BTS. An
average of -64.32dBm power was received 500m along the motor way and -82.2dBm 1.5km
distance on the motor way from the Node B.

7- BTS 7

The antenna was placed at 0010 15’ 11.16” W 510 45’ 18.19”N. this is the city centre with a
densely population and expected high load or traffic at the peak hours. To provide additional
capacity and to improved coverage to regular macro layers, a six sectors antenna was
deployed. The range of the signal is not long as compared to the three sectors antenna and
therefore, an average received signal of -76.27dBm was recorded at an average distance of
600m from each sectors and there was a Fresnel clearance. The area elevation is about 60m
above the sea level.

8-BTS 9

The Node B was placed at 0010 14’ 9.04”W 51o 44’ 47.13N this is also highly populated area
where the Cowley rd is located. To provide coverage and capacity and to improved coverage
to regular macro layers, a six sectors antenna was deployed. An average received power level
of -72.12dBm was recorded. There was a Fresnel clearance. The elevation is about 65m
above the sea level.

9-BTS 10

Three sectors antenna was placed at location with coordinates 0010 15’ 80”W 510 44’ 3.69”N
to provide coverage to southern bypass road with its two sectors while the third sector to
provide coverage to the residential area along the Abingdon Rd. an average received power
of -78.04dBm along the road by the node B 1km away from the road.
- 54 -
10-BTS 11

The Node B was placed at 0010 13’ 50.86”W 510 43’ 44.44”N. the area is a medium
population therefore three sectors antenna was used to provide optimum coverage to the
population using one sectors to cover Iffley area, one sector to cover residence area along
Rose Hill, while the last sector to provide coverage along southern bypass road.

11-BTS 12

Two sectors antennas was placed at 0010 17’ 22.25”W, 510 45’.45.78”N to provide coverage
to motor way along the western bypass rd.

12-BTS 14

The node B was placed at 0010 12’ 24.61”W 510 45’ 333.29”N this is along the London road.
There is medium population and traffic in the Headington area and therefore, three sectors
was employed to provide coverage and optimum capacity in the area.

13-BTS 13

This Node B is situated close to BTS no 12 just about 0.99km apart at a coordinates of 0010
13’ 27.59”W 510 45.44”N to increase the coverage and capacity of the Headington area. Due
to commercial activities of the area and moving vehicles the antenna was sectorised.

14-BTS 15

The Node B was placed at 0010 12’ 24.01”W, 510 44’ 50.26”N with three sectors to provide
coverage to the residential area along the Hollow away Rd, the other sector provide coverage
to the eastern bypass Rd

- 55 -
Table 11: Node B locations, sectors, Azimuth, heights, Tilt and their corresponding codes
Longitude

Scramblin
Azimuth
Latitude

Code ID
Sectors
Node B

g Code
Height

Group
M-Tilt
Code
E-Tilt
S/N

(m)
1 BTS1 0010 15'42.60W 510 46'7.27N Node1A 0 20 6 0 0 0 0

Node1B 120 15 6 7 0 1 1

Node1C 240 15 6 3 0 2 2

2 BTS 2 0010 16'24.14W 510 44'52.30N Node2A 39 15 6 4 1 0 8

Node2B 180 15 6 6 1 1 9

Node2C 299 15 6 4 1 2 10

3 BTS 3 0010 12'30.60W 510 43'46.40N Node3A 240 20 6 0 2 0 16

Node3B 0 20 6 5 2 1 17

Node3C 126 25 6 6 2 2 18

4 BTS 4 0010 15'37.89W 510 46'56.29N Node4A 315 15 6 4 3 0 24

Node4B 78 15 6 7 3 1 25

Node4C 210 15 6 5 3 2 26

5 BTS 5 0010 14'17.92W 510 46'28.58N Node5A 320 15 6 0 4 0 32

Node5B 64 15 6 3 4 1 33

Node5C 187 15 6 4 4 2 34

- 56 -
 6 BTS 6 0010 17'32.86W 510 47' 10.00N Node6A 0 15 6 7 6 0 40

Node6B 120 15 6 4 6 1 41

Node6C 240 15 6 0 2 2 42

7 BTS 7 0010 15'.11.16W 510 45'18.19N Node7A 0 20 0 0 6 0 48

Node7B 60 20 0 4 6 1 49

Node7C 120 20 0 0 6 2 50

Node7D 180 20 0 0 6 3 51

Node7E 240 20 0 2 6 4 52

Node7F 300 20 0 0 6 5 53

8 BTS 9 0010 14'9.04W 510 44'47.13N Node9A 0 25 0 4 8 0 64

Node9B 60 25 0 0 8 1 65

Node9C 120 25 0 0 8 2 66

Node9D 180 25 0 0 8 3 67

Node9E 240 25 0 0 8 4 68

Node9F 300 25 0 0 8 5 69

9 BTS 10 0010 15'8.80W 510 44'3.69N Node10A 284 15 6 4 9 0 72

Node10B 37 15 6 7 9 1 73

Node10C 153 15 6 5 9 2 74

10 BTS 11 0010 13'50.86W 510 43'44.44N Node11A 317 20 6 8 10 0 80

Node11B 63 20 6 7 10 1 81

Node11C 180 20 6 6 10 2 82

11 BTS 12 0010 17'22.56W 510 45'45.78N Node12B 38 15 6 4 11 0 88

Node12C 180 15 6 6 11 1 89

- 57 -
12 BTS 13 0010 13'27.59W 510 45'44.78N Node13A 315 15 6 4 12 0 96

Node13B 59 15 6 4 12 1 97

Node13C 180 15 6 6 12 2 98

13 BTS 14 0010 12'24.61W 510 45'33.29N Node14A 0 25 6 4 13 0 104

Node14B 120 25 6 7 13 1 105

Node14C 240 25 6 4 13 2 106

14 BTS 15 0010 12'24.01W 510 45'50.26N Node15A 296 20 6 5 14 0 112

Node15B 75 20 6 5 14 1 113

Node15C 180 20 6 7 14 2 114

- 58 -
Fig 33: Percentage coverage for each cell

The fig. 33 above shows the coverage area percentage for each cell of a given Node B. Node7
and Node 9 with six sectors cells provide 100% coverage with 0.00% coverage in the
category 1 ( i.e. category with very low signal level below the threshold, see Appendix B for
the category ranges). The least coverage percentage was 99.88% with 0.66% in category 1 for
Node 15A, the cell in three sectors antenna at coordinate (0010 12’ 24.01”W, 510 44’
50.26”N) aimed to provide coverage to the residential area along the Hollow away Rd, the
other sector provide coverage to the eastern bypass Rd. This problem could be as the results
of the terrain of the area as shown in the fig. 35 below which shows the presence of high hill
by 72.5m LOS obstruction just 90 meters away from the main road. So the Node B is not
serving the total area. Our aim is to serve up to the road not beyond and is achieved as shown
in fig. 34 with Fresnel clearance of 15.6m from the Node B to the road. Similarly Node 3A
gives coverage of 99.96% and 0.20% in category 1 this may be as the results of hill 780m
away from the Node B which block some of the signal from reaching target area as shown in
fig. 36 below.

- 59 -
 A Point on the
motor way from Distance from the
Clearance to point A the Node B Node B to point A
on the motor way
from the Node B
A

Fig 34 Fresnel clearance for Node 15A

90m away from

the motor way
Distance from
Obstruction at
Node B
90m away from
the motor way

Fig 35 LOS Obstruction for Node 15A

- 60 -
 Presence of Hill

780m away from Clearance of 2.2m at

the sector 780m away from
Node B

Fig 36 LOS clearance for Node 3A

- 61 -
 Clearance of 19.1m 510m
away from the Node M

510m away from Node B

Fig. 37 LOS Clearance for Node 3B

Obstruction of 42.9m,

Hill just 20m away 530m away from Node B

from the road

530m away from the Node B

- 62 -
Fig. 38 LOS Obstruction for Node 3B 20m from the road

CONCLUSION

Network coverage planning is essential part of 3G networks, in this report 3G network

coverage for oxford city was design.

The effect of antenna height and tilt on the signal level and coverage was studied to optimize
the performance of the network parameters so as to achieve good coverage it was found the
network coverage and signal strength increases as the height increase. And the tilt tends to
decrease the overlaps of the pilot signal

After deployments the total displayed area was 57.446km2 and the total covered area was
57.428km2 with coverage percentage of 99.96%.

Apart from small discrepancies observed, the deployed coverage provides very good
coverage with very good defined boundaries. Due to the different terrain in different areas the
percentage coverage of individual Node B varies. The pilot power received at any point
throughout the total coverage area is within the acceptable range

Based on the figures in Appendix A, the total power received 1km away for each Node B was
very good and the Ec/Io for each sectors are still good to maintain call 1.2km from each
NodeB.

- 63 -
APPENDIX A

Table 12 showing the signal strength level with distance covered for both 20m and 25m six
sectors antennas.

Signal Level (dBm) Covered area(m²) 20m Covered area(m²) 25m

-120.00 to -115.00 55955 45622.6

-115.00 to -110.00 66567.3 59003.6

-110.00 to -105.00 37330.8 47010.5

-105.00 to -100.00 26408.4 37152.8

-100.00 to -95.00 14815.3 19311.9

-95.00 to -90.00 2242.3 5279

-90.00 to -85.00 1295.1 1420.4

-85.00 to -80.00 1006.9 1264.2

-80.00 to -75.00 687.2 840.1

-75.00 to -70.00 361 330.6

-70.00 to -65.00 90 43.6

-65.00 to -60.00 9.7 2.3

-60.00 to -55.00 2.8 1.6

-55.00 to -50.00 1.5 2.2

-50.00 to -45.00 0.6 1.1

-45.00 to -40.00 0 0

-40.00 to -35.00 0 0

- 64 -
 70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000 Covered area(m²) 20m

Covered area(m²) 25m
10000

Fig.39 The signal strength and distance in metres (m) for six sectors antenna for two different heights

Table 13 showing the signal strength level with distance covered for both 15m and 20m three
sectors antennas.

Pilot Signal Level(dBm) Covered area(m²) 15m Covered area(m²) 20m

-120.00 to -115.00 15606.1 15145.9

-115.00 to -110.00 25081.3 27373.3

-110.00 to -105.00 45085.4 48031.8

-105.00 to -100.00 24816.3 23602.7

-100.00 to -95.00 36398.2 33180.4

-95.00 to -90.00 46132 47387.5

- 65 -
-90.00 to -85.00 20240.4 29116

-85.00 to -80.00 2774 4403.7

-80.00 to -75.00 1778 2005.3

-75.00 to -70.00 1125.3 1255.6

-70.00 to -65.00 546.8 623

-65.00 to -60.00 215.4 234.5

-60.00 to -55.00 104.2 30.7

-55.00 to -50.00 10.7 3.6

-50.00 to -45.00 1.5 1.9

-45.00 to -40.00 0.3 1.2

-40.00 to -35.00 0.8 0.6

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000 Covered area(m²) 15m

Covered area(m²) 20m
10000

0
-120.00 to -115.00
-115.00 to -110.00
-110.00 to -105.00
-105.00 to -100.00

-95.00 to -90.00

-80.00 to -75.00

-45.00 to -40.00
-90.00 to -85.00
-85.00 to -80.00

-75.00 to -70.00
-70.00 to -65.00
-65.00 to -60.00
-60.00 to -55.00
-55.00 to -50.00
-50.00 to -45.00

-40.00 to -35.00
-100.00 to -95.00

Fig.40 The signal strength and distance in metres (m) for three sectors antenna for two different
heights

- 66 -
EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL DOWN TILT (MDT) ON RECEIVED
SIGNAL MEASURED IN FORWARD DIRECTION

Plot of received power (dBm) against distance(km)

for 15m height Node8A signal measured in forward direction
-40

0
MDT 0
-60 0
MDT 2
Received signal (dBm)

0
MDT 4
-80

-100

-120

-140

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Distance (km)

Fig 41: Showing the effect of mechanically down tilt(MDT) on signal reception with distance for
Node 8A: the signal strength decreases with increase in tilt. 20 tilt shows a better results when
approaching a distance of 1.2km away from the Node B

- 67 -
 Plot of signal received (dBm) and distance in km
for 15m height Node8B measured in forward direction

-60 0
MDT 0
0
MDT 2
Received power (dBm)

-80 0
MDT 4

-100

-120

-140

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Distance (km)

Fig 42: Showing the effect of mechanically down tilt (MDT) on signal reception with distance for
Node 8B:

plot of received power against distance

for 15m height Node8F measured in forward direction
-60
0
MDT 1
-70
0
MDT 2
-80 0
MDT 4
Received power (dBm)

-90

-100

-110

-120

-130

-140

-150
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Distance (km)

Fig 43: Showing the effect of mechanically down tilt(MDT) on signal reception with distance for
Node 8F

- 68 -
 Plot of Total received power with distance
for the 15m three sectors antenna

-60
0
MDT 0
Total received power (dBm)

0
-70 MDT 2
0
MDT 4
-80

-90

-100

-110

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Distance (km)

Fig 44: Showing the effect of mechanically down tilt (MDT) on total received power with distance for
the three sector antenna

Total received power (dBm) against disatance (km)

for Node8A for different height
-60
15m
20m
-70
Total received power (dBm)

25m

-80

-90

-100

-110

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Distance (km)

Fig 45: Showing the effect of antenna heights total received signal with distance for the three sectors
antennas: 20m gives the optimum height for the antenna. As the distance progressily increase the
- 69 -
signal level decrease, by increasing the antenna height, it extend the distance beyond 1km. lower
antenna will have a greater path loss than the higher antenna

THE EFFECT OF MECHANICAL DOWN TILT (MDT) ON SIGNAL TO INTERFERENCE

RATION WITH DISTANCE FOR THE THREE SECTORS ANTENNAS

Plot of Ec/Io (dB) with distance (km)

for the 15m three sector antenna at different mechanical tilt
0
0
MDT 0
-5 0
MDT 2
0
MDT 4
-10
Ec/Io (dB)

-15

-20

-25

-30

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Distance (km)

Fig 46: Showing the effect of mechanical down tilt (MDT) on signal to interference ration with
distance for the three sectors antennas

Graph of Ec/Io(dB) Vs Distance(km) for Node 8A

with various height
0

15m
-5
20m
25m
-10
Ec/Io (dB)

-15

-20

-25

-30
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Distance (km)

- 70 -
Fig 47: Showing the effect of mechanical down tilt (MDT) on signal to interference ration with
distance for the three sectors antennas for different heights

APPENDIX B
Table 14: summary of the pilot coverage

Statistics for UMTS - Best RSCP-TerminalType1, Outdoor, Carrier1 [Simulator]

Statistics summary

40283.83221

Total displayed area(km²): 57.446

Covered area(km²): 57.428

- 71 -
Covered area (%): 99.96%

Category summary

Multiple categories - all display categories in Non-Cumulative mode:

Category index Category name Category value

Category 1 -120.00 to -115.00 -120.00 <= x < -115.00 dBm

Category 2 -115.00 to -110.00 -115.00 <= x < -110.00 dBm

Category 3 -110.00 to -105.00 -110.00 <= x < -105.00 dBm

Category 4 -105.00 to -100.00 -105.00 <= x < -100.00 dBm

Category 5 -100.00 to -95.00 -100.00 <= x < -95.00 dBm

Category 6 -95.00 to -90.00 -95.00 <= x < -90.00 dBm

Category 7 -90.00 to -85.00 -90.00 <= x < -85.00 dBm

Category 8 -85.00 to -80.00 -85.00 <= x < -80.00 dBm

Category 9 -80.00 to -75.00 -80.00 <= x < -75.00 dBm

Category 10 -75.00 to -70.00 -75.00 <= x < -70.00 dBm

Category 11 -70.00 to -65.00 -70.00 <= x < -65.00 dBm

Category 12 -65.00 to -60.00 -65.00 <= x < -60.00 dBm

Category 13 -60.00 to -55.00 -60.00 <= x < -55.00 dBm

Category 14 -55.00 to -50.00 -55.00 <= x < -50.00 dBm

Category 15 -50.00 to -45.00 -50.00 <= x < -45.00 dBm

Category 16 -45.00 to -40.00 -45.00 <= x < -40.00 dBm

Category 17 -40.00 to -35.00 -40.00 <= x < -35.00 dBm

Total covered area (km2) and coverage percentage for each category

Category Covered area(km²) Covered area(%)

- 72 -
Category 1 0.031 0.05%

Category 2 0.114 0.20%

Category 3 0.899 1.56%

Category 4 4.079 7.10%

Category 5 4.912 8.55%

Category 6 3.054 5.32%

Category 7 5.106 8.89%

Category 8 11.083 19.29%

Category 9 10.265 17.87%

Category 10 7.341 12.78%

Category 11 4.463 7.77%

Category 12 2.790 4.86%

Category 13 1.664 2.90%

Category 14 0.980 1.71%

Category 15 0.492 0.86%

Category 16 0.135 0.23%

Category 17 0.020 0.03%

Cell and Cluster summary

Cell Total area(km²) Covered area(km²) Covered area(%)

Node7A 0.344 0.344 100.00%

Node7B 0.282 0.282 100.00%

Node7C 0.369 0.369 100.00%

Node7D 0.589 0.589 100.00%

Node7E 0.352 0.352 100.00%

- 73 -
Node7F 0.258 0.258 100.00%

Node9A 0.492 0.492 100.00%

Node9D 0.421 0.421 100.00%

Node9E 0.749 0.749 100.00%

Node9F 0.495 0.495 100.00%

Node5B 4.606 4.606 99.99%

Node6B 1.198 1.198 99.98%

Node10A 5.364 5.363 99.98%

Node11A 2.197 2.196 99.98%

Node1A 1.574 1.574 99.98%

Node13A 1.910 1.910 99.98%

Node3C 1.417 1.417 99.98%

Node14C 1.393 1.393 99.98%

Node5A 1.640 1.640 99.98%

Node13B 0.788 0.788 99.97%

Node12B 1.558 1.558 99.97%

Node10C 0.770 0.770 99.97%

Node2A 1.150 1.150 99.97%

Node3B 1.123 1.123 99.97%

Node1B 0.745 0.745 99.97%

Node2C 1.062 1.061 99.97%

Node11C 1.008 1.008 99.97%

Node13C 0.992 0.992 99.97%

Node11B 0.935 0.935 99.97%

Node15C 0.895 0.894 99.97%

Node12C 1.485 1.485 99.97%

Node4A 1.139 1.138 99.96%

Node5C 0.848 0.848 99.96%

- 74 -
Node14B 0.825 0.825 99.96%

Node14A 2.997 2.996 99.96%

Node3A 1.547 1.547 99.96%

Node4C 0.415 0.415 99.95%

Node2B 3.284 3.282 99.95%

Node9C 0.560 0.560 99.95%

Node15B 0.777 0.776 99.94%

Node10B 0.465 0.465 99.94%

Node1C 2.673 2.672 99.93%

Node6A 0.586 0.586 99.93%

Node4B 0.439 0.439 99.93%

Node6C 1.220 1.219 99.92%

Node9B 0.540 0.540 99.91%

Node15A 0.970 0.969 99.88%

Cell summary for category 1 & 2

Cell Area(km²)[Category 1] Area(%)[Category 1] Area(km²)[Category 2] Area(%)[Category 2]

Node7A 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7C 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7D 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7E 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7F 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node9A 0.000 0.00% 0.001 0.12%

Node9D 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.02%

- 75 -
Node9E 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node9F 0.000 0.02% 0.009 1.90%

Node5B 0.003 0.06% 0.021 0.45%

Node6B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node10A 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node11A 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node1A 0.000 0.01% 0.000 0.02%

Node13A 0.000 0.01% 0.000 0.00%

Node3C 0.000 0.01% 0.001 0.10%

Node14C 0.000 0.01% 0.000 0.01%

Node5A 0.000 0.01% 0.001 0.03%

Node13B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node12B 0.001 0.06% 0.004 0.26%

Node10C 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node2A 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node3B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.03%

Node1B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node2C 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node11C 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.01%

Node13C 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node11B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.03%

Node15C 0.000 0.01% 0.000 0.04%

Node12C 0.000 0.02% 0.001 0.08%

Node4A 0.000 0.02% 0.000 0.03%

Node5C 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node14B 0.000 0.05% 0.004 0.48%

Node14A 0.003 0.09% 0.006 0.19%

Node3A 0.003 0.20% 0.009 0.57%

- 76 -
Node4C 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.05%

Node2B 0.001 0.04% 0.013 0.38%

Node9C 0.002 0.43% 0.013 2.32%

Node15B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node10B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node1C 0.003 0.10% 0.002 0.09%

Node6A 0.000 0.02% 0.002 0.39%

Node4B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.07%

Node6C 0.004 0.33% 0.011 0.86%

Node9B 0.003 0.52% 0.001 0.22%

Node15A 0.006 0.66% 0.013 1.36%

Cell summary for category 3 & 4

Cell Area(km²)[Category 3] Area(%)[Category 3] Area(km²)[Category 4] Area(%)[Category 4]

Node7A 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7C 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.11%

Node7D 0.000 0.00% 0.001 0.10%

Node7E 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7F 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node9A 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.04%

Node9D 0.001 0.21% 0.005 1.26%

Node9E 0.016 2.10% 0.089 11.83%

Node9F 0.006 1.15% 0.000 0.00%

Node5B 0.090 1.95% 0.246 5.33%

- 77 -
Node6B 0.000 0.02% 0.001 0.06%

Node10A 0.213 3.97% 1.539 28.70%

Node11A 0.006 0.25% 0.098 4.46%

Node1A 0.001 0.03% 0.001 0.08%

Node13A 0.002 0.08% 0.011 0.60%

Node3C 0.013 0.93% 0.074 5.19%

Node14C 0.000 0.00% 0.001 0.06%

Node5A 0.003 0.21% 0.012 0.73%

Node13B 0.001 0.13% 0.015 1.85%

Node12B 0.007 0.42% 0.019 1.23%

Node10C 0.003 0.35% 0.019 2.44%

Node2A 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node3B 0.003 0.24% 0.091 8.10%

Node1B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node2C 0.010 0.91% 0.133 12.57%

Node11C 0.001 0.09% 0.018 1.80%

Node13C 0.000 0.00% 0.001 0.06%

Node11B 0.000 0.03% 0.001 0.10%

Node15C 0.001 0.15% 0.000 0.01%

Node12C 0.052 3.53% 0.182 12.27%

Node4A 0.000 0.03% 0.001 0.05%

Node5C 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node14B 0.010 1.18% 0.001 0.13%

Node14A 0.034 1.12% 0.118 3.92%

Node3A 0.034 2.19% 0.004 0.27%

Node4C 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node2B 0.282 8.58% 1.318 40.15%

Node9C 0.021 3.71% 0.008 1.46%

- 78 -
Node15B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node10B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node1C 0.002 0.08% 0.002 0.06%

Node6A 0.008 1.28% 0.024 4.08%

Node4B 0.002 0.36% 0.002 0.50%

Node6C 0.053 4.31% 0.030 2.48%

Node9B 0.002 0.37% 0.010 1.91%

Node15A 0.026 2.67% 0.004 0.43%

Cell summary for category 5 & 6

Cell Area(km²)[Category 5] Area(%)[Category 5] Area(km²)[Category 6] Area(%)[Category 6]

Node7A 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7C 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7D 0.000 0.02% 0.003 0.58%

Node7E 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7F 0.000 0.12% 0.000 0.16%

Node9A 0.014 2.80% 0.046 9.30%

Node9D 0.091 21.71% 0.016 3.90%

Node9E 0.150 20.02% 0.000 0.01%

Node9F 0.000 0.02% 0.001 0.26%

Node5B 0.677 14.69% 0.523 11.35%

Node6B 0.002 0.19% 0.028 2.30%

Node10A 2.129 39.69% 0.007 0.13%

Node11A 0.525 23.88% 0.370 16.85%

Node1A 0.002 0.15% 0.007 0.41%

- 79 -
Node13A 0.003 0.18% 0.000 0.02%

Node3C 0.077 5.44% 0.202 14.25%

Node14C 0.006 0.39% 0.002 0.17%

Node5A 0.038 2.30% 0.527 32.14%

Node13B 0.067 8.45% 0.089 11.34%

Node12B 0.161 10.36% 0.295 18.94%

Node10C 0.029 3.71% 0.003 0.36%

Node2A 0.000 0.02% 0.004 0.34%

Node3B 0.067 5.92% 0.167 14.86%

Node1B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.01%

Node2C 0.000 0.00% 0.005 0.45%

Node11C 0.130 12.93% 0.216 21.45%

Node13C 0.002 0.19% 0.005 0.51%

Node11B 0.001 0.06% 0.002 0.25%

Node15C 0.000 0.01% 0.005 0.53%

Node12C 0.314 21.13% 0.014 0.96%

Node4A 0.001 0.12% 0.001 0.07%

Node5C 0.003 0.40% 0.000 0.00%

Node14B 0.001 0.15% 0.005 0.56%

Node14A 0.251 8.37% 0.099 3.31%

Node3A 0.002 0.13% 0.027 1.74%

Node4C 0.000 0.00% 0.002 0.36%

Node2B 0.020 0.61% 0.020 0.61%

Node9C 0.002 0.36% 0.009 1.52%

Node15B 0.002 0.30% 0.014 1.84%

Node10B 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node1C 0.009 0.34% 0.032 1.18%

Node6A 0.054 9.16% 0.155 26.51%

- 80 -
Node4B 0.001 0.16% 0.000 0.05%

Node6C 0.072 5.91% 0.105 8.57%

Node9B 0.005 0.93% 0.033 6.18%

Node15A 0.004 0.42% 0.014 1.47%

Cell summary for category 7 & 8

Cell Area(km²)[Category 7] Area(%)[Category 7] Area(km²)[Category 8] Area(%)[Category 8]

Node7A 0.007 1.89% 0.149 43.44%

Node7B 0.001 0.39% 0.077 27.35%

Node7C 0.004 0.95% 0.154 41.65%

Node7D 0.150 25.43% 0.222 37.77%

Node7E 0.017 4.91% 0.142 40.41%

Node7F 0.004 1.43% 0.044 17.21%

Node9A 0.080 16.17% 0.120 24.44%

Node9D 0.006 1.52% 0.095 22.64%

Node9E 0.066 8.85% 0.218 29.09%

Node9F 0.042 8.51% 0.223 45.14%

Node5B 0.927 20.12% 1.317 28.59%

Node6B 0.340 28.35% 0.316 26.39%

Node10A 0.183 3.41% 0.456 8.49%

Node11A 0.192 8.75% 0.107 4.85%

Node1A 0.235 14.91% 0.303 19.25%

Node13A 0.006 0.31% 0.294 15.37%

Node3C 0.576 40.66% 0.085 6.03%

Node14C 0.005 0.32% 0.224 16.10%

Node5A 0.085 5.15% 0.070 4.24%

- 81 -
Node13B 0.029 3.67% 0.029 3.63%

Node12B 0.072 4.64% 0.279 17.90%

Node10C 0.007 0.95% 0.108 14.05%

Node2A 0.074 6.41% 0.311 27.07%

Node3B 0.009 0.82% 0.007 0.62%

Node1B 0.004 0.54% 0.177 23.82%

Node2C 0.086 8.07% 0.280 26.40%

Node11C 0.013 1.30% 0.018 1.78%

Node13C 0.054 5.45% 0.323 32.58%

Node11B 0.001 0.05% 0.169 18.07%

Node15C 0.127 14.24% 0.208 23.25%

Node12C 0.122 8.21% 0.236 15.86%

Node4A 0.148 13.02% 0.284 24.96%

Node5C 0.000 0.02% 0.051 6.06%

Node14B 0.052 6.27% 0.166 20.16%

Node14A 0.267 8.92% 0.939 31.32%

Node3A 0.171 11.02% 0.395 25.54%

Node4C 0.005 1.08% 0.007 1.74%

Node2B 0.325 9.91% 0.516 15.71%

Node9C 0.073 13.11% 0.214 38.27%

Node15B 0.076 9.81% 0.075 9.66%

Node10B 0.013 2.88% 0.127 27.33%

Node1C 0.292 10.93% 0.893 33.40%

Node6A 0.009 1.57% 0.042 7.11%

Node4B 0.004 0.86% 0.015 3.37%

Node6C 0.032 2.63% 0.197 16.17%

Node9B 0.090 16.69% 0.178 32.88%

Node15A 0.026 2.67% 0.222 22.89%

- 82 -
 Cell summary for category 9 & 10
Cell Area(km²)[Category 9] Area(%)[Category 9] Area(km²)[Category 10] Area(%)[Category 10]

Node7A 0.113 32.93% 0.060 17.44%

Node7B 0.090 32.01% 0.056 19.75%

Node7C 0.131 35.63% 0.067 18.03%

Node7D 0.130 22.00% 0.062 10.50%

Node7E 0.114 32.24% 0.061 17.34%

Node7F 0.102 39.69% 0.058 22.48%

Node9A 0.108 21.98% 0.062 12.68%

Node9D 0.143 33.91% 0.057 13.48%

Node9E 0.172 23.01% 0.033 4.45%

Node9F 0.160 32.27% 0.048 9.62%

Node5B 0.440 9.55% 0.059 1.27%

Node6B 0.193 16.07% 0.119 9.90%

Node10A 0.338 6.31% 0.203 3.79%

Node11A 0.265 12.08% 0.222 10.09%

Node1A 0.371 23.59% 0.360 22.89%

Node13A 0.445 23.28% 0.474 24.84%

Node3C 0.043 3.01% 0.049 3.42%

Node14C 0.257 18.46% 0.353 25.35%

Node5A 0.306 18.67% 0.302 18.40%

Node13B 0.094 11.86% 0.200 25.36%

Node12B 0.230 14.77% 0.193 12.40%

Node10C 0.205 26.61% 0.153 19.82%

Node2A 0.312 27.09% 0.181 15.76%

Node3B 0.083 7.35% 0.363 32.31%

Node1B 0.228 30.59% 0.137 18.45%

Node2C 0.195 18.36% 0.135 12.72%

- 83 -
Node11C 0.089 8.83% 0.234 23.16%

Node13C 0.284 28.66% 0.167 16.86%

Node11B 0.257 27.52% 0.204 21.85%

Node15C 0.166 18.55% 0.141 15.73%

Node12C 0.221 14.91% 0.132 8.86%

Node4A 0.299 26.22% 0.174 15.30%

Node5C 0.210 24.72% 0.171 20.15%

Node14B 0.187 22.61% 0.139 16.87%

Node14A 0.717 23.92% 0.164 5.46%

Node3A 0.385 24.88% 0.212 13.70%

Node4C 0.059 14.15% 0.121 29.22%

Node2B 0.327 9.95% 0.188 5.71%

Node9C 0.162 28.95% 0.051 9.06%

Node15B 0.171 22.01% 0.180 23.11%

Node10B 0.112 24.17% 0.071 15.25%

Node1C 0.595 22.24% 0.373 13.94%

Node6A 0.062 10.51% 0.056 9.62%

Node4B 0.082 18.62% 0.116 26.45%

Node6C 0.221 18.14% 0.153 12.53%

Node9B 0.134 24.87% 0.076 14.08%

Node15A 0.260 26.75% 0.154 15.87%

Cell summary for category11 & 12

Cell Area(km²)[Category 11] Area(%)[Category 11] Area(km²)[Category 12] Area(%)[Category 12]

Node7A 0.013 3.81% 0.001 0.29%

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Node7B 0.033 11.65% 0.019 6.86%

Node7C 0.012 3.23% 0.001 0.19%

Node7D 0.019 3.24% 0.001 0.24%

Node7E 0.017 4.68% 0.001 0.20%

Node7F 0.033 12.60% 0.016 6.20%

Node9A 0.040 8.13% 0.021 4.16%

Node9D 0.005 1.07% 0.000 0.07%

Node9E 0.004 0.49% 0.000 0.04%

Node9F 0.004 0.83% 0.000 0.08%

Node5B 0.088 1.91% 0.096 2.07%

Node6B 0.075 6.28% 0.047 3.93%

Node10A 0.119 2.22% 0.073 1.36%

Node11A 0.146 6.65% 0.107 4.85%

Node1A 0.200 12.72% 0.088 5.56%

Node13A 0.359 18.79% 0.156 8.14%

Node3C 0.081 5.72% 0.094 6.62%

Node14C 0.233 16.69% 0.157 11.28%

Node5A 0.172 10.51% 0.082 4.99%

Node13B 0.108 13.71% 0.061 7.68%

Node12B 0.121 7.78% 0.073 4.70%

Node10C 0.096 12.41% 0.061 7.88%

Node2A 0.104 9.03% 0.067 5.80%

Node3B 0.219 19.51% 0.106 9.46%

Node1B 0.075 10.06% 0.049 6.58%

Node2C 0.085 8.04% 0.053 4.96%

Node11C 0.135 13.37% 0.072 7.12%

Node13C 0.062 6.24% 0.037 3.76%

Node11B 0.121 12.89% 0.079 8.44%

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Node15C 0.082 9.21% 0.062 6.94%

Node12C 0.082 5.53% 0.050 3.39%

Node4A 0.093 8.13% 0.054 4.70%

Node5C 0.174 20.45% 0.111 13.08%

Node14B 0.095 11.55% 0.072 8.75%

Node14A 0.136 4.54% 0.136 4.55%

Node3A 0.127 8.19% 0.080 5.17%

Node4C 0.082 19.72% 0.054 12.90%

Node2B 0.107 3.25% 0.065 1.97%

Node9C 0.002 0.41% 0.001 0.23%

Node15B 0.097 12.44% 0.071 9.12%

Node10B 0.042 8.95% 0.033 7.03%

Node1C 0.212 7.92% 0.128 4.77%

Node6A 0.059 10.00% 0.043 7.28%

Node4B 0.075 17.05% 0.051 11.70%

Node6C 0.125 10.28% 0.108 8.82%

Node9B 0.006 1.04% 0.000 0.07%

Node15A 0.092 9.48% 0.056 5.81%

Cell summary for category13 & 14

Cell Area(km²)[Category 13] Area(%)[Category 13] Area(km²)[Category 14] Area(%)[Category 14]

Node7A 0.000 0.12% 0.000 0.06%

Node7B 0.005 1.88% 0.000 0.04%

Node7C 0.001 0.16% 0.000 0.03%

Node7D 0.000 0.07% 0.000 0.03%

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Node7E 0.001 0.17% 0.000 0.03%

Node7F 0.000 0.04% 0.000 0.00%

Node9A 0.001 0.10% 0.000 0.08%

Node9D 0.000 0.10% 0.000 0.05%

Node9E 0.000 0.05% 0.000 0.03%

Node9F 0.000 0.06% 0.000 0.08%

Node5B 0.066 1.43% 0.038 0.82%

Node6B 0.033 2.76% 0.022 1.79%

Node10A 0.048 0.89% 0.033 0.61%

Node11A 0.082 3.72% 0.047 2.12%

Node1A 0.003 0.22% 0.001 0.08%

Node13A 0.095 4.98% 0.046 2.41%

Node3C 0.064 4.54% 0.043 3.04%

Node14C 0.105 7.57% 0.048 3.47%

Node5A 0.039 2.38% 0.003 0.16%

Node13B 0.042 5.32% 0.031 3.98%

Node12B 0.047 3.02% 0.031 2.01%

Node10C 0.039 5.12% 0.024 3.16%

Node2A 0.045 3.93% 0.031 2.70%

Node3B 0.006 0.56% 0.001 0.10%

Node1B 0.031 4.14% 0.021 2.77%

Node2C 0.034 3.20% 0.023 2.13%

Node11C 0.035 3.47% 0.023 2.29%

Node13C 0.022 2.21% 0.015 1.51%

Node11B 0.048 5.17% 0.027 2.91%

Node15C 0.048 5.31% 0.032 3.53%

Node12C 0.033 2.22% 0.021 1.42%

Node4A 0.035 3.06% 0.025 2.16%

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Node5C 0.070 8.22% 0.036 4.18%

Node14B 0.044 5.33% 0.028 3.36%

Node14A 0.079 2.65% 0.047 1.56%

Node3A 0.046 2.95% 0.032 2.04%

Node4C 0.036 8.58% 0.026 6.29%

Node2B 0.046 1.41% 0.034 1.02%

Node9C 0.000 0.04% 0.000 0.05%

Node15B 0.045 5.77% 0.027 3.44%

Node10B 0.025 5.40% 0.019 4.13%

Node1C 0.078 2.91% 0.046 1.70%

Node6A 0.031 5.29% 0.019 3.24%

Node4B 0.037 8.35% 0.025 5.58%

Node6C 0.073 6.00% 0.033 2.73%

Node9B 0.000 0.07% 0.000 0.04%

Node15A 0.044 4.57% 0.023 2.35%

Cell summary for category13, 14, 15, 16 & 17

[Category

[Category
Area(km²)

Area(km²)

Area(km²)
Category

Category

Category

Category
Area (%)

Area(%)

Area(%)
Cell

15]

15

16

16

17

17

Node7A 0.000 0.03% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7B 0.000 0.07% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7C 0.000 0.03% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7D 0.000 0.02% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node7E 0.000 0.03% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

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Node7F 0.000 0.08% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node9A 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node9D 0.000 0.05% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node9E 0.000 0.03% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node9F 0.000 0.06% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node5B 0.018 0.38% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node6B 0.014 1.14% 0.009 0.78% 0.000 0.02%

Node10A 0.021 0.39% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node11A 0.026 1.20% 0.005 0.20% 0.000 0.02%

Node1A 0.001 0.03% 0.001 0.04% 0.000 0.00%

Node13A 0.019 0.97% 0.000 0.01% 0.000 0.01%

Node3C 0.014 0.97% 0.000 0.03% 0.000 0.02%

Node14C 0.001 0.05% 0.001 0.04% 0.000 0.02%

Node5A 0.001 0.03% 0.000 0.01% 0.000 0.01%

Node13B 0.023 2.94% 0.000 0.01% 0.000 0.04%

Node12B 0.023 1.46% 0.000 0.02% 0.000 0.02%

Node10C 0.017 2.18% 0.007 0.91% 0.000 0.03%

Node2A 0.021 1.79% 0.000 0.02% 0.000 0.02%

Node3B 0.001 0.05% 0.000 0.04% 0.000 0.00%

Node1B 0.012 1.61% 0.008 1.10% 0.002 0.31%

Node2C 0.014 1.28% 0.009 0.84% 0.001 0.05%

Node11C 0.014 1.34% 0.009 0.84% 0.002 0.20%

Node13C 0.010 1.00% 0.006 0.61% 0.003 0.31%

Node11B 0.017 1.81% 0.007 0.76% 0.000 0.02%

Node15C 0.015 1.70% 0.007 0.73% 0.000 0.03%

Node12C 0.014 0.92% 0.009 0.61% 0.001 0.03%

Node4A 0.016 1.41% 0.008 0.67% 0.000 0.02%

Node5C 0.022 2.63% 0.000 0.01% 0.000 0.04%

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Node14B 0.019 2.25% 0.002 0.23% 0.000 0.02%

Node14A 0.001 0.02% 0.000 0.01% 0.000 0.01%

Node3A 0.021 1.35% 0.000 0.02% 0.000 0.00%

Node4C 0.019 4.56% 0.005 1.25% 0.000 0.05%

Node2B 0.021 0.65% 0.000 0.01% 0.000 0.01%

Node9C 0.000 0.02% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node15B 0.016 2.06% 0.003 0.37% 0.000 0.01%

Node10B 0.012 2.47% 0.008 1.76% 0.003 0.56%

Node1C 0.007 0.26% 0.000 0.01% 0.000 0.01%

Node6A 0.013 2.22% 0.009 1.55% 0.001 0.10%

Node4B 0.017 3.82% 0.011 2.55% 0.002 0.46%

Node6C 0.001 0.11% 0.000 0.02% 0.000 0.02%

Node9B 0.000 0.04% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00%

Node15A 0.015 1.54% 0.009 0.90% 0.000 0.03%

Fig 48: showing the covered area for each category

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Fig 49: Showing the percentage covered area for each category

Fig 50: showing the total area covered for each sector

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REFERENCES

[1] http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~microwave/programs/wireless/prop/CostHata.htm visited

15/03/2010

[2] Blaustein Matha (1999), “Radio Propagation in Cellular Networks” ,Artech House,
Boston-London,

[3] http://www.lx.it.pt/cost231/final_report.htm (viewed 1.6.2009)

[4] http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/wcdma.htm visited 27/04/2010

[5] Ajay R. Mishra (2007), UMTS network planning, optimization, and inter-operation with
GSM, WCDMA for UMTS: HSPA evolution and LTE, John Wiley son & Ltd

[6] Liang Guo, Jie Zhang and Carsten Maple (2003), Coverage and Capacity Calculations for
3G Mobile Network Planning, Department of Computing and Information Systems,
University of Luton, Luton, LU1 3JU, U.K

[7] Edward Bernner and Abu b Sesay (1996) Effect of antenna heights, Antenna gain and
pattern doen tilting for cellular mobile radio IEEE transaction Vehicular technology, vol 45
no. 2

[8] Jarno Niemelä and Jukka Lempiäinen (2004), Impact of the Base Station Antenna
Beamwidth on Capacity in WCDMA Cellular Networks

[9] Jarno Niemel¨ (2005), Optimum Antenna Down tilt Angles for Microcellular WCDMA
Network, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2005:5, 816–827

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