CE 2164 - STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND MATERIALS

Open-Note Quiz (6 Mar 2007) Time allowed: 60 minutes

Answer ALL questions in Parts 1 & 2 Max. 20 marks

Matriculation No: _________________________ Group:______________

Part 1 [10 Marks]

From questions 1.1 to 1.6, select ONE or MORE correct statement(s) by writing on to
the space provided below each question the appropriate number(s) as illustrated in the
following example 1.0.

Please note that each correct answer or statement will be given 1 mark and half a
mark will be deducted for the selection of each incorrect answer (or statement).

1.0 Steel is an alloy of iron with the following material:

(1) water
(2) cement
(3) carbon
(4) zinc

(3)
Answer(s): ____________ (if (3) is selected as the correct answer to 1.0)

1.1 In concrete, hydration reaction takes place between

(1) Water, cement and sand

(2) Cement, water and granite
(3) Water and cement
(4) Water and aggregate

Answer(s): _____(3)______

1.2 Chemical compositions of Portland cement causing Alkali-aggregate reaction are:

(1) Sodium Oxide
(2) Magnesium Oxide
(3) Titanium Oxide
(4) Potassium Oxide

Answer(s): _____(1) & (4)___

1.3 In the design calculations of reinforced concrete structures, concrete strength is taken
as it’s
(1) Actual tested strength
(2) Specific Mean strength
(3) Characteristic strength
(4) The value of concrete strength, which is exceeded by 95% of the standard cube test
results.

Answer(s): __(3) & (4)_______

1.4 To achieve the objectives of structural design, various design methods may be
considered. The statement(s), which is/are NOT TRUE about various, design methods:

(1) In ultimate strength design method, the ultimate loads are enhanced by an
appropriate load factor
(2) In working stress design method, allowable material stresses are their ultimate
strengths divided by a safety factor.
(3) Limit state design in effect compasses both working stress and ultimate strength
design methods.
(4) BS 8110 is based on ultimate strength design method

Answer(s): ____(4)______

1.5 Serviceability limit state concerns the behaviour of structures under service loads. In a
common building structure, this is associated with

(1) Strength of the structure

(2) Durability of the structure
(3) Water tightness , fire resistance etc
(4) Deflection, crack width etc

Answer(s): ____(2) , (3) & (4)___

1.6 Which of the following will NOT be the consequence of allowing redistribution of
moment in the design of a structural element?

(1) Tension steel can be reduced

(2) Ductility can be improved
(3) Additional moment will get redistributed to other parts of the beam
(4) Load capacity of the structural element will be reduced

Answer(s): ____(4) __________

Matriculation No: _________________________ Group:______________

Part 2 [10 Marks]

2. Being a structural engineer in an engineering design office, you are asked to design a
typical internal rectangular beam for a parking lot construction project in Sentosa. The
beams are expected to carry, a service load of 22.5 kN/m and a dead load of 10 kN/m,
including its self-weight and the bituminous materials on the slabs. The typical span length
is 8 m and it is simply supported. Material properties are specified below:

Steel : f y = 460 MPa,

and
Concrete : f cu = 35 MPa

The difference between effective depth and overall depth of the beam can be taken as 50
mm. Take any beam dimensions in nearest 25 mm.
(Design load, W = 1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk,)

Due to the headroom constraints, the beam depth shall be limited to 650 mm. Ductile
behavior is required. Perform the beam design and sketch your design with proper rebar
arrangements. The design shall conform to BS 8110.

Solution:
(a)
Design load, W = 1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk) = 1.4 × 10 + 1.6 × 22.5 = 50 kN/m

wl 2 50 × 82
Design ultimate moment of the beam = = = 400kNm [1]
8 8

Try as a singly reinforced beam

According to BS 8110, to ensure adequate ductility applies when redistribution does not
exceed 10 % ⇒ 0.775d ≤ z ≤ 0.95d
In order to find the minimum depth for a singly reinforced section z = 0.775 d which
corresponds to x/d = 0.5 and then

K = K ′ = 0.156

M 400 × 106
Then K = ⇒ 0.156 = [1]
bd 2 f cu {b × 6002 × 35}
400 × 106
⇒b = ⇒ b = 203.5 mm
0.156 × 35 × 600 2

In nearest 25 mm
⇒ b = 225 mm [1]
 M 400 × 106
Now K = ⇒ K= = 0.141 < 0.156 [1]
bd 2 f cu {225 × 6002 × 35}
(
⇒ z = d 0.5 + 0.25 − K
0.9 ) = 600 ( 0.5 + 0.25 − 0.141
0.9 )
=483.2 mm [1]

⇒ z <0.95d (= 570mm ), Hence OK. [1]

M 400 × 106
As = = = 2069 mm 2
0.87 f y z 0.87 × 460 × 483.2

Hence use 3T32 ( As = 2413 mm 2 )

OR 7T20 ( As = 2199 mm 2 ) OR 2T20 + 2T32 ( As = 2236 mm 2 ) [1]
Check for ductility:

Check for N.A. Depth

0.87 fy As
0.87fy As = 0.45fcu ( 0.9 x ) b ⇒
=x
0.405fcu b

For 10% moment redistribution: x ≤ 0.5d

0.87fy As
≤ 0.5d [1]
0.405fcu b

Hence use 3T32 ( As = 2413 mm 2 )

≤ 0.5 × 600 = 300 mm
0.87 × 460 × 2413
= 302.8 mm
0.405 × 35 × 225 250
mm
Since the x> 300 mm not suitable.

d= 600 mm
OR 7T20

650 mm
0.87 × 460 × 2199
= 276 mm
0.405 × 35 × 225
As = 7T20
X< 300 mm suitable.

OR 2T20 + 2T32

250
0.87 × 460 × 2236
= 280 mm mm
0.405 × 35 × 225
X< 300 mm suitable.
d= 600 mm
650 mm

Assumed 10% moment redistribution is achieved and As = 2T20 +

hence the ductility is ensured with the reinforcement 2T32
provided.

[1] [1]

Notes:
If a student took the beam depth smaller than 650 mm and designed as a doubly reinforced
beam correctly, full marks should be given. If the ductility check is not done do not reduce
any marks.

If a student took the beam depth as 650 mm and designed as a doubly reinforced beam
correctly, 2 marks should be deducted for uneconomic design.
Using Design charts

[3]
6 6
M 400 × 10 400 × 10
= 5.6 ⇒ 5.6 = ⇒b = = 198.4mm [1]
bd 2
{b × 6002 } 5.6 × 6002
In nearest 25 mm
⇒ b = 200 mm [1]

But d/b is 3. So they have to consider d/b smaller value. If they don’t consider a smaller value
and still use 200 mm full mark can be given if they use the design chart.

M 400 × 106
Now = = 5.55 [1]
bd 2 {200 × 6002 }

100 A′ 0.25 × 200 × 600

= 0.25 ⇒ As′ = =300mm2 [1]
bd 100

100 As 1.7 × 200 × 600

= 1.7 ⇒ As = =2040mm2
bd 100
[1]
Hence use
7T20 ( As = 2199 mm 2 ) OR 2T20 + 2T32 ( As = 2236 mm 2 )
And 2T16 for compression reinforcement. [1]

200 200
mm mm
As′= 2T16 As′= 2T16

d= 600 mm

d= 600 mm
650 mm

650 mm
As = 2T20 +
As = 7T20 2T32

[1]
Notes:
If a student did not check for ductility of a doubly reinforced section not necessary to deduct
any marks. Distribute the 10 marks for design alone.