TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Name of Instructor: Miss K R S Dematagolla Name : N.D.Amarasinghe

Index No : 020017
Field : Elect.Eng. (Level-2)
Date of Per. : 18/09/2003
Date of Sub. : 25/09/2003
CALCULATIONS
Rated current
HV side = 4000/400 = 10 A
LV side = 4000/230 = 17.39 A

Equivalent circuit parameters

1. Core loss resistance rc = Vrated2 /P

Rc = 2102 /40
Rc = 1102.5 Ω

2. Magnetizing reactance (xm) xm = Vrated/Im

= 210/.78
= 269.2 Ω

3. Primary winding resistance (r1) r1 = P/Irated2

= 65/102
= 0.65 Ω

4. Primary winding leakage reactance (x1)

Vin2 = Vx2 + Vr2
2
V1 = Irated2 (r12 +x12)
8.42 = 102 (0.652 + x12)
x1 = 0.532Ω

turns ratio = a2 = 400/230 = 1.74

r2eq = r1/ a2 x2eq=x1/ a2

= 0.65 Ω/ 1.742 = 0.532 Ω / 1.742
= 0.214 Ω = 0.175 Ω

Voltage Regulation = 0.65*10*1+269.2*10*0

8.4
= 0.77

Efficiency = 8.4*10*1 * 100

2
8.4*10*1 + 10 *0.65 + 65
= 39.2%

RESULTS
 Voltage Vs wattmeter readings

45
40
35
30
25
W
20
15
10
5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
V

Current Vs wattmeter readings

45
40
35
30
25
W
20
15
10
5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
A
 DISCUSSION
.

A transformer, operated on AC voltage can be categorized into two main categories, namely, step up
transformers and step down transformers. When the device is supplied with the AC voltage to the
primary winding, a higher or a lower voltage depending on the category of the transformer will be given
out in the secondary winding which is connected through a magnetic core.

When it comes to an Engineering point of view consideration of losses of an electrical machine is of

great importance due to reasons such as determination of efficiency which influences the operating cost,
determination of heating of the machine which places an upper limit for output which can be obtained
without any deterioration of the insulation, etc.

Considering a transformer, losses which occur can be stated as,

• Copper loss in the windings, which vary the current
• Hysterisis and eddy current losses in the laminated iron-core constant in the neighbourhood
of a normal operating voltage
• Dielectric losses in the insulation material (appreciable only in case of high voltage
transformer)
• Leakage flux in the magnetic circuit
When current is increased power generated due to resistance in increased. Therefore when it comes to
power transmission in an electrical system it might be necessary for the power to be transmitted to
hundreds of kilometres. So if a high current is used for the transmission the power loss along the lines is
high as shown in the above equation. To minimize this power loss a higher voltage rather than a higher
current is needed. Since it is not easy to generate a high voltage at generating stations itself, the role of
the transformer is brought in. I.e. the step up transformers, which have the capability of producing a
higher voltage and a lower current output than the input, are used. These transformers output voltages as
high as 33,000 volts (even higher than that) for long distance transmission.

When it comes down to distributing power to the consumer again the transformers are brought in as the
voltages have to be brought down to the usage levels such as 230 V, 400 V etc. For this purpose step
down transformers are used which produce lower voltages than the input. Sometimes this is done in
steps requiring the usage of the transformer even more.

So considering the above points which mainly involve transformers’ role in power transmission could
be mentioned as one of the most important aspects in a electrical power system. In conclusion the
transformer plays a very big role in an electrical power system.