X-rays :

Röntgen's discovery that X-rays can identify bone structures, X-rays have been use for
medical imaging.

Plain X-rays
X-rays are useful in the detection of pathology of the skeletal system as well as for detecting some
disease processes in soft tissue. Some notable examples are the very common chest X-ray, which can
be used to identify lung diseases such as pneumonia, lung cancer or pulmonary edema, and the
abdominal X-ray, which can detect intestinal obstruction, free air (from visceral perforations) and free
fluid (in ascites). X-rays may also be used to detect pathology such as gallstones (which are rarely
radiopaque) or kidney stones which are often (but not always) visible. Traditional plain X-rays are less
useful in the imaging of soft tissues such as the brain or muscle. X-rays are also commonly used in
dentistry, as X-ray imaging is useful in the diagnoses of common oral problems, such as cavities.

1.Computer tomography
Imaging alternatives for soft tissues are computed axial tomography (CAT or CT scanning).

2. Fluoroscopy
Fluoroscopy is another X-ray test methodology. This method may use a contrast material. Examples include cardiac
catheterization (to examine for coronary artery blockages) and Barium swallow (to examine for esophageal disorders).

3.Radiotherapy
The use of X-rays as a treatment is known as radiation therapy and is largely used for the
management (including palliation) of cancer; it requires higher radiation energies
than for imaging alone.

Health risks
a) Diagnostic X-rays (primarily from CT scans due to the large dose used) increase the risk of developmental
problems and cancer in those exposed.[28][29][30] X rays are classified as a carcinogen
b) It is estimated that the additional radiation will increase a person's cumulative risk of getting cancer by age 75
by 0.6–1.8%. The amount of absorbed radiation depends upon the type of X-ray test and the body part
involved. CT and fluoroscopy entail higher doses of radiation than do plain X-rays

ECG
Electrocardiograph (ECG]) is a transthoracic interpretation of the electrical activity of the
heart over time captured and externally recorded by skin electrodes. It is a noninvasive
recording produced by an electrocardiographic device.

The ECG works mostly by detecting and amplifying the tiny electrical changes on the skin that
are caused when the heart muscle "depolarizes" during each heart beat. At rest, each heart
muscle cell has a charge across its outer wall, or cell membrane. Reducing this charge
towards zero is called de-polarization, which activates the mechanisms in the cell that cause it
to contract. During each heartbeat a healthy heart will have an orderly progression of a wave
of depolarisation that is triggered by the cells in the sinoatrial node, spreads out through the
atrium, passes through "intrinsic conduction pathways" and then spreads all over the
ventricles. This is detected as tiny rises and falls in the voltage between two electrodes placed
either side of the heart which is displayed as a wavy line either on a screen or on paper. This
display indicates the overall rhythm of the heart and weaknesses in different parts of the heart
muscle.
It is the best way to measure and diagnose abnormal rhythms of the heart,[2] particularly
abnormal rhythms caused by damage to the conductive tissue that carries electrical signals,
or abnormal rhythms caused by electrolyte imbalances.[3] In a myocardial infarction (MI), the
ECG can identify if the heart muscle has been damaged in specific areas, though not all areas
of the heart are covered.

An insurer calls of ECG invariably in cases where :

1. SA proposed is large.
2. party is overweight,
3,Party is of advance age, ,
4.Party is diabetic /or hypertensive.
5. Having a adverse family history of cardiovasculcar , renal disease or history of diabetes.

In such cases ECG after exercise is normally done to test the adequacy of the coronary
circulation under stress.
If no ischaemic changes occur in the tracing, it is a strong presumptive evidence that the
coronary artery circulation is sound and the proposal would be normall accepted without any
extra premium or with a small loading.
If on other hand ther are ischaemic changes in the exercise cardiogram, the proposal would be
postponed for a period of about 1 year or declined depending upon the nature of changed in
the rest cardogram and the degree of aggravation in exercise ecg.

A urinalysis (or "UA") is an array of tests performed on urine and one of the most
common methods of medical diagnosis.A part of a urinalysis can be performed by using urine
dipsticks, in which the test results can be read as color changes.

Fehling's solution is a chemical test used to differentiate between water-soluble aldehyde

and ketone functional groups, and as a test for monosaccharides. Fehling's can be used to
screen for glucose in urine, thus detecting diabetes. Equal volumes of the two mixtures
copper(II) sulfate AND potassium sodium tartrate (also known as Rochelle salt) are mixed
together to get the final Fehling's solution, which is a deep blue colour. In this final mixture,
aqueous tartrate ions from the dissolved