I.

ELEMENTS & ATOMS:

• ______________= A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
o Periodic Table
 1-92 occur in ___________(natural elements)
 93 and above are ___________(man-made)
 Natural Elements:
o _____are essential to living things
o Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N) make up 96% of human
mass
 Trace Elements:
o Found in very_________ amounts but are __________to proper
cellular activities
o Ex: iron, magnesium, iodine

• ______= Smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element
o 3 Subatomic particles make up an atom:
1. ___________(P) = __________charged particles
2. __________ (N) = no charge (__________)
3. _____________(e-) = (____________charge) move nearly the speed
of light form a cloud around the nucleus

Nitrogen Atom

o 2 parts of an atom:
1. _________= Center of atom; contains __________& ____________
2. ___________________________– around the nucleus

II. ISOTPES:
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• _____________= Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of
___________
o Named by their ______________
 C-12 = ( _______+ 6 P)
 C-13 = ( ______+ 6 P)
 C-14= ( _____+ 6 P)  Radioactive (nuclei break apart)
• Used in the medical field

III.ATOMIC NUMBER & ATOMIC MASS:

• _______________= number of ________and/or ___________of an atom
 Ex: Na-23 contains 11 electrons and 11 protons
• ______________= the _____of protons and neutrons of an atom
o _________________________________________________

IV.ENERGY LEVELS & DIAGRAMING ATOMS:

• ________________= regions around the ___________that electrons travel
o 1st energy level can ONLY have ____electrons
 Except Hydrogen; it has only 1 e-

o ____________________= Each energy level AFTER the first can have up

to ____electrons
 (2n2)
 So 3rd energy level has 18 e- (2 · 32) = 18

• DIAGRAMING ATOMS:
Ex: Chlorine (Cl)
Ex: Helium (He) Atomic # = 17; Mass # = 35
Atomic # = 2; Mass # = 4

Nucleus
Ex: Carbon (C)
Atomic # = 6; Mass # = 12
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I. COMPOUNDS & BONDING:
• ________________= a substance made of chemically combined elements.
• Atoms bond to form _________________
o Atoms need _____________in OUTER energy level to be stable;
 Exception: hydrogen needs 2 e-
• Open bonding sites (electrons) encourage _____________
• Elements can combine in two ways:
1. ____________________:
o Covalent bonds _____________ electrons
 The positively charged nucleus is _______________to the
negatively charged electrons
o Water, sugars, fats, and proteins are ________________________
o ________________= a group of covalently bonded atoms with ___charge
 Ex: H2O  2 hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom

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 - Oxygen needs _______electrons to become stable

- Each hydrogen needs ____electron to fill orbital

 Therefore, they__________!!

2. ________________:
o ______________of electrons creating ions that attract each
other = _________
o _________= charged atoms because they have _________or
________electron(s)
o Atoms that _______electrons become more ___________
o Atoms that ______electrons become more _____________
o Atoms gain/lose electrons efficiently

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 Ionic Bonding

Na (11)
Cl (17)
+
11 +
17
-
+11e -
+17e
0
0

Na loses 1e- Cl gains 1e-

+ +
11 17
- -
+10e +18e
+ -
1 ION 1 ION

Na+1 + Cl-1 --> NaCl

Na+1 + Cl-1  NaCl

~More effective to _____an electron than to ______an electron!!

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II. WATER IS POLAR
o __________= unequal distribution of charge
o Each molecule has a _____________end and a ____________end
o Ex: Water (H2O) molecule --> Oxygen is
much stronger and therefore has a stronger
_________________than the hydrogen’s
positive charge

o Because of water’s polarity, it can

_________many ionic compounds and other
polar compounds such as _________

o The water molecules also _________to

each other because of___________
(unequal distribution of charge)

o The attraction of opposite charges forms a _____________bond called a

______________
• This keeps large molecules _____________(Ex: proteins)

III. UNIQUENESS OF WATER- due to its polarity!

1. _______________________________________
• The polarity of water cause the surface layer of water molecules to act
like a stretched film over the surface of the water (_______________)
o Ex: water striders

2. ________________________________________
• The polarity of water allows _____________to get water from
the ____________
o Water creeps up tubes in plant roots and stems

3. _____________________________________
• Ice is _____________dense than water (ice floats!)

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I. CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
• All the chemical reactions in our bodies are called_______________________.
- Breakdown and reassemble molecules in the body.
• Chemical reactions occur only when conditions are right:
• Temperature
• Availability of energy
• Concentrations of compounds
• pH of the environment
 How acidic/basic the environment is

II. WRITING A CHEMICAL EQUATION:

_________ _____ _________

_ _ _

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

(methane) + (oxygen) (carbon dioxide) + (water)

• ______________________= # of molecules of a compound

• Ex: 6O2 = 6 molecules of Oxygen (O)
3H2O =____molecules of H2O

• ___________________= # of atoms of an element

• Ex: CH4 = 1 atom C, 4 atoms H
CO2 = _____ atom of C, _____ atoms O

 How many atoms of O are in 6O2 ?

 _____atoms of O!

 The same number of atoms of elements are on the reactant and the product side of
chemical equations because of the _____________________________________
(atoms are never created or destroyed; they are simply rearranged!)….we must
always balance equations using________________________!!

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III. pH, ACID, BASES:
• _____= how acidic or basic a substance is

• _________ = substance that forms H+ (hydrogen ions) in water

• H2 O
HCl H+ + Cl- (pH _________than 7)

• __________________= substance that forms OH- (hydroxide ions) in water

H2 O
NaOH Na+ + OH- (pH ________ than 7)

• The pH scale:

0 7 14

______ ______
___ ____

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/24260616/ELEMENTS-_-ATOMS
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