Chapter 7.

Energy and Energy

Balance
 Introduction

ƒ Energy is expensive….
ƒ Effective use of energy is important task for chemical engineers.

ƒ Topics of this chapter

ƒ Energy balance
ƒ Energy and energy transfer
ƒ Forms of energy : Kinetic / Potential / Internal Energy
ƒ Energy transfer : Heat and Work

ƒ Using tables of thermodynamic data (steam table)

ƒ Mechanical energy balances
Energy Consumption
 Typical problems

ƒ Power requirement for a pump

Æ Pure mechanical energy balance
ƒ Heat / Work calculation for a desired change
ƒ Removal of heat from reactor
ƒ Combustion problem
ƒ Requirement of energies for each apparatus
 Terminology Associated with Energy
Balance
ƒ System : The quantity of matter or region chosen for
study enclosed by boundary
ƒ Surroundings : Everything outside the system
ƒ Boundary : The surface that separates the system from
the surroundings. It may be a real or imaginary surface,
either rigid or movable.

Boundary

System

Surroundings
Terminology Associated with Energy Balance

ƒ Adiabatic System
ƒ A system does not exchange heat Q
with surroundings during a process.

ƒ Isothermal System
ƒ A system in which the temperature is ΔT
invariant during a process

ƒ Isobaric System
ƒ A system in which the pressure is ΔP
constant during a process

ƒ Isochoric System
ƒ A system in which the volume is ΔV
invariant during a process
 Terminology Associated with Energy
Balance
ƒ State Variable (State Function)
ƒ Any variable (function) whose value depends only on the state of
the system and not upon its previous history.

ƒ Path Variable (Path Function)

ƒ Any variable (function) whose value depends on how the
process take place, and differ for different histories.
 7.1 Forms of Energy
– The First Law of Thermodynamics
ƒ Forms of energy mv 2
EK =
ƒ Kinetic energy : due to the motion of the system 2g c

g
ƒ Potential energy : due to the position of the system Ep = m h
gc

ƒ Internal energy : due to the motion of internal molecules

ƒ Expressed as Temperature
ƒ U : from thermodynamic calculation

ƒ Forms of energy transfer

ƒ Heat (Q) : energy flow due to temperature difference
ƒ Work (W) : energy flow due to the driving force other than
temperature difference (force, torque, voltage, …)
 Notation

˙ : rate of energy / energy transfer (energy/time)

^ : specific properties (energy / mass)

ƒ Example ) Kinetic Energy

mv 2
EK = Unit : Joule
2g c
&
m v 2
E& K = Unit : Joule/s
2g c
v2
Ê K = Unit : Joule/kg
2g c
 Unit Conversion
ƒ Force
ƒ 1 N = 1 kg · m /s2, 1 dyne = 1 g cm /s2
ƒ 1 lbf = 32.174 lbm · ft /s2
ƒ Pressure
ƒ 1 atm
= 1.01325 bar = 1.01325×105 Pa (N/m2) = 101.325 kPa
= 760 mm Hg = 14.696 lbf/in2 (psi)
ƒ Energy
ƒ 1 J = 1 N · m = 107 dyne · cm = 0.23901 cal = 9.486 × 10-4 Btu
ƒ 1 Btu = 1055 J
ƒ Power
ƒ 1 W = 1 J/s = 1.341 × 10-3 hp
 Example 7.2-1

ƒ Water flows into a process unit through a 2-cm ID pipe at

a rate of 2.00 m3/h. Calculate Ek for this stream in J/s.

&
m v 2
E& K = 선 속도와 질량 유속을 알아야 함.
2 gc

2 m3 1 (100 cm) 2 1 h
v= = 1.77 m/s
h π (1 cm) 2 2
(1 m) 3600 s

2 m 3 1000 kg 1 h
m& = 3
= 0.556 kg/s
h 1m 3600 s
2 2 2
mv 0 .556 kg/s (1 . 77 m) 1 N
E& K = = = 0.870 N ⋅ m/s = 0.870 J/s
2 gc 2 s 2
1 kg ⋅ m/s 2
 Example 7.2-2
ƒ Crude oil is pumped at a rate of 15.0 kg/s from a point
220 meters below the earth’s surface to a point 20
meters above ground level. Calculate the attendant rate
of increase of potential energy.
g
E& p = m& h
gc
g
ΔE& p = m& Δh
gc
Δh = 220 + 20 = 240 m

g 15kg 9.81 N 240 m

ΔE& p = m& Δh = = 35300 N ⋅ m/s = 35300 J/s
gc s kg
 7.3 Energy balance on closed systems

ƒ Balance equation
(Final System Energy) – (Initial System Energy)
= (Net Energy Transfer)

ƒ Initial System Energy U i + E pi + E ki

ƒ Final System Energy U f + E pf + E kf

The first law of
ƒ Net Energy Transfer Q+W thermodynamics
for closed
systems

Δ U + ΔE p + ΔE k = Q + W

Text definition: work is done by the surroundings on the system

 Important points

ƒ U depends on composition, state, temperature of the

system. Nearly independent of pressure for ideal gases,
liquids, solids.
ƒ If there are no temperature differences,
Q = 0 Æ Adiabatic process
ƒ If there are no moving parts …
W=0
ƒ Potential energy change Æ due to the changes in height
 Example 7.3-1
ƒ A gas is contained in a cylinder fitted with a movable piston.

ƒ The initial gas temperature is 25 oC.

ƒ The cylinder is placed in boiling water with the piston held in a fixed
position. Heat in the amount of 2.00 kcal is transferred to the gas, which
equilibrates at 100 oC (and a higher pressure). The piston is then
released, and the gas does 100 J of work in moving the piston to its new
equilibrium position. The final gas temperature is 100 oC.
ƒ Write the energy balance equation for each of the two stages of this
process, and in each case solve for the unknown energy term in the
equation. In solving this problem, consider the gas in the cylinder to be
the system, neglect the change in potential energy of the gas as the
piston moves vertically, and assume the gas behaves ideally. Express
all energies in joules.
 Solution

Δ U + ΔE p + ΔE k = Q + W ΔU = Q + W

Q ΔU = Q ΔU = 2 kcal = 8368 J

W Q = −W Q = − W = −(−100) J = 100J
 7.4 Energy Balances on
Open Systems at Steady State
ƒ Flow work and shaft work
ƒ Flow work : work done on system by the fluid itself at the inlet
and the outlet
ƒ Shaft work : work done on the system by a moving part within
the system

W& = W& s + W& fl

V&in (m 3 / s ) Process V&out (m 3 / s )

Unit
Pin ( N / m 2 ) Pout ( N / m 2 )

& =P V& &

Wfl in in − Pout Vout
 Ws – Shaft work?

ƒ Shaft work : work done on the system by a moving part

within the system
ƒ Components such as turbines, pumps, and compressors – all
operate by energy transfer to or from the working-fluid
ƒ Energy transfer usually through blades rotating on a shaft
ƒ Also fluid dynamics problem…
 Specific Properties
ƒ Specific properties

ƒ (Property) / (Amount (Mass, Mole number,…))

ƒ Volume , energy, … Æ Extensive properties

ƒ Specific volume, specific energy, … Æ Intensive property

ƒ Example)

ƒ Volume : extensive property Æ depends on system size

V (cm3 ),U (kJ ),... Extensive properties

ƒ Specific Volume : intensive property Æ independent of system size

Vˆ (cm3 / mol ), Uˆ (kJ / mol ),... Intensive properties
 Enthalpy

ƒ It is convenient to define the following property for the

calculation of energy balance for flowing systems.

ƒ Enthalpy H ≡ U + PV
ƒ Specific Enthalpy Hˆ ≡ Uˆ + PVˆ
 Example 7.4-1 Enthalpy Calculation

ƒ The specific internal energy of helium at 300 K and 1 atm is 3800

J/mol, and the specific molar volume at the same temperature and
pressure is 24.63 l/mol.
ƒ Calculate the specific enthalpy of helium at this temperature and
pressure
ƒ and the rate at which enthalpy is transported by a stream of helium
at 300 K and 1 atm with a molar flow rate of 250 kmol/h.

Important Point
Unit conversion methods
Hˆ ≡ Uˆ + PVˆ ÆUse of Gas constant R
Æ Pressure = Force / Area

Energy Energy Pressure × Volume

 Solution
ƒ Method 1 : Use of Gas Constant, R
R = 0.08206 l.atm /mol.K = 8.314 J/mol.K

1 atm 24.63 liter 8.314 J

H ≡ U + PV = 3800 J/mol +
ˆ ˆ ˆ = 6295 J/mol
mol 0.08206 liter.atm

ƒ Method 2 : Pressure = Force / Area

Hˆ = 3800 J/mol
1 atm 24.63 liter 1.01325 × 105 N/m 2 (= Pa) 1 m 3
+
mol 1 atm 1000 liter
= 6295 J/mol

& = n& Ĥ = 250kmol × 6295J / mol = 1.57 × 109 J / h

H
 The Steady-State Open System Energy
Balance

Δ U + ΔE p + ΔE k = Q + W
W = Ws + W f
Wf = m in Pin V̂in − m out Pout V̂out
mv 2
ΔE K = Δ
2gc
g
ΔE K = Δ m h
gc

ΔU = ΔmUˆ
Hˆ ≡ Uˆ + PVˆ

ΔH + ΔE p + ΔE k = Q + Ws
 Example 7.4-2

ƒ 500 kg/h of stream drives a turbine.

ƒ The stream enters the turbine at 44 atm and 450 oC at a linear

velocity of 60 m/s and leaves at a point 5 m below the turbine inlet
at atmospheric pressure and a velocity of 360 m/s.

ƒ The turbine delivers shaft work at a rate of 70 kW, and the heat loss
from the turbine is estimated to be 104 kcal/h

ƒ Calculate the specific enthalpy changes associated with the process

 Solution
Q = -104 kcal/h
W = -70 kW
ΔH + ΔE p + ΔE k = Q + Ws
500 kg/h

44 atm, 450oC
ΔH = Q + Ws − ΔE p − ΔE k
60 m/s
5m
500 kg / h
500 kg/h & =
m = 0.139 kg / s
1 atm
3600s / h
360 m/s

& 2
m 0.139 kg / s 1N ( 260 2 − 60 2 ) m 2 1W 1kW
ΔE k = ( u 2 − u 1 ) =
2
= 8.75kW
2 2 1kg ⋅ m / s 2 s2 1N ⋅ m / s 10 3 W

0.139 kg / s 9.81N ( −5) m 1kW

ΔE p = m
& g ( z 2 − z1 ) = = −6.81 × 10 −3 kW
2 kg 10 N ⋅ m / s
3

− 10 4 kcal 1J 1h 1kW
Q= = −11.6kW Ws = −70kW
h 0.239 × 10 −3 kcal 3600s 10 3 J / s

ΔH & −W
& =Q & − ΔE& − ΔE& = −90.3kW
s p k

& =m − 90.3kJ / s
ΔH & (Ĥ 2 − Ĥ1 ) & /m
Ĥ 2 − Ĥ1 = ΔH & = = −650 kJ / kg
0.139 kg / s
 7.5 Tables of Thermodynamic Data

ƒ U, H, S, V,… Æ Thermodynamic function

ƒ Tables of Thermodynamic Data

ƒ Tabulation of values of thermodynamic functions (U, H, V,..) at

various condition (T and P)

ƒ It is impossible to know the absolute values of U , H for process

materials Æ Only changes are important ( ΔU, ΔH,…)

ƒ Reference state

ƒ Choose a T and P as a reference state and measure changes

of U and H from this reference state Æ tabulation
 Steam Tables
ƒ Compilation of physical properties of water (H, U, V)
ƒ Reference state: liquid water at triple point (0.01 oC, 0.00611 bar)

Table B.7 Properties of Superheated Steam

 Example 7.5-3

ƒ Steam at 10 bar absolute with 190 oC of superheat is fed

to a turbine at a rate m = 2000 kg/h. The turbine operation
is adiabatic, and the effluent is saturated steam at 1 bar.
ƒ Calculate the work output of the turbine in kW, neglecting
kinetic and potential energy changes.

ΔH + ΔE p + ΔE k = Q + Ws

ΔH = Ws
초기와 최종조건의 엔탈피 변화 = 한 일의양
 Table B.7 Properties of Superheated Steam

370

10 bar, saturated T = 179.9 T = 179.9 + 190 = 369.9

 Solution
ƒ Interpolation (and Extrapolation) of steam table

X − X1
M = M1 + ( )( M 2 − M1 )
X 2 − X1
370 − 350
H = 3159 + ( )(3264 − 3159) = 3201
400 − 350

Ws = ΔH = mΔĤ = ( 2000 kg / h ) × (2675 − 3201) kJ / kg × (1h / 3600s)

= −292 kJ/s = − 292 kW
 7.6 Energy Balance Procedures

ƒ Solve material balance Æ Get all the flow rate of streams

ƒ Determine the specific enthalpies of each stream
components
ƒ Using tabulated data
ƒ Calculation (using heat capacity, Cp(T), – Ch.8)
ƒ Construct energy balance equation and solve it.

ΔH + ΔE p + ΔE k = Q + Ws
 Example 7.6-1

ƒ Two stream of water are mixed to form the feed to a boiler. Process
data are as follows:
ƒ Feed stream 1 : 120 kg/min @ 30 oC
ƒ Feed stream 2 : 175 kg/min @ 65 oC
ƒ Boiler pressure : 17 bar (absolute)
ƒ The exiting steam emerges from the boiler through a 6-cm ID pipe.
Calculate the required heat input to the boiler in kJ/min if the
emerging steam is saturated at the boiler pressure.
ƒ Neglect the kinetic energies of the liquid inlet streams.
 Solution
120 kg H2O/min
30 oC H = 125.7 kJ/kg 295 kg H2O/min
175 kg H2O/min
17 bar, saturated steam (204 oC)
65 oC H = 271.9 kJ/kg H = 2793 kJ/kg (V = 0.1166m3)
6cm ID pipe

Q kJ/min

ΔH + ΔE p + ΔE k = Q + Ws Q = ΔH + Δ E k

ΔH = ∑ m Ĥ − ∑ m Ĥ
outlet
i i
inlet
i i = (295 × 2793) − (120 × 125.7 + 175 × 271.9) = 7.61× 10 6 kJ / min

295kg 1 min 0.1166 m 3 1

v = V/A = = 202m / s
min 60s kg π × 0.03 m
2 2

mΔv 2
ΔE K = = 6.02 × 10 3 kJ / min
2g c

Q = ΔH + ΔE K = (7.61× 105 + 6.02 × 103 )kJ / min = 7.67 × 105 kJ / min

Example 7.6-3 Material balance + Energy balance

ƒ Saturated steam at 1 atm is discharged from a turbine at a rate of

1150 kg/h. Superheated steam at 300 oC and 1 atm is needed as a
feed to a heat exchanger.
ƒ To produce it, the turbine discharge stream is mixed with
superheated steam available from a second source at 400 oC and 1
atm.
ƒ The mixing unit operates adiabatically.
ƒ Calculate the amount of superheated steam at 300 oC produced and
the required volumetric flow rate of the 400 oC steam.
 Solution
1150 kg H2O/hr
1 atm, sat (100 oC) m2 (kg H2O/hr)
H = 2676 kJ/kg

1 atm, 300 oC
m1 (kg H2O/hr) H = 3074 kJ/kg
1 atm, 400 oC
H = 3278 kJ/kg

Material Balance

1150 + m1 = m2

Two equation
Energy Balance Two unknown

1150×2676 + m1×3278 = m2×3074

m1=2240 kg/h
m2=339z0 kg/h

The specific volume of steam at 400 oC and 1 atm is 3.11 m3/kg (Table B.7)
3
& = 2240 kg 3 . 11m
V = 6980 m 3 / h
h kg
 7.7 Mechanical Energy Balances

ΔH + ΔE p + ΔE k = Q + Ws

ƒ Chemical equipment (Reactor, Distillation column, Evaporator, Heat

exchanger,…)
ƒ Heat flow, internal energy changes (enthalpy change) are most
important
ƒ Shaft work, kinetic energy, potential energy changes are
negligible ΔH ≈ Q

ƒ Mechanical equipment (Pump, Reservoir, Pipes, Wells, Tanks,

Waste Discharge,…)
ƒ Heat flow, internal energy changes are negligible
ƒ Shaft work, kinetic energy, potential energy changes are most
important
ΔE p + ΔE k = W
 Mechanical Energy Balances
Δ U + ΔE p + ΔE k = Q + W

Vˆin = Vˆout = 1 / ρ
ΔP Δv 2 g
+ + Δz + (ΔÛ − Q / m) = Ws / m
ρ 2g c g c

F = ΔUˆ − Q / m ( friction loss )

Δ P Δv 2 g
+ + Δz + F = Ws / m
ρ 2g c g c
F = 0, Ws = 0

ΔP Δv 2 g Bernoulli Equation
+ + Δz = 0 Important equation for the calculation
ρ 2gc gc of equipments consist of pipes, tanks and pumps
 Example 7.7-1 The Bernoulli equation

ƒ Water flows through the system shown here at a rate of

20 l/min. Estimate the pressure required at point 1 if
friction losses are negligible.

(2)
50 m 1 cm ID pipe
P2 = 1 atm

(1)
0.5 cm ID pipe
20 liter /min H2O
P1 = ?
 Solution

(2)
50 m 1 cm ID pipe
P2 = 1 atm

(1)
0.5 cm ID pipe
20 liter /min H2O
P1 = ?
20 liter 1 m 3 (100 cm) 2 1 min
v1 = = 17.0 m/s
min π (0.25cm) 100liter
2
1m 2
60s
v(m / s ) = V / A
20 liter 1 m 3 (100 cm) 2 1 min
v2 = = 4.24 m/s
min π (0.5cm) 100liter
2
1m 2
60s

Δv 2 = (4.24 2 − 17.0 2 ) = −271.0 m 2 / s 2

 Solution

ΔP ( N / m 2 ) Δv 2 ( m 2 / s 2 ) g N
+ + ( ) Δz ( m ) = 0
ρ (kg / m )
3
kg .m / s 2
g c kg
2gc ( )
N
kg.m / s 2
ρ = 1000 kg/m 3
gc = 1
N
Δv 2 = −271.0 m 2 / s 2
N
Δz = 50 m g / g c = 9.81
kg

P1 = 4.56 × 10 5 N / m 2 = 4.56 × 10 5 Pa = 4.56 bar