Christoph G. Baumann1
Victor A. Bloomfield1 1-Anilino-8-Naphthalene
Rex E. Lovrien1 Sulfonate as a Protein
1
Biochemistry Department,
University of Minnesota, Conformational Tightening
St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
Agent
2
Institute of Biochemistry,
Vilnius 2600, Lithuania
Received 15 August 1998;
accepted 30 October 1998
Keywords: hydrophobic probe; bovine serum albumin; g-globulin; dynamic light scattering; ion
pair; viscometry
451
452 Matulis et al.
before binding starts. In fact, ANS binding to proteins Our experimental methods measure ANS–protein
depends on protein cationic charge and solution pH, interaction at equilibrium. Engelhard and Evans,7 in-
and occurs largely through the ANS sulfonate group.3 vestigating ANS–BSA interaction by kinetic measure-
The dependence of ANS binding on electrostatic in- ments, arrived at a conclusion similar to ours: the
teraction between the sulfonate group and protein protein does not behave as a static particle when ANS
cationic groups indicates that ANS binding does not binds to it. Rather, ANS can induce rate-limited con-
require preexisting hydrophobic sites on or in protein formational changes that, when completed, bring the
molecules to start the binding reaction. Moreover, macromolecule to a state that enables a few ANS
ANS fluorescence is quenched by water,4 so fluores- ligands to fluoresce.
cence is profoundly affected if a change in protein
hydration or ANS accessibility to water occurs during
binding. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The binding process is determined by the mutual
reactivity of the reaction partners, ANS, and protein. Proteins and ANS
A potential contributor to mutual reactivity is a con-
formational change in the targeted protein molecule. BSA (Sigma, St. Louis MO) is sensitive to anions that may
already be bound to it. Accordingly it was rendered isoionic,
This was recently presented in the following way3:
salt free, and counterion free by the Dintzis mixed bed
exchange method, as recently reviewed.8 g-Globulin,
Protein, conformational ovalbumin, and catalase were purchased from Sigma and
state 1, hydration d1, 1 ANS 3 used without further purification. ANS (Aldrich, Milwaukee
WI) was used as ammonium salt.
net charge Z 1 ligand
Table I Comparison of Measured (Expt) and Calculated (Calc) Diffusion Coefficients (D) and
Viscosities of BSA([h]) at yANS 5 20
DISCUSSION
process. Such pH shifts occur from ion pair formation 7. Engelhard, M.; Evans, P. A. Protein Sci 1995, 4, 1553–
between ANS and positively charged protein amino 1562.
acid side chains, or by protonation of a carboxylate 8. Lovrien, R. E.; Matulis, D. Curr Protocols Protein Sci
group, depending on the pH. A water molecule is 1997, 1, 4.5.1– 4.5.36.
hydrolyzed in the process. 9. Bloomfield, V. A.; Lim, T. K. Methods Enzymol 1978,
48, 415– 494.
1 10. Provencher, S. V. Comput Phys Commun 1982, 27,
H3NRCOO2 1 ANS21 H2O 3
229 –242.
ANSOH3NRCOOH 1 OH2 11. Bloomfield, V. A. Biochemistry 1966, 5, 684 – 689.
12. Garcia de la Torre, J.; Navarro, S.; Lopez Martinez, M.;
Diaz, F.; Lopez Cascales, J. Biophys. J. 1994, 67,
RNH2 1 ANS21 H2O 3 RNH3OANS 1 OH2 530 –531. See also ^http://biosci.cbs.umn.edu/biophys/
OLTB/BJ/ BJ-sup/HYDRO/HYDRO-ms.html&.
The protein molecule binds protons in order to 13. Scatchard, G.; Black, E. S. J Phys Colloid Chem 1949,
neutralize the effect of negatively charged ANS an- 53, 88 –99.
ions. However, the number of bound protons is only 14. Tanford, C.; Swanson, S. A.; Shore, W. S. J Am Chem
about half of bound ANS anions. Therefore overall Soc 1955, 77, 6414 – 6421
charge of the protein molecule becomes less posi- 15. Carter, D. C.; Ho, J. X. Adv Protein Chem 1994, 45,
tively charged. Weaker electrostatic repulsion be- 153–203.
tween positive charges enables protein molecules to 16. Tanford, C.; Buzzell, J. G.; Rands, D. G.; Swanson,
shrink, and conformationally tighten. S. A. J Am Chem Soc 1955, 77, 6421– 6428.
These considerations, based on pH changes, differ- 17. Tanford, C.; Buzzell, J. G. J Phys Chem 1956, 60,
ential scanning calorimetry, and hydrodynamic mea- 225–231.
surements, support related conclusions reached by En- 18. Tanford, C. In Solution Properties of Natural Polymers;
gelhard and Evans7 based on spectroscopic, kinetic stud- Special Publication No. 23; The Chemical Society:
ies of ANS–protein interaction—namely, that ANS may London, 1968; 1–23.
have marked effects on protein conformation, and does 19. Gaigalas, A. K.; Hubbard, J. B.; McCurley, M.; Woo, S.
not bind to a merely static protein molecule. J Phys Chem 1992, 96, 2355–2359.
20. Raj, T.; Flygare, W.H. Biochemistry 1974, 13, 3336 –
3340.
This work was supported in part by grants from the Uni-
21. Peters, T. All About Albumin; Academic Press: San
versity of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and
the USDA to RL, and NIH grant GM28093 to VAB. Diego, CA, 1996; pp 21–38.
22. Brandts, J. F.; Lin, L.-N. Biochemistry 1990, 29, 6927–
6940
23. Daniel, E.; Weber, G. Biochemistry 1966, 5, 1893–
REFERENCES
1900.
24. Wishnia, A.; Pinder, T. Biochemistry 1964, 3, 1377–
1. Slavik, I., Biochim Biophys Acta 1982, 694, 1–25.
1384.
2. Creighton, T. E. Protein Folding; W. H. Freeman: New
25. Wetlaufer, D. B.; Lovrien, R. J Biol Chem 1964, 239,
York, 1992; pp 284 –285.
3. Matulis, D.; Lovrien, R. E. Biophys J 1998, 74, 422– 596 – 603.
429. 26. Westphal, U. In Steroid-Protein Interactions; Springer-
4. Kirk, W.; Kurian, E.; Prendergast, F. Biophys J 1996, 70, Verlag: New York, 1971; pp 108 –111.
69 – 83. 27. Wishnia, A. Biochemistry 1969, 8, 5070 –5075.
5. Matulis, D.; Lovrien, R. E.; Richardson, T. I. J Mol 28. Koshland, D. E.; Neet, K. E. Ann Rev Biochem 1968,
Recogn 1996, 9, 433– 443. 37:359 – 410.
6. Fink, A. L. Ann Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 1995, 24, 29. Marcus, Y. Ion Solvation; Wiley—Interscience: New
495–522. York, 1985; p 41.